Ductile Detailing of

RC Structures
:: IS:13920-
IS:13920-1993
IS:13920-1993

The material contained in this lecture handout is a property of

Short Course on Seismic Design of RC Structures
Durgesh C. Rai
Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Kanpur
Professors Durgesh C. Rai, Sudhir K. Jain and C.V.R.Murty of IIT Kanpur, and
is for the sole and exclusive use of the participants enrolled in the short course on
Seismic Design of RC Structures conducted at Ahmedabad during Nov 25-30,
2012. It is not to be sold, reproduced or generally distributed.

RC Building SYSTEMS
Three common lateral load resisting
systems in RC Buildings

Seismic
Seismic Behaviour
Behaviour of
of
Front Views
of Buildings

RC
RC Shear
Shear Walls
Walls
Top Views
of Buildings

Moment Resistant Frame Shear Wall Braced Frame

4

shear wall SHEAR WALLS...

What is a Shear Wall? RC Shear Wall Building

Vertical plate-like RC Walls Shear Walls also called Structural Walls
Generally starts at foundation Slab Slab

Goes through full building height

RC
Beam Beam
Column

Column

Walls

Plan

RC RC
Foundation Shear Foundation Shear
5 Wall 6 Wall

1
 SHEAR WALLS... SHEAR WALLS...

Principal attributes Role of Shear Walls Shear

Wall
Large Strength Smooth transfer of seismic forces F3 F3
High Stiffness Vertically oriented Earthquake-generated
forces at floor levels
F2
Ductility wide beams Floor Slab

Shear wall can be detailed to have large ductility F1

F3
H Shear F3
RC Shear Wall Wall

Strength Building
F2

F1
RC Frame
Building
F=F1+F2+F3 Cumulative horizontal
force from above
increases downward
7 0 Deformability 8

SHEAR WALLS... SHEAR WALLS...

Advantages of Shear Walls Advantages of Shear Walls

Very good earthquake performance, Easy to construct
if properly designed Straight-forward reinforcement detailing
In past earthquakes
Easily implemented at site

Large number of RC frame buildings damaged or Effective in

collapsed Reducing construction cost
Shear wall buildings performed very well Minimising earthquake damage to

Structural elements

Non-Structural elements
We  E.g., Glass Windows, Building Contents
Wecannot
cannotafford
affordtotobuild
buildconcrete
concrete buildings
buildingsmeant
meant
to
toresist
resistsevere
severeearthquakes
earthquakeswithout
withoutshear
shearwalls
walls
::::Mark
MarkFintel,
Fintel,aanoted
notedearthquake
earthquakeengineer
engineerin
inUSA
USA

9 10

SHEAR WALLS... SHEAR WALLS...

Advantages of Shear Walls Current Use of Shear Walls

Lesser lateral displacement than frames Popular choice in many earthquake prone countries
Lesser Damage to structural and non-structural Chile, Canada, USA and New Zealand
elements In general, used in medium and high rise buildings
small
10 storeys and higher
large

Shear Wall Moment Resistant Frame

11 12

2
 Architectural Aspects Architectural Aspects...

Walls must be preferably in both directions If provided only in one direction, a proper
in plan moment resisting frame must be provided
If provided only in one direction, in the other direction.
a proper moment resisting frame
Frame 1
must be provided in the other direction.

Frame 2

Shear Shear
Wall Wall

Frame 3

Frame 4

13 14 A B C D

Architectural Aspects... Architectural Aspects...

Shear wall can extend over the full width Walls should be throughout the height
of building, or even over partial width Cannot be interrupted in lower levels

RC Wall RC Wall

RC Wall of Discontinuity of Best Option:

partial width wall not desirable Wall all through!!
RC Wall of
15 full width 16

Architectural Aspects... Architectural Aspects...

Walls should be throughout the height Walls should be along perimeter of building
Cannot be interrupted in upper levels Improves resistance to twist

Shear walls along

perimeter
are more efficient

RC Wall

Discontinuity of
wall not desirable
RC Wall
Shear walls close to
center of building
Best Option: are less efficient
Wall all through!!

