Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Understandingthecurrentstateofthe
industry
GolisanoInstituteforSustainability
DATE:10/10/2012
2012
GolisanoInstituteforSustainability
RochesterInstituteofTechnology
111LombMemorialDrive
Rochester,NY14623
www.sustainability.rit.edu
2 ServerPrimer
Acknowledgements
The primary authors of this report are Brian Hilton, Senior Research Engineer,
andMichaelWelch,MastersStudent,GolisanoInstituteforSustainability(GIS)
atRochester InstituteofTechnology(RIT).Questions,comments andfeedback
onthisreportshouldbedirectedto:
BrianHilton,Sr.ResearchEngineer
GolisanoInstituteforSustainability
RochesterInstituteofTechnology
133LombMemorialDrive,Building78,Room1220
Rochester,NewYork146235608
Tel:5854755379
Email:Brian.Hilton@rit.edu
We gratefully acknowledge and thank the primary sponsor, the International
Sustainable Development Foundation, for providing the resources and support
tomakethisreportpossible.Wewouldalsoliketoacknowledgethefacultyand
staffattheGolisanoInstituteforSustainabilityforprovidingresearchdataand
advice on the report focus and content. Additionally, we would also like to
acknowledgetheU.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgencyforprovidingtheinitial
ecolabel comparison document Server ecolabel comparison 8 15 2011.xls
whichwasusedasthefoundationforthecompaniondocumentforthisreport
MasterlistofserverstandardsJune2012.xlsx.Wealsosendaspecialthank
you to Pamela BrodyHeine and Patty Dillon who served as an advisors and
reviewersofthisreport.
We believe this report provides useful data, information, findings and
recommendations for positioning the industry for the future, including key
considerationsonenergy,environmentandsustainability.
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Table of Contents
Acknowledgements...............................................................................................2
1. Introduction...................................................................................................5
2. BackgroundandPurposeoftheStudy..........................................................6
3. ServerIntroduction........................................................................................7
3.1. ServerHardware....................................................................................7
3.1.1. BladeServerHardware................................................................11
3.2. ServerPriceandPerformance.............................................................12
3.3. ServerMarket&Sales..........................................................................12
3.4. ENERGYSTARandExclusionofServerswithMorethanFourProcessor
Sockets.............................................................................................................15
4. ServerIndustryTrends.................................................................................16
4.1. HighDensityComputing......................................................................16
4.2. ServerInternalWasteHeatManagement...........................................18
4.3. ServerUtilizationandConnectivity.....................................................20
4.3.1. ServerVirtualization....................................................................21
4.3.2. ServerConsolidation....................................................................22
4.3.3. CloudComputing.........................................................................23
5. ServerImpactonOverallDataCenterEnergyUse......................................24
6. ServerEnvironmentalAssessments.............................................................27
6.1. CarbonFootprintofaTypicalDellRackServer...................................27
6.2. CarbonFootprintofFujitsuPrimergyRXandTX300S5Servers.........29
6.3. CaseStudyofanIBMRackmountedServer.......................................30
7. ServerStandardScopeTopics.....................................................................31
7.1. ServerMaterialSelection.....................................................................31
7.1.1. ServerDemanufacturing:GIS.......................................................31
7.1.2. ServerDemanufacturing:Cascade...............................................33
7.2. EnvironmentallySensitiveMaterials...................................................34
7.2.1. RoHSDirective.............................................................................35
7.3. ProductLongevity................................................................................36
7.4. DesignforEndofLife...........................................................................37
7.5. EndofLifeManagement......................................................................37
7.5.1. ServerEndofLife........................................................................37
7.5.2. EndofLifeManagement..............................................................40
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7.6. EnergyConservation............................................................................42
7.6.1. PSUEfficiencyStandards.............................................................43
7.6.2. ProcessorEnergyUse...................................................................44
7.7. Packaging.............................................................................................46
8. ServerEnvironmentalStandardsandLabels...............................................47
8.1. KeyAcronyms......................................................................................50
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1. Introduction
The computer server industry is in the midst of major change stimulated by
increasingdemandfordataprocessingandstorageasaresultofoureconomys
shiftfrompaperbasedtodigitalinformationmanagement.
The Golisano Institute for Sustainability (GIS) at Rochester Institute of
Technology (RIT), was commissioned by the International Sustainable
DevelopmentFoundation(ISDF)tobetterunderstandthestateofthecomputer
serverindustryandtowhatextenttheindustryhasfacedorisfacingchallenges
associatedwithenergy,environmentandsustainability.
