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AbstractThe paper proposes an artificial-intelligence-based These distributed power generation sources are widely accepted
solution to interface and deliver maximum power from a photo- for microgrid applications. However, the reliability of the mi-
voltaic (PV) power generating system in standalone operation. crogrid relies upon the interfacing power converter [2]. Thus
The interface between the PV dc source and the load is accom-
plished by a quasi-Z-source inverter (qZSI). The maximum power the proper power regulation from the interfacing power con-
delivery to the load is ensured by an adaptive neuro-fuzzy infer- verter will ensure a stable and reliable microgrid system [3].
ence system (ANFIS) based on maximum power point tracking Thus this paper focuses on the proposal of a new class of inter-
(MPPT). The proposed ANFIS-based MPPT offers an extremely facing inverter, the quasi-Z-source inverter (qZSI) for off-grid
fast dynamic response with high accuracy. The closed-loop con- applications.
trol of the qZSI regulates the shoot through duty ratio and the
modulation index to effectively control the injected power and
There are several power converter topologies employed in PV
maintain the stringent voltage, current, and frequency conditions. systems; however, they differ by several characteristics: two-
The proposed technique is tested for isolated load conditions. stage or single-stage, with transformer or transformerless, and
Simulation and experimental approaches are used to validate the with a two-level or multilevel inverter [4][14]. Single-stage in-
proposed scheme. verters are becoming more attractive in comparison to two-stage
Index TermsDCAC power conversion, nonshoot-through models due to their compactness, low cost, and reliability [15].
state, pulsewidth modulated inverters, quasi-Z-source inverter However, the conventional inverter has to be oversized to cope
(qZSI), shoot-through state, solar power generation. with the wide PV array voltage changes because a PV panel
presents low output voltage with a wide range of variation based
on irradiation and temperature, usually at a range of 1 : 2. To in-
I. INTRODUCTION
terface the low voltage output of an inverter to the grid, a bulky
(5)
(6)
(7a)
(7b)
Fig. 2. Equivalent circuit of the qZSI with battery. (a) Nonshoot-through state.
(b) Shoot-through state. There are three operating states of the battery. When the battery
is charging, thus , , , and
; when the battery is discharging, , ,
, and ; no charging and discharging,
charging the battery any longer. Notice in this situation MPPT
, , , and .
may not be achieved because the energy buffer zone is unable
Hence, the qZSI can buck or boost input dc voltage, it can
to absorb extra power. 3) If the battery is exhausted where the
handle wide variation of the input voltage, particularly for the
battery voltage drops below one threshold and there is still a
PV system, and produce a desired voltage for the isolated load or
shortage of power from PV panels, load shading needs to be
for the grid in a single stage. This feature results in the reduced
executed. 4) For all the above-mentioned statuses, a sufficient
number of switches involved in the power electronics of the PV
dc bus voltage should be kept for a valid output (as in
system and, therefore, the reduced cost and the improved system
another point of view, capacitor voltage needs to be kept
efficiency and reliability. When the solar irradiance is low and
above a certain value). In order to satisfy this requirement,
the PV panel produces low voltage, the qZSI boosts the voltage,
MPPT may be sacrificed for the sake of an adequate voltage
which helps to avoid redundant PV panels for higher dc voltage
boost.
or unessential inverter overrating. As mentioned previously, it
The whole operation of a qZSI is divided into two distinct
is able to handle the shoot-through state; therefore, it is more
modes called the shoot-through and nonshoot-through or active
reliable than the conventional VSI. Additionally, for the qZSI,
mode and their equivalent representation is given in Fig. 2.
there is a common dc rail between the source and inverter, which
From Fig. 2(a), the inverter operated during the interval of the
is easier to assemble and causes less EMI problems.
nonshoot-through states and in Fig. 2(b), the inverter oper-
ated during the interval of the shoot-through states , one can
get III. PROPOSED CONTROL STRUCTURE
It is assumed that the PV power generating system is feeding
an isolated load. The objectives to be achieved by the proposed
(1) control system are
1) Maximum power point tracking.