17 18

3
 Architectural Aspects... Architectural Aspects...

Walls must be symmetrically placed in plan Shear wall building should not be narrow
Earthquakes cause significant overturning effects
Special care is required in design of their foundations
Symmetry of building in
plan about one axis

Unsymmetric
Shear Walls only
location of
along one direction
shear walls
of the building
not desirable
Symmetry of building in
plan about both axes

Symmetric
location of
shear walls
desirable Local failure
Soil of soil Soil
19 20

Architectural Aspects... Seismic Behaviour

Openings in walls must be Undesirable Modes of Failure
As few as possible
As small as possible
As symmetric as possible
RC Wall
Inclined
Crack

Horizontal
Vertical Slide
RC Wall Uplift

Overturning Sliding Shear

Failure Failure Failure
Large and randomly placed Small and symmetrically
openings not allowed placed openings allowed
21 22

Seismic Behaviour...
Behaviour... Seismic Behaviour...
Behaviour...

Undesirable Mode of Failure Desirable Mode of Failure

Horizontal
cracks and
yielding of
Crushing steel bars
of
Flexure Concrete
Compression Flexure
Failure Tension
Failure
23 24

4
 Seismic Behaviour...
Behaviour... Seismic Behaviour...
Behaviour...

Shear demand is more in lower storeys Shear demand is more in lower storeys

Earthquake-generated
forces at floor levels
Floor
Slab

Building Height
Cumulative
horizontal force Earthquake-induced
from above horizontal force
increases at floor levels
downward

Shear
Wall
Total Horizontal
Force
Direct force flow
through the wall
25 26

Seismic Behaviour...
Behaviour... Seismic Design of RC Walls
Walls

At each section along the height, Region of Ductile Detailing

shear wall carries
Axial Force P
Shear Force V

Tension
(a) Formation of
horizontal cracks
Bending Moment M M V

Compression
Actions in Ductile
P Response Region (b) Yielding of
vertical steel bars
V
M
Hw
Ductile Response
Region:
Larger of Lw and Hw /6,
but need not be more
than 2Lw

Lw
27 28

Seismic Design of RC Walls

Walls Seismic Design of RC Walls
Walls

Possible Geometry of Walls Possible Geometry of Walls

Barbell-Shaped
Wall with more than two
C-Shaped columns built together
Flanged
L-Shaped

Hollow::
Walls around Elevators

Rectangular Wall with two columns

29 30 built together

5
 Seismic Design of RC Walls
Walls Seismic Design of RC Walls
Walls

Primary Reinforcement in Walls Lapping of Vertical Reinforcement Bars

Maximum spacing
of vertical Staggering lapping of
reinforcement not Maximum adjacent vertical bars:
more than Lw/5, tw spacing of Minimum of 600mm
or 450mm horizontal
reinforcement
not more than Hw
L w/5, tw or Region over which
450mm lapping should be
Proper anchoring avoided:
of vertical
Larger of Lw and H w/6,
reinforcement into but need not be more
foundation
than 2Lw

Lw
31 32

Seismic Design of RC Walls

Walls Seismic Design of RC Walls
Walls

Detailing of Vertical and Horizontal Bars Confining Steel in Boundary Elements

Closely spaced
confining Max. spacing
reinforcement in of horizontal
boundary reinforcement Single curtain of reinforcement
elements not more than Confining
Lw/5, t w or reinforcement in Anchoring of wall reinforcement
450mm boundary elements: in boundary element
Max. spacing of 135 hooks, closely
vertical spaced ties
reinforcement not
more than Lw/5, tw
or 450mm
tw

Lw

33 34 Two curtains of reinforcement

Seismic Design of RC Walls

Walls Seismic Design of RC Walls
Walls

Confining Wall Concrete Curtains of Reinforcement

One
Open-leg Ties Closed Loop Ties
Two

Single curtain of reinforcement

Wall thickness tw

Two curtains of reinforcement

Closed stirrups with
Anchoring of ties around 135 hook ends
both vertical and horizontal
wall reinforcement
Wall length Lw
35 36

