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Hypertension

Definition

Hypertension is high blood pressure. Blood pressure is the force of blood pushing against the
walls of arteries as it flows through them. Arteries are the blood vessels that carry oxygenated
blood from the heart to the body's tissues.

Blood pressure is highest when the heart beats to push blood out into the
arteries. When the heart relaxes to fill with blood again, the pressure is at
its lowest point. Blood pressure when the heart beats is called systolic
pressure. Blood pressure when the heart is at rest is called diastolic
pressure. When blood pressure is measured, the systolic pressure is stated
first and the diastolic pressure second. Blood pressure is measured in
millimeters of mercury (mm Hg). For example, if a person's systolic
pressure is 120 and diastolic pressure is 80, it is written as 120/80 mm Hg.
The American Heart Association has long considred blood pressure less
than 140 over 90 normal for adults. However, the National Heart, Lung,
and Blood Institute in Bethesda, Maryland released new clinical guidelines
for blood pressure in 2003, lowering the standard normal readings. A
normal reading was lowered to less than 120 over less than 80

Causes and symptoms

Many different actions or situations can normally raise blood pressure. Physical activity can
temporarily raise blood pressure. Stressful situations can make blood pressure go up. When
the stress goes away, blood pressure usually returns to normal. These temporary increases in
blood pressure are not considered hypertension. A diagnosis of hypertension is made only
when a person has multiple high blood pressure readings over a period of time.
The cause of hypertension is not known in 90 to 95 percent of the people who have it.
Hypertension without a known cause is called primary or essential hypertension.
When a person has hypertension caused by another medical condition, it is called secondary
hypertension. Secondary hypertension can be caused by a number of different illnesses. Many
people with kidney disorders have secondary hypertension. The kidneys regulate the balance
of salt and water in the body. If the kidneys cannot rid the body of excess salt and water,
blood pressure goes up. Kidney infections, a narrowing of the arteries that carry blood to the
kidneys, called renal artery stenosis, and other kidney disorders can disturb the salt and water
balance.
Cushing's syndrome and tumors of the pituitary and adrenal glands often increase levels of
the adrenal gland hormones cortisol, adrenalin, and aldosterone, which can cause
hypertension. Other conditions that can cause hypertension are blood vessel diseases, thyroid
gland disorders, some prescribed drugs, alcoholism, and pregnancy.
Even though the cause of most hypertension is not known, some people have risk factors that
give them a greater chance of getting hypertension. Many of these risk factors can be changed
to lower the chance of developing hypertension or as part of a treatment program to lower
blood pressure.
Risk factors for hypertension include:

age over 60

male sex

race

heredity

salt sensitivity

obesity

inactive lifestyle

heavy alcohol consumption

use of oral contraceptives

Some risk factors for getting hypertension can be changed, while others cannot. Age, male
sex, and race are risk factors that a person can't do anything about. Some people inherit a
tendency to get hypertension. People with family members who have hypertension are more
likely to develop it than those whose relatives are not hypertensive. People with these risk
factors can avoid or eliminate the other risk factors to lower their chance of developing
hypertension. A 2003 report found that the rise in incidence of high blood pressure among
children is most likely due to an increase in the number of overweight and obese children and
adolescents.

Medications to treat high blood pressure

Thiazide diuretics. Diuretics, sometimes called water pills, are medications that act
on your kidneys to help your body eliminate sodium and water, reducing blood
volume.
Thiazide diuretics are often the first, but not the only, choice in high blood pressure
medications. Thiazide diuretics include hydrochlorothiazide (Microzide),
chlorthalidone and others.

If you're not taking a diuretic and your blood pressure remains high, talk to your
doctor about adding one or replacing a drug you currently take with a diuretic.
Diuretics or calcium channel blockers may work better for black and older people
than do angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors alone. A common side effect
of diuretics is increased urination.

Beta blockers. These medications reduce the workload on your heart and open your
blood vessels, causing your heart to beat slower and with less force. Beta blockers
include acebutolol (Sectral), atenolol (Tenormin) and others.

When prescribed alone, beta blockers don't work as well, especially in black and older
people, but may be effective when combined with other blood pressure medications.

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. These medications such as


lisinopril (Zestril), benazepril (Lotensin), captopril (Capoten) and others help relax
blood vessels by blocking the formation of a natural chemical that narrows blood
vessels. People with chronic kidney disease may benefit from having an ACE
inhibitor as one of their medications.

Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs). These medications help relax blood


vessels by blocking the action, not the formation, of a natural chemical that narrows
blood vessels. ARBs include candesartan (Atacand), losartan (Cozaar) and others.
People with chronic kidney disease may benefit from having an ARB as one of their
medications.

Calcium channel blockers. These medications including amlodipine (Norvasc),


diltiazem (Cardizem, Tiazac, others) and others help relax the muscles of your
blood vessels. Some slow your heart rate. Calcium channel blockers may work better
for black and older people than do ACE inhibitors alone.