A threemonth research effort was conducted to collect, identify, assess, and
understand the industry trends and environmental impacts associated with
computerservers.ResearchconductedbyRITsoughttobalancetheacquisition
ofdataandinformationthroughquantitativeandqualitativeresearchmethods
tosupporttheserverstandarddevelopmentworkby:
Assessingandunderstandingenvironmentalimpactsonalifecyclebasis
Assessingandunderstandingenergyuseinthecomputerserver
industry
Reviewingcurrentenvironmentalpurchasingstandardsforcomputer
serversandothercomputerequipment
Broadlyunderstandingthebusiness,technology,regulatoryandmarket
challengesofthecomputerserverindustry
DistillingthecommentsanddataprovidedbytheTechnicalCommittee
Theremainderofthisreportpresentsdataandinformationknownatthetime
ofpublicationontheenvironmentalimpactoftheserverindustry.Thepurpose
is to document the current state of the industry to inform the Technical
Committee charged with drafting a framework of environmental performance
criteriaforthedevelopmentofaproductstandardforservers.Accordingtothe
IEEEProjectAuthorizationRequest,1theproductstandardisintendedtodefine
a measure of environmental leadership in: the design and manufacture of
servers;thedeliveryofspecifiedservicesthatareassociatedwiththesaleofthe
product;andassociatedcorporateperformancecharacteristics.Thisstandardis
defined with the intention that the criteria are technically feasible to achieve,
but that only products demonstrating the leading environmental performance
currently available in the marketplace would meet them at the time of their
adoption.
1
P1680.4StandardforEnvironmentalAssessmentofServers,ProjectAuthorization
Request(PAR),https://development.standards.ieee.org/get
file/P1680.4.pdf?t=11051900003
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Resource Recovery (C3R), established in 1992, has played a major role in this
regard, as will the New York State Pollution Prevention Institute (NYSP2I). The
applied research centers missions are accomplished through a dynamic
collaboration of nearly 100 fulltime inhouse technical experts, support
professionals, faculty, and students. The Centers 170,000 squarefoot facility
supports research and development through applied technology laboratories
and a stateoftheart education center. Additional information on GIS can be
foundat:http://www.rit.edu/gis/about/
3. Server Introduction
Acomputerserverisahardwaredeviceconnectedtoanetworkwhosepurpose
is to manage networked resources. The term server can also refer to the
software used to manage the networked resources; however, this report only
addressestheenvironmentalimpactoftheserverhardware.
Computerserverhardwarehashistoricallybeendedicatedtomanagingasingle
functional purpose; therefore, the server hardware can range widely in size,
performance, cost, capability, and environmental impact. Dedicated server
Servers and data functions include: application servers, file servers, game servers, mail servers,
printservers,databaseservers,andmanymore.
centers consumed an
estimated 238 billion Severalserversaretypicallyrequiredtoenableacomputertoproperlyinteract
withothernetworkclientsduetothisdedicatednatureofaserver.Acollection
kWh worldwide in
ofserversisreferredtoasaserverfarmorserverclusterandthefacilityusedto
2010, or 1.3% of the house the server farm and associated components is referred to as a data
worldwide electricity center. Data centers have increased in popularity over the past decade as the
consumption. number of servers required by businesses has increased to compensate for
increasedinternettrafficinallfacetsoflife.Tokeeppacewithincreasedserver
space, the traditional data center has evolved to include cooling equipment,
networkequipment,andstorageequipment.
The following subsections discuss both the server hardware and the server
market.
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Figure1:IBMSystemX3650M4Server
Source:[IBM2012]
IBM has published images and specification for the IBM System x3650 M4
server.2 These images and specifications are reproduced here to describe in
generalserverhardwarecomponents.TheX3650suggestedusesare:database,
virtualization, enterprise applications, collaboration/email, streaming media,
web,andcloudapplications.
The IBM System X3650 M4 server supports two processors in a scalable 2U
package. Rack servers such as the X3650 are designed to mount in steel racks
thatare19incheswide.Rackserversarethereforedescribedwithaformfactor
thatindicatestheserverheightinmultiplesofrackunits(U),whichisaheightof
1.75 inches. The IBM X3650 is 3.4 inches high, thus 2U. Note that a standard
serverrackis42Uhigh.
Typically,servercomponentsinclude:anexternalenclosure,centralprocessing
unit(CPU),14CPUsockets,mainmotherboard,memory,storage(harddrives,
solidstatedrive(SSD)),Input/Outputadaptors,fans,powersupplies,andmay
includeasmallscreen.3Figure2andFigure3showtheX3650serverfrontand
backviewrespectivelywhichshowmanyavailableconnections.Figure4shows
theinternalcomponents.Notethatmanyofthecomponentsareredundantand
hotswappable4 including fans, disks and power supplies making it easy to
replacefailureswithouttakingthesystemdown.