6
 Seismic Design of RC Walls
Walls Seismic Design of RC Walls
Walls

Boundary Elements Boundary Elements

Boundary Elements
Boundary
without increased thickness
Element

Single curtain of reinforcement

Tension Compression
Two curtains of reinforcement

Boundary Elements Boundary

with increased thickness Element

Single curtain of reinforcement

Boundary
Boundary
Two curtains of reinforcement Element
Element
Confining reinforcement in
Anchoring of wall
boundary elements: reinforcement in
37 135 hooks, closely spaced ties boundary element 38

Seismic Design of RC Walls

Walls Slender and Squat Walls
Walls

Seismic behaviour is controllable through Influence of Boundary Elements on Strength

design For same amount of concrete and steel
Strength of Section 2 > Strength of Section 1

Inclined
Crack

Horizontal
Vertical Slide
Uplift
11

Overturning Sliding Shear

Failure Failure Failure Boundary
Horizontal Element
Cracks
22

Flexure
Failure
39 40

Slender and Squat Walls

Walls Coupled Shear Walls
Effect of Axial Load on flexural strength Size of opening
Just as in columns
Coupling
Beam
P

M
0
V

M
41 42
P

7
 Coupled Shear Walls
Walls Coupled Shear Walls
Walls

Coupling Beam Coupling Beam

Span-to-depth ratio is small Shear failure should not precede flexural yielding
Shear deformations are significant Diagonal reinforcement more effective
Ends have large rotational and vertical displacement Provide confinement throughout the beam
Require very high ductility
Good anchorage of main bars into walls on either side

43 44

Coupled Shear Walls

Walls 9.1 General Requirements
Coupling Beam
Diagonal and parallel reinforcement

9.1.2 Thickness 150 mm (preferably)

1.5 ld
1.5 ld Thinner walls have a tendency to buckle out of plane
Wall thickness tw

1.5 ld
1.5 ld
Special confining
reinforcement spacing Wall length Lw
Wall
Wallreinforcement
reinforcementnot
notshown
shown > 100 mm centers
45 46

9.1 General Provisions... 9.1 General Provisions...

9.1.3. Effective flange width, 9.1.4 Minimum reinforcement in walls

beyond face of web, smaller of Vertical and horizontal direction 0.25% of gross area
Half distance to next wall web
1/10 of total wall height

47 48

8
 9.1 General Provisions... 9.1 General Provisions...

9.1.4 Minimum reinforcement in walls

Vertical
0.25%
0.25%of of
Gross
GrossArea
Area
Horizontal
9.1.5 Two curtains of reinforcement, if
0.25%
0.25%ofof Factored shear stress > 0.25 fck ; or
Gross
GrossArea
Area
Wall thickness > 200 mm
Both
Bothfaces
faces Two curtains reduce fragmentation and early
together deterioration of concrete under cyclic response.
together

49 50

9.1 General Provisions...

9.1 General Provisions...

9.1.5 Two curtains of reinforcement

9.1.6 Diameter of bars 1/10th wall thickness

Single curtain of reinforcement

tw db
v > 0.25 f ck , or tw

t w > 200 mm
Lw Lw
Two curtains of reinforcement

51 52

9.1 General Provisions... 9.1 General Provisions...

9.1.7 Maximum reinforcement spacing

Vertical
Maximum
Maximumspacing spacingofof
vertical
verticalreinforcement
9.1.7 Maximum reinforcement spacing not more
reinforcement
than
not more than
LLw/5,
/5,twt oror450mm
lw 5 w w 450mm
Horizontal
Maximum
Maximumspacing spacingofof
3t w vertical
verticalreinforcement
reinforcement
450 mm not
notmore
morethanthan
LLw/5,
/5,twt oror450mm
450mm
w w

53 54

9
 9.2 Shear Strength 9.2 Shear Strength...