Grapefruit juice interacts with some calcium channel blockers, increasing blood levels
of the medication and putting you at higher risk of side effects. Talk to your doctor or
pharmacist if you're concerned about interactions.

Renin inhibitors. Aliskiren (Tekturna) slows down the production of renin, an


enzyme produced by your kidneys that starts a chain of chemical steps that increases
blood pressure.

Tekturna works by reducing the ability of renin to begin this process. Due to a risk of
serious complications, including stroke, you shouldn't take aliskiren with ACE
inhibitors or ARBs.

Additional medications sometimes used to treat high blood pressure


If you're having trouble reaching your blood pressure goal with combinations of the above
medications, your doctor may prescribe:

Alpha blockers. These medications reduce nerve impulses to blood vessels, reducing
the effects of natural chemicals that narrow blood vessels. Alpha blockers include
doxazosin (Cardura), prazosin (Minipress) and others.

Alpha-beta blockers. In addition to reducing nerve impulses to blood vessels, alpha-


beta blockers slow the heartbeat to reduce the amount of blood that must be pumped
through the vessels. Alpha-beta blockers include carvedilol (Coreg) and labetalol
(Trandate).

Central-acting agents. These medications prevent your brain from signaling your
nervous system to increase your heart rate and narrow your blood vessels. Examples
include clonidine (Catapres, Kapvay), guanfacine (Intuniv, Tenex) and methyldopa.

Vasodilators. These medications, including hydralazine and minoxidil, work directly


on the muscles in the walls of your arteries, preventing the muscles from tightening
and your arteries from narrowing.

Aldosterone antagonists. Examples are spironolactone (Aldactone) and eplerenone


(Inspra). These drugs block the effect of a natural chemical that can lead to salt and
fluid retention, which can contribute to high blood pressure.

Organizations
American Heart Association. 7320 Greenville Ave. Dallas, TX 75231. (214)
373-6300. http://www.americanheart.org.

National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. PO Box 30105, Bethesda, MD


20824-0105. (301) 251-1222. http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov.

Texas Heart Institute. Heart Information Service. PO Box 20345, Houston,


TX 77225-0345. http://www.tmc.edu/thi.
Hipertensi

Definisi
Hipertensi adalah tekanan darah tinggi. Tekanan darah adalah kekuatan
darah mendorong terhadap dinding arteri yang mengalir melalui mereka.
Arteri adalah pembuluh darah yang membawa darah beroksigen dari
jantung ke jaringan tubuh.

Tekanan darah paling tinggi saat jantung berdetak untuk mendorong


darah keluar ke arteri. Saat jantung berelaksasi untuk mengisi dengan
darah lagi, tekanan pada titik terendah. tekanan darah ketika jantung
berdetak disebut tekanan sistolik. tekanan darah saat jantung beristirahat
disebut tekanan diastolik. Ketika tekanan darah diukur, tekanan sistolik
dinyatakan pertama dan tekanan kedua diastolik. Tekanan darah diukur
dalam milimeter air raksa (mm Hg). Misalnya, jika tekanan sistolik
seseorang adalah 120 dan tekanan diastolik adalah 80, ditulis sebagai
120/80 mm Hg. The American Heart Association telah lama considred
tekanan darah kurang dari 140 lebih dari 90 normal untuk orang dewasa.
Namun, National Heart, Lung, dan Blood Institute di Bethesda, Maryland
dirilis pedoman klinis baru untuk tekanan darah pada tahun 2003,
menurunkan pembacaan standar normal. Pembacaan normal diturunkan
menjadi kurang dari 120 lebih kurang dari 80