2
[IBM2012]IBMSystemx3650M4IBMRedbooksProductGuide,
http://www.redbooks.ibm.com/technotes/tips0850.pdf
3
Source:ServerTechnicalCommitteemeeting,Houston,Texas,July31,2012.
4
Componentsarehotswappableiftheycanbeinstalledorremovedwithoutpoweringdownthe
system.
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Figure2:IBMSystemX3650FrontView
Source:[IBM2012]
Figure3:IBMSystemX3650M4BackView
Source:[IBM2012]
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Figure4:IBMSystemX3650M4InternalComponents
Source:[IBM2012]
Table1:IBMSystemX3650M4ProductSpecifications
Source:[IBM2012]
Components Specification
Formfactor 2URack.
UptotwoIntelXeonprocessorE52600productfamilyCPUswitheightcores
(upto2.9GHz)orsixcores(upto2.9GHz)orquadcores(upto3.3GHz).Two
Processor
QPIlinksupto8.0GT/seach.Upto1600MHzmemoryspeed.Upto20MBL3
cache.
Chipset IntelC602J
Upto24DIMMsockets(12DIMMsperprocessor).RDIMMs,UDIMMs,
Memory HyperCloudDIMMs,andLRDIMMs(LoadReducedDIMMs)supported,but
memorytypescannotbeintermixed.Memoryspeedupto1600MHz.
WithRDIMMs:Upto384GBwith24x16GBRDIMMsandtwoprocessors
WithUDIMMs:Upto64GBwith16x4GBUDIMMsandtwoprocessors
Memory
WithHyperCloudDIMMs:Upto768GBwith24x32GBHyperCloudDIMMsand
maximums
twoprocessors
WithLRDIMMs:Upto768GBwith24x32GBLRDIMMsandtwoprocessors
Memory
ECC,Chipkill,memorymirroring,andmemoryranksparing.
protection
Upto321.8"SSDbays,or162.5"hotswapSAS/SATAbays,oruptosix3.5"
Diskdrive
hotswapSAS/SATAbays,oruptoeight2.5"SimpleSwapSATAbays,orupto
bays
six3.5"SimpleSwapSATAbays.
Maximum Upto14.4TBwith900GB2.5"SASHDDs,upto16TBwith1TB2.5"NL
internal SAS/SATAHDDs,orupto18TBwith3TB3.5"NLSAS/SATAHDDs.Intermixof
storage SAS/SATAissupported.
RAID0,1,10withintegratedServeRAIDM5110e;optionalupgradestoRAID5,
RAIDsupport 50areavailable(zerocache;512MBbatterybackedcache;512MBor1GB
flashbackedcache).OptionalupgradetoRAID6,60isavailablefor512MBor1
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Components Specification
GBcache.
Opticaldrive
OnebayforoptionalDVDROMorMultiburnerdrive.
bays
Tapedrive OptionalTapeEnablementKitisavailabletosupportoneDDS5,DDS6,orRDX
bays internalUSBtapedrive.
FourintegratedGigabitEthernet1000BASETports(RJ45);twoembedded10
Network
GbEthernetports(10GBASETRJ45or10GBASESRSFP+based)onoptional10
interfaces
GbEthernetmezzaninecard(doesnotconsumePCIeslot).
PCIExpansion Uptosixslotsdependingontherisercardsinstalled.Optionalrisercards
slots availablewithPCIex8orPCIex16orPCIXslots.
TwoUSB2.0andoneDB15videoonfront.FourUSB2.0,oneDB15video,one
Ports DB9serial,oneRJ45systemsmanagement,fourRJ45GbEnetworkports,two
optionalRJ45orSFP+10GbEnetworkportsonrear.TwointernalUSBports
IBMCalibratedVectoredCoolingwithuptofourredundanthotswapfans
Cooling (threestandard,additionalfanwithsecondprocessor);twofanzoneswithN+1
fandesign;eachfanhastwomotors.
Uptotworedundanthotswap550Wacor750Wacor900Wacpower
Powersupply
supplies(all80PLUSPlatinumcertification)
MatroxG200eR2with16MBmemoryintegratedintotheIMM2.Maximum
Video
resolutionis1600x1200at75Hzwith16Mcolors.
Hotswap
Harddrives,powersupplies,andfans.
parts
Limited Threeyearcustomerreplaceableunitandonsitelimitedwarrantywith9x5
warranty nextbusinessday(NBD).