55 56

9.2 Shear Strength... 9.2 Shear Strength...

9.2.1 to 9.2.5 provide same shear design

provisions as in IS:456-
IS:456-2000 for beams

9.2.6 Uniformly distributed vertical

reinforcement Horizontal reinforcement
v <c MinimumReinforcement calculated for shear
c < v < c ,max Design Reinforcement Particularly important for walls with height-to-width
ratio of 1.0 or less
c ,max < v Redesign Section
W

57 58

9.3 Flexural Strength 9.3 Flexural Strength...

9.3.1 Flexural strength

9.3.1 Flexural strength similarly calculated

as for columns under axial loads (IS:456). +
Can use Annex A equations for assessing
flexural strength under uniform distribution of
reinforcement

59 60

10
 9.3 Flexural Strength...
9.3 Flexural Strength...

9.3.1 Flexural strength

c = 0.0035
Annex A
0.7 9.3.2 Cracked flexural strength >
0.6 Uncracked flexural strength
Avoid brittle behaviour
0.5

Pu 0.4
f ck th 0.3

0.2

0.1
Mu
61
0 0.04 0.08 0.12 f ck th 2 62

9.3 Flexural Strength... 9.4 Boundary Elements

9.3.3 If no boundary elements

Provide 4 bars of 12 mm diameter 9.4 Boundary elements improve
In two layers at either end Flexural strength
Good to have more reinforcement near wall ends Shear strength
Ductility

Boundary
Boundary
Element
Element
63 64

9.4 Boundary Elements... 9.4 Boundary Elements...

9.4.1 Boundary elements required

When extreme fiber compressive stress > 0.2fck
May discontinue boundary element
When extreme fiber compressive stress < 0.2fck

No
No
boundary
boundary
element
element

<0.2fck
Boundary
Boundary
element
element
>0.2fck
65 66

11
 9.4 Boundary Elements... 9.4 Boundary Elements...

9.4.2 Boundary element to carry axial

Gravity load Pw (its own share proportional to area)
Vertical load Peq induced by EQ
Vertical force couple caused by EQ overturning
moment

Peq = (Mu-Muw)/C w
67 68

9.4 Boundary Elements... 9.4 Boundary Elements...

Example
Given Axial Load P on Moment Mu on
boundary element entire wall 9.4.3 When gravity load adds to strength
Gravity 400 kN - Load factor is 0.8 (as against 1.2 or 1.5)
Seismic 50 kN 10,000 kNm Example:
Let load factor be 1.2 for gravity.
Mu resisted by web = 6,000 kNm Design factored axial force
Mub resisted by boundary elements
Compression: 1.2(400+50+800)=1,500kN
= 10,000 - 6,000 = 4,000 kNm
Tension: (0.8400)-(1.2 50)-(1.2 800)=-700kN

C/c distance of boundary element = 5 m

Axial force induced by 4,000 kNm moment =
4 , 000
= 800 kN
5
69 70

9.4 Boundary Elements... 9.4 Boundary Elements...

9.4.4 Vertical reinforcement in boundary 9.4.5 Confinement reinforcement required

element throughout height of boundary element
0.8 % gross area of boundary element
6% (practically 4%)
Just like a column

71 72

12
 9.4 Boundary Elements... 9.4 Boundary Elements...

9.4.5 Confinement reinforcement

Closely spaced
9.4.6 If entire wall is confined, boundary
confining
reinforcement in element not required.
boundary
elements

Open-leg Closed
Ties Loop
Ties

Anchoring of ties around

both vertical and horizontal
wall reinforcement
Closed stirrups with
73 74 135 hook ends

9.5 Coupled Shear Walls 9.5 Coupled Shear Walls...

9.5.1 Coupling beams to be ductile

9.5.1 Coupling beams to be ductile

When shear stress in coupling beam exceeds given
value, entire seismic shear and flexure to be taken by
diagonal reinforcement (preferably).

75 76

9.5 Coupled Shear Walls... 9.5 Coupled Shear Walls...

9.5.1 Coupling beams to be ductile

1.5 ld
1.5 ld
Special confining
reinforcement spacing
> 100 mm centers
Wall
Wallreinforcement
reinforcementnot
notshown
shown
77 78

13
 9.5 Coupled Shear Walls... 9.5 Coupled Shear Walls...