2) Desired stable output power to the isolated ac load. The
(2)
output power of the inverter should be controllable and
adjustable on the basis of users demand in case of the
The dc-link peak voltage could be derived from the sum of isolated load conditions.
two capacitor voltages, and , as The MPPT is achieved using ANFIS. It is known from lit-
erature that the PV system needs to be operated at a specified
(3) voltage for extracting maximum available power [35], [36]. The
ANFIS is trained for giving voltage output crisp value
The relationship between two inductor currents and the corresponding to the maximum power delivery from the PV
current flowing into the battery is shown as panels. The inputs to the ANFIS are given as environmental con-
ditions, i.e., the solar irradiance and temperature.
There are two control variables for this qZSI control system,
(4) i.e., the shoot-through duty and modulation index .
14 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SUSTAINABLE ENERGY, VOL. 4, NO. 1, JANUARY 2013
0.4 s to 700 W/m and again at 0.7 s to 450 W/m . The tem-
Fig. 7. Membership function of PV cell temperature.
perature is randomly changed for a small amount for the whole
period.
There are nine rules that can follow, and more filled cells means
high values and the blank or less filled cells represents low V. SIMULATED RESULTS FOR ISOLATED LOAD CONDITION
values; e.g., rule 8 can be read as if temperature input is low Considering a real situation, the solar irradiance varies from
(follow membership function low, Fig. 6) and the solar irradi- a certain minimum value to the maximum value and then goes
ance is medium (follow membership function medium, Fig. 7) down to another minimum value. A similar pattern is also suit-
then the maximum power point voltage (output of ANFIS con- able for the PV cell temperature. To simulate a real time sce-
troller) is 15.5 V. The rulers (the vertical red line) shown in the nario, the solar irradiance and temperature is varied accordingly
temperature and irradiance can be moved to check the rules for as shown in Fig. 11. The solar irradiance is varied from nearly
other operating conditions. 300 to 400 W/m with a peak value of 1 kW/m and with a
The variation of the MPP voltage with the changes 10% ripple. The temperature is varied from 25 C to 40 C and
of the PV cell temperature and solar irradiance is shown in the back to 25 C. The time scale is taken as 1.5 s due to the limited
surface plot of Fig. 9. The surface depicts the typical behavior. memory of the digital computer.
The proposed ANFIS-based MPPT is more stable and faster Three different loads are connected at the output of the qZSI,
than the traditional P&O-based MPPT method. This can be ob- namely, the R-L load of 8 kW and 0.30 kVar applied from 0 to
served from Fig. 10. The simulation is done for an initial solar 0.4 s, followed by a resistive load of 13 kW from 0.4 to 1 s, and
radiation of 450 W/m . There is an irradiation step change at finally another R-L load of 10.2 kW and 0.3 kVar from 1 to 1.5 s.
16 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SUSTAINABLE ENERGY, VOL. 4, NO. 1, JANUARY 2013
minimum level and then rises again. This shows the effect of
variation in solar irradiance and cell temperature. The output
power of the PV array exceeds the load requirement from
to s, causing the battery charge to maintain the power
balance. The battery current is negative and the battery terminal
voltage is high in Fig. 13(c). After 0.4 s, the battery floats as the
load increases and the PV array directly feeds the load. The sit-
uation changes again at s, when the load requirement is
higher than the power produced by the PV array, as a result that
the battery also contributes the power to the load and hence it
discharges in Fig. 13(c).
The input current changes slightly compared to the cur-
rent of inductor which varies greatly, depending on the state
of battery working. When the battery is charging, ;
when the battery is discharging, ; when there is no
charging and discharging, , as shown in Fig. 13(d).
The load current is also shown in the same figure to present its
Fig. 11. Variation curves of solar irradiance and temperature. change in the magnitude due to the change of load conditions.
The output voltage of the qZSI is shown in Fig. 13(e), which
is evident that the voltage magnitude and the frequency remain
A lithiumion battery pack with the nominal voltage of 100 V, constant regardless of the loading conditions. Fig. 13(e) shows
and 5 Ah with the discharge characteristic shown in Fig. 12, is its transient change in the voltage magnitude due to load change,
used as the energy storage. The small ampere-hour of the battery but it is corrected quickly by the PI controller. This shows the
is used due to the same reason of the limited computer memory. successful implementation of the control strategy.