Penyebab dan Gejala


Banyak tindakan atau situasi yang berbeda biasanya dapat meningkatkan
tekanan darah. Aktivitas fisik sementara dapat meningkatkan tekanan
darah. situasi stres dapat membuat tekanan darah naik. Ketika stres
hilang, tekanan darah biasanya akan kembali normal. Ini meningkat
sementara tekanan darah tidak dianggap hipertensi. Diagnosis hipertensi
dibuat hanya ketika seseorang memiliki beberapa bacaan tekanan darah
tinggi selama periode waktu.
Penyebab hipertensi tidak diketahui di 90 sampai 95 persen dari orang-
orang yang memilikinya. Hipertensi tanpa diketahui penyebabnya disebut
hipertensi primer atau esensial.
Ketika seseorang memiliki hipertensi disebabkan oleh kondisi medis lain,
hal itu disebut hipertensi sekunder. Hipertensi sekunder dapat disebabkan
oleh sejumlah penyakit yang berbeda. Banyak orang dengan gangguan
ginjal memiliki hipertensi sekunder. Ginjal mengatur keseimbangan garam
dan air dalam tubuh. Jika ginjal tidak dapat membersihkan tubuh dari
kelebihan garam dan air, tekanan darah naik. infeksi ginjal, penyempitan
arteri yang membawa darah ke ginjal, yang disebut stenosis arteri ginjal,
dan gangguan ginjal lainnya dapat mengganggu keseimbangan garam
dan air.
Sindrom Cushing dan tumor hipofisis dan kelenjar adrenal sering
meningkatkan kadar adrenalin hormon kelenjar kortisol, adrenalin, dan
aldosteron, yang dapat menyebabkan hipertensi. Kondisi lain yang dapat
menyebabkan hipertensi adalah penyakit pembuluh darah, gangguan
kelenjar tiroid, beberapa obat yang diresepkan, alkoholisme, dan
kehamilan.
Meskipun penyebab paling hipertensi tidak diketahui, beberapa orang
memiliki faktor risiko yang memberi mereka kesempatan lebih besar
untuk mendapatkan hipertensi. Banyak faktor-faktor risiko dapat diubah
untuk menurunkan kesempatan mengembangkan hipertensi atau sebagai
bagian dari program pengobatan untuk menurunkan tekanan darah.
Faktor risiko hipertensi meliputi:
usia lebih dari 60
seks pria
race
faktor keturunan
sensitivitas garam
obesitas
gaya hidup tidak aktif
konsumsi alkohol berat
penggunaan kontrasepsi oral
Beberapa faktor risiko untuk mendapatkan hipertensi dapat diubah,
sementara yang lain tidak bisa. Usia, jenis kelamin laki-laki, dan ras
merupakan faktor risiko bahwa seseorang tidak dapat berbuat apa-apa.
Beberapa orang mewarisi kecenderungan untuk mendapatkan hipertensi.
Orang dengan anggota keluarga yang memiliki hipertensi lebih mungkin
untuk mengembangkan daripada mereka yang kerabat tidak hipertensi.
Orang dengan faktor risiko ini dapat menghindari atau menghilangkan
faktor risiko lain untuk menurunkan kesempatan mereka mengembangkan
hipertensi. Sebuah laporan tahun 2003 menemukan bahwa kenaikan
insiden tekanan darah tinggi pada anak-anak kemungkinan besar karena
peningkatan jumlah anak-anak kelebihan berat badan dan obesitas dan
remaja.

Obat untuk mengobati tekanan darah tinggi


Diuretik thiazide. Diuretik, kadang-kadang disebut pil air, adalah obat-
obat yang bekerja pada ginjal untuk membantu tubuh Anda
menghilangkan natrium dan air, mengurangi volume darah.
diuretik thiazide sering yang pertama, tetapi bukan satu-satunya, pilihan
dalam obat tekanan darah tinggi. diuretik thiazide termasuk
hydrochlorothiazide (Microzide), chlorthalidone dan lain-lain.
Jika Anda tidak mengambil diuretik dan tekanan darah Anda tetap tinggi,
berbicara dengan dokter Anda tentang menambahkan satu atau
mengganti obat yang saat ini Anda ambil dengan diuretik. Diuretik atau
calcium channel blockers dapat bekerja lebih baik bagi orang-orang kulit
hitam dan lebih tua daripada angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)
inhibitor saja. Efek samping yang umum dari diuretik meningkat buang air
kecil.
Beta blockers. Obat-obat ini mengurangi beban kerja pada jantung dan
membuka pembuluh darah, menyebabkan jantung Anda untuk
mengalahkan lebih lambat dan dengan kekuatan kurang. beta blockers
termasuk acebutolol (Sectral), atenolol (Tenormin) dan lain-lain.
Ketika diresepkan saja, beta blockers tidak bekerja dengan baik, terutama
pada orang kulit hitam dan lebih tua, tapi mungkin efektif bila
dikombinasikan dengan obat tekanan darah lainnya.
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor. Obat-obat ini - seperti
lisinopril (Zestril), benazepril (Lotensin), captopril (Capoten) dan lain-lain -
membantu mengendurkan pembuluh darah dengan menghalangi
pembentukan bahan kimia alami yang mempersempit pembuluh darah.
Orang dengan penyakit ginjal kronis dapat mengambil manfaat dari
memiliki inhibitor ACE sebagai salah satu obat mereka.
reseptor Angiotensin II blocker (ARB). Obat-obat ini membantu rileks
pembuluh darah dengan menghambat aksi, bukan formasi, zat kimia
alami yang mempersempit pembuluh darah. ARB termasuk candesartan
(Atacand), losartan (Cozaar) dan lain-lain. Orang dengan penyakit ginjal
kronis dapat mengambil manfaat dari memiliki ARB sebagai salah satu
obat mereka.
Calcium channel blockers. Obat-obat ini - termasuk amlodipine
(Norvasc), diltiazem (Cardizem, Tiazac, orang lain) dan lain-lain -
membantu mengendurkan otot-otot pembuluh darah Anda. Beberapa
lambat detak jantung Anda. calcium channel blockers dapat bekerja lebih
baik bagi orang-orang kulit hitam dan lebih tua daripada ACE inhibitor
sendiri.
jus jeruk berinteraksi dengan beberapa calcium channel blockers,
meningkatkan kadar obat dan menempatkan Anda pada risiko yang lebih
tinggi dari efek samping

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