9.5.2 Cu and Tu intersect at mid-span 9.5.2 ...

Moment resisted at mid-span by diagonal bars is zero Vu = 2Tu sin Vu = 1.74 f y Asd sin
Tu = 0.87 f y Asd Vu
Asd =
1.74 f y sin

Cu Tu Cu Tu
Tu Tu
Vu Vu

Mu Vu Vu Mu Mu Vu Vu Mu
Cu Cu

Tu Cu Tu Cu

79 80

9.5 Coupled Shear Walls... 9.5 Coupled Shear Walls...

9.5.3 Diagonal/horizontal bars

9.5.3 Diagonal/horizontal bars

Anchored in wall by 1.5Ldt
1.5 ld
1.5 ld

1.5 ld
1.5 ld

81 82

9.5 Coupled Shear Walls... 9.5 Coupled Shear Walls...

ACI 318 11: Coupling Beams ACI 318 11: Diagonal/horizontal bars
 Diagonal reinforcement effective Detailing option 1

ln
<4
h

ln
for <2
h
 necessary to reinforced with two intersecting group of diagonally
placed bars
Confinement of individual diagonals
83 84

14
 9.5 Coupled Shear Walls... 9.5 Coupled Shear Walls...

ACI 318 11: Diagonal/horizontal bars ACI 318 11: Diagonal/horizontal bars
Detailing option 1 Detailing option 2

85 86
Full confinement of diagonally reinforced beam section

9.5 Coupled Shear Walls... 9.6 Openings in Walls

ACI 318 11: Diagonal/horizontal bars
Detailing option 2

9.6.1 Shear strength to be checked along

planes passing through openings

Critical
CriticalSection
Section

87 88

9.6 Openings in Walls... 9.6 Openings in Walls...

9.6.2 Reinforcement at openings

Ldt
Replacement
Replacementsteel
steel

Interrupted
Interruptedbars
9.6.2 Reinforcement interrupted by opening bars

to be provided along edges

Vertical edge reinforcement to extend full storey height
Horizontal edge reinforcement to have development
length in tension

89 90

15
 9.7 Discontinuous Walls 9.7 Discontinuous Walls...

9.7 Special confinement reinforcement

RC Wall
Region over which special
Development length of confining reinforcement must
longitudinal bar in column extend into the column above
9.7 Special confinement reinforcement
required over full height of columns Regular floor

supporting walls
Special confining reinforcement:
closely spaced transverse ties
throughout the short column

91 92

9.8 Construction Joints 9.8 Construction Joints...

9.8 Construction Joints

Vertical
Verticalbars
barsacross
across
construction
constructionjoint
joint

9.8 Minimum vertical reinforcement across

the construction joint Construction
ConstructionJoint
Joint

93 94

9.9 Development, Splice & Anchorage Requirement 9.9 Development, Splice & Anchorage Req....

9.9.2 Splicing of vertical reinforcement to

be avoided in critical regions
Staggering lapping of
adjacent vertical bars:
Minimum of 600mm

Hw
Region over which
lapping should be
avoided:
Larger of Lw and H w/6,
but need not be more
than 2Lw

Lw
95 96

16
 9.9 Development, Splice & Anchorage Req.... 9.9 Development, Splice & Anchorage Req....

9.9.4 Welded splices and mechanical

9.9.3 Lateral tie requirements for lapped connections as per IS:456.
spliced bars

97 98

Example
Design a shear wall for a two-storey building as shown in
Figure. The materials are M20 concrete and Fe415 steel.
The example shows design for load combination 1.2(DL +
LL +EL) only. In practice all other combinations should
also be considered. The unfactored forces in the panel
between the ground level and first floor are obtained by
analysis as

Example:
Example: RC
RC Shear
Shear
Wall
Wall Design
Design
IITK GSDMA: Explanatory Examples for Ductile Detailing of RC Buildings