The initial SOC of the battery pack is taken as 50%. The other For the qZSI with the battery shown in Fig. 1, the dc-link
circuit parameters are H, F, voltage depends on the value of input voltage due to the almost
mH, F, and carrier frequency is kept at constant voltage of the battery-based energy storage. The av-
10 kHz. The line-to-line voltage across the load is kept at 208 V erage duty only depends on the input voltage, regardless of
rms with a frequency of 60 Hz as this is standard utility supply input power and output power. The battery will be charged if
voltage and frequency in the United States. The qZSI is modu- the input power is larger than the output power, and discharged
lated using a carrier-based scheme with upper and lower bound when the input power is less than the output power. The peak
voltages to control the shoot through states. The simulated re- dc-link voltage changes if the input voltage varies. If a constant
sults are shown in Fig. 13. It is evident from Fig. 13(a) that the peak dc-link voltage is desired, the designed control system in
ANFIS outputs the MPP voltage of the PV array, and the ter- this work is more suitable for application to the change of solar
minal voltage of the PV array follows it very well for the en- irradiation, rather than the change of temperature. However, the
tire duration to ensure the maximum output power from the PV simulation result is shown for the extreme case of large varia-
array, as shown in Fig. 13(b). The maximum power falls to a tion in both solar irradiance and the cell temperature.
ABU-RUB et al.: qZSI-BASED PV GENERATION SYSTEM WITH MAXIMUM POWER TRACKING CONTROL USING ANFIS 17
VI. EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION qZSI-based PV system have been done in isolated load con-
dition to verify the concept and theoretical analysis presented
A prototype of the qZSI has been built on the basis of the in the earlier sections. The controller of the prototype qZSI has
original ZSI prototype in the laboratory. Experiments of the been built using a TMS320LF2407 DSP-based universal dig-
18 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SUSTAINABLE ENERGY, VOL. 4, NO. 1, JANUARY 2013
Fig. 16. Experimental results for load change (25 A/div, 140 ms/div).
VII. CONCLUSION
The paper proposes ANFIS-based PV power generation
Fig. 15. Experimental results of qZSI in load isolated condition, where
system operating in standalone mode. The interface stage
(a) V, V, , output power 2.16 kW; and between the generation source and the load is accomplished
(b) V, V, , output power 1.08 kW. by a qZSI. The shoot through duty ratio is controlled using
ANFIS to harness the maximum available power from the PV
system. The load side voltage and frequency is regulated by
ital-control board. The experimental setup for the qZSI is shown controlling the modulation index of the interface of the qZSI.
in Fig. 14. The test results are provided for isolated load con- Thus simultaneous control of shoot through duty ratio and
dition, where V, output line-to-line voltage the modulation index ensure the control objectives achieved.
V. The qZSI in the experiment is Simulation and experimental results are provided to verify
operated with no dead time, and there are no snubbers on either the proposed control approach. The grid tied operation for the
the individual switches or the dc link. System parameters in the proposed scheme will be reported in the future.
ABU-RUB et al.: qZSI-BASED PV GENERATION SYSTEM WITH MAXIMUM POWER TRACKING CONTROL USING ANFIS 19
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Convers., vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 93101, Mar. 2009. Haitham Abu-Rub (M99SM07) received the
[17] P. Xu, X. Zhang, C.-W. Zhang, R.-X. Cao, and L. Chang, Study of M.Sc. degree in electrical engineering from Gdynia
Z-source inverter for grid-connected PV systems, in Proc. 37th IEEE Marine Academy in Gdansk, Poland, in 1990,
Power Electronics Specialist Conf. (PESC06), Jun. 2006, pp. 15. and the Ph.D. degree from Gdansk University of
[18] R. Badin, Y. Huang, F. Z. Peng, and H. G. Kim, Grid interconnected Technology, in 1995.
Z-source PV system, in Proc. IEEE Power Elect. Specialist Conf. He was assistant and associate professor at Birzeit
(PESC), Oralndo, FL, Jun. 2007, pp. 23282333. University in Birzeit, Palestine, for eight years. For
[19] F. Z. Peng, Z-Source inverter, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 39, four years, he acted as the chairman of the Electrical
no. 2, pp. 504510, Mar./Apr. 2003. Engineering Department at the same university.
[20] J. Anderson and F. Z. Peng, A class of quasi-Z-source inverters, in He is currently a full professor with Texas A&M
Proc. IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting (IAS08), University at Qatar. His main research interests are
energy conversion.