99 100

Example
Example Example
Example
Factored bending moment on the section,
Mu = 1.2 (577.5 + 4830.9) = 6490 kNm
The maximum factored shear force,
Vu =1.2 (19.7 + 699.1) = 863 kN
Effective depth
de = 3380+(380/2)+(380/2) = 3760 mm
Vu
Shear stress, v = = 0.998
d e tw

Let the minimum vertical reinforcement = 0.25% provided

in the web

101 102

17
 Shear DESIGN
DESIGN Shear DESIGN at opening
opening
As per Table 19 of IS: 456-2000, c = 0.36 N/mm2. Effective depth of wall on each side of opening
Shear carried by concrete, = (1090+380/2) = 1280 mm
Vuc = c de t = 311 kN v =1.47 N/mm2
Shear to be resisted by horizontal reinforcement, Shear to be resisted by reinforcement on each side of
Vus = Vu - Vuc = (863 311) = 552 kN opening
Vus= 326 kN.
0.87 f y Ah de Ah
Vus = = 0.41  Provide 8 mm diameter 2-legged stirrups at 140 mm c/c on
Sv Sv each side of opening
Minimum horizontal reinforcement (0.25%) requires this
ratio to be 0.575
For tw > 200 mm, the reinforcement shall be in 2 layers
Provide horizontal reinf. of 8mm dia. bars at 175 mm c/c in
2 layers
103 104

Flexural Strength of web

web Flexural Strength of web
web
Vertical reinf. in web is 0.25 percent
Lw = 4140 mm and tw = 230 mm
Axial compression will increase moment capacity of wall (1)
 Factored axial force
- Pu = 0.8 1922.9 +1.2 255.7 = 1845 kN where

 Assuming this axial load to be uniformly distributed,

load on web = 0.574 1845 = 1059 kN
The moment of resistance of a slender rectangular shear
wall section with uniformly distributed vertical reinf. can
be estimated as per IS 13920: 1993 (Annex A)

105 106

Flexural Strength of web

web Flexural Strength of web
web

As xu /lw < xu*/lw ,

we get the value as:
(2) = 0.056, = 0.045, xu /lw = 0.233,
where xu*/lw = 0.660, and = 0.516
Moment of resistance of the web
Muv = 3296 kNm
Remaining moment will be resisted by reinf. in boundary
elements
Value of xu/ lw calculated from the quadratic equation
(Mu- Muv) = (6490 - 3296) = 3194 kNm

107 108

18
 Boundary elements
elements Boundary elements
elements
Due to combined axial load and bending, axial compression Assuming short column action
at the extreme fibre = 6.81 N/mm2 Cl. 9.4.1 the axial load capacity of the boundary element with
Cl. 9.4.1
 > 0.2fck Boundary elements are mandatory IS
IS 13920
13920 min. reinf. of 0.8% = 2953 kN Cl.
Cl. 9.4.4
9.4.4
IS
IS13920
13920
Center to center dist. b/w the boundary elements, Cw= 3760 mm
12 bars of 16 mm diameter will be adequate to take the
Axial force on the boundary element due to earthquake
compression as well as tension
loading
Also, provide special confining reinf. as per Cl. 9.4.5
= (Mu-Muv)/Cw = 3194/3.76 = 849 kN
Maximum factored compression on the boundary element
[849 + 0.213 1.2 (1922.9 + 255.7)] = 1406 kN
Factored tension on the boundary element,
[0.213 (0.8 1922.9 - 1.2 255.7) -849] = -587 kN

109 110

Reinforcement Around opening

opening Reinforcement Details
Details
Opening size = 1200 mm by 1200 mm
Area of vertical and horizontal reinforcement in the web
(0.25%) that is interrupted by it is 690 mm2
Provide area of bars equal to the Cl.
Cl. 9.6.2
9.6.2
respective interrupted bars IS
IS13920
13920

Thus, one bar of 16 mm diameter should be provided per

layer of reinforcement on each side of the opening
The vertical bar should extend for the full storey height
The horizontal bar should be provided with development length
in tension beyond the sides of the opening
Cl.
Cl. 9.6.2
9.6.2
IS
IS13920
13920

111 112

Thank you

19