Edmonton, AB, Canada, Oct. 59, 2008, pp. 17.
Dr. Abu-Rub has earned many prestigious, international awards, such as
[21] Y. Li, J. Anderson, F. Z. Peng, and D. Liu, Quasi-Z-source inverter for
the American Fulbright Scholarship (at Texas A&M University), the German
photovoltaic power generation systems, in Proc. 24th Ann. IEEE Ap- Alexander von Humboldt Fellowship (at Wuppertal University, Wuppertal,
plied Power Electronics Conf. Exposition (APEC2009), Washington, Germany), the German DAAD Scholarship (at Bochum University, Bochum,
DC, Feb. 1519, 2009, pp. 918924. Germany), the British Royal Society Scholarship (at Southampton University,
[22] J. Park, H. Kim, E. Nho, T. Chun, and J. Choi, Grid-connected PV Southampton, U.K.), and Best Researcher of the Year 2012 award from
system using a quasi-Z-source inverter, in Proc. 24th Ann. IEEE Ap- Texas A&M University at Qatar. He has published/accepted more than 130
plied Power Electronics Conf. Exposition (APEC2009), Washington, journal and conference papers and supervised many renewable energy research
DC, Feb. 15-19, 2009, pp. 925929. projects.
20 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SUSTAINABLE ENERGY, VOL. 4, NO. 1, JANUARY 2013
Atif Iqbal (M09SM10) received the B.Sc. and Yuan Li (M09) received the B.S., M.S., and Ph.D.
M.Sc. degrees in electrical engineering, in 1991 degrees from Wuhan University, Wuhan, China, in
and 1996, respectively, from the Aligarh Muslim 2003, 2006, and 2009, respectively, all in electrical
University, Aligarh, India, and the Ph.D. degree engineering.
in 2006 from Liverpool John Moores University, From 2007 to 2009, she was a Visiting Student
Liverpool, U.K. with the Department of Electrical and Computer En-
He has been employed as Lecturer in the Depart- gineering, Michigan State University, where she was
ment of Electrical Engineering, Aligarh Muslim Uni- involved in research on utility interface and control of
versity, Aligarh, since 1991, and is currently working renewable energy sources. Since 2009, she has been
as a Associate in the same university. He is on aca- with the Department of Electrical and Information
demic assignment and working at Qatar University, Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China, as
Qatar. His principal area of research interest is power electronics and multi- a Lecturer. Her research interests include acdc inverters, pulsewidth modula-
phase machine drives. tion rectifier, distributed generation, and digital control in power electronics.
Dr. Iqbal is recipient of the Maulana Tufail Ahmad Gold Medal for standing
first at B.Sc. Engg. Exams in 1991, AMU and research fellowship from EPSRC,
U.K., for pursuing Ph.D. studies. He has published more than 150 peer reviewed
journal/conference papers. He is on the editorial board of several prestigious Ge Baoming (M11) received the Ph.D. degree in
journals. electrical engineering from Zhejiang University,
Hangzhou, China, in 2000.
He was a Postdoctoral Researcher in the Depart-
ment of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University,
Sk. Moin Ahmed (S10M12) was born in Beijing, China, from 2000 to 2002, a Visiting Scholar
Hooghly, West Bengal, India, in 1983. He received in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engi-
the B.Tech. and M.Tech. degrees from Aligarh neering, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal,
Muslim University (AMU), Aligarh, India, in from 2004 to 2005, and a Visiting Professor in the
2006 and 2008, respectively, where he is currently Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,
working toward the Ph.D. degree. Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, from
He is also pursuing a research assignment at Texas 2007 to 2008. Currently, he is working with the Department of Electrical and
A&M University at Qatar. His principal areas of re- Computer Engineering, Michigan State University; he also is a Professor with
search are modeling, simulation, and control of multi- the School of Electrical Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing,
phase power electronic converters and fault diagnosis China, where he has been since 2002. His research interests include permanent
using artificial intelligence. magnet synchronous, switched reluctance and induction motors, real-time
Mr. Ahmed was a Gold Medalist in earning the M.Tech. degree. He is a re- control of electrical machines, power electronics systems, nonlinear control
cipient of the Toronto Fellowship, funded by AMU. He also achieved the Best theories, and applications to electric drives.
Research Fellow Excellence Award from Texas A&M University, Qatar, for the
year 20102011.