Dimensions Height:86mm(3.4in),width:445mm(17.5in),depth:746mm(29.4in)
Weight Minimumconfiguration:25kg(55lb),maximum:30kg(65lb)
5
Source:ServerTechnicalCommitteemeeting,Houston,Texas,July31,2012.
6
[IBM2011]IBMBladeCenterHS22TechnicalIntroduction,
http://www.redbooks.ibm.com/redpapers/pdfs/redp4538.pdf,REDP453803wascreatedor
updatedonMay12,2011.
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Figure5:IBMBladeCenterHS22Server(servicecoverremoved)
Source:[IBM2011]
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into 1Q12 for midrange and highend servers as both experienced over 10%
yearoveryear revenue declines; however, volume servers experienced 2%
yearoveryeargrowth.MattEastwood,anIDCanalyst,statesthatTheserver
market worked through a transitional period in the first quarter of 2012 as
suppliers prepared to introduce numerous critically important x86 server
offerings,andthatlowerrevenueintheAsia/Pacificregioncriticallyaffectsthe
marketbecauseChinaisoneofonlythreecountriesthatregularlyspendmore
than$1billionquarterlyonservers.9
PublicallyavailabledatafromtheIDCpressreleaseswascollectedtogenerate
thefollowingrevenuestreamforthepastdecade.Notethatthenumberslisted
include revenue from server peripherals such as the frame or cabinet and all
cables, processors, memory, communications boards, operating system
software, other bundled software and initial internal and external disk
shipments,andsoarenotpurelyindicativeoftheservermarketitself.
60 10
9
50
8
RevenueEstimate($B)
Shipmnets(M)
40
6
30 5
4
20 3
10 2
1
Year
0 0
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Revenue($B) 49.5 51.8 52.8 55.1 53.3 43.22 48.77 52.27
Shipments(M) 6.712 7.565 8.233 8.84 9.07 7.56 8.89 9.52
Figure6AnnualServerMarketRevenue(IDC&GartnerEstimates)
9
IDC Press Release. Worldwide Server Market Revenues Decline 2.4% in First Quarter as
Market Growth Slows in Face of Market Transitions, According to IDC, 30 May 2012,
http://www.idc.com/getdoc.jsp?containerId=prUS23513412
10
Koomey,J.EstimatingTotalPowerConsumptionbyServersintheU.S.andtheWorld.2007.
http://sites.amd.com/us/Documents/svrpwrusecompletefinal.pdf
11
2006PressReleases.GartnerSaysWorldwideServerShipmentsExperienceDoubleDigit
Growth,WhileIndustryRevenuePostsSingleDigitIncreasein2005.Gartner,Feb2006.Web.12
Jun2012.http://www.gartner.com/it/page.jsp?id=492245
12
GartnerNewsroom.GartnerSaysWorldwideServerShipmentsExperience9PercentGrowth,
WhileIndustryRevenuePosteda2PercentIncreasein2006.Gartner,Feb2007.Web.12Jun2012.
http://www.gartner.com/it/page.jsp?id=501405
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Itisexpectedthatservershipmentswillcontinuetoincreaseinthenearfuture
as the world becomes more dependent on the IT sector. In 10 years, the
numberofInternetusershasmorethanquadrupledfrom0.5billionin2001to
2.0billionin2010andthistrendisexpectedtocontinue.
Hewlett Packard (HP) held the number one position in the worldwide server
marketwith29.3%factoryrevenuemarketshareforthefirstquarterof2012.
Additionalworldwidesalesleadersarelistedinthetablebelow.
Table2:WorldwideServerFactoryRevenue(inMillionsofUSdollars)20
13
GartnerNewsroom.GartnerSaysWorldwideServerShipmentsExperienced7PercentGrowth,
WhileIndustryRevenuePosteda4PercentIncreasein2007.Gartner,Feb2008.Web.12Jun2012.
http://www.gartner.com/it/page.jsp?id=608710
14
GartnerNewsroom.GartnerSaysWorldwideServerShipmentsandRevenueExperience
DoubleDigitDeclinesinFourthQuarterof2008.Gartner,Mar2009.
http://www.gartner.com/it/page.jsp?id=905914
15
GartnerNewsroom.GartnerSays2010WorldwideServerMarketReturnedtoGrowthwith
ShipmentsUp17PercentandRevenue13Percent.Gartner,Feb2011.Web.4Jun2012.
http://www.gartner.com/it/page.jsp?id=1561014
16
GartnerNewsroom.GartnerSaysWorldwideServerRevenueGrew7.9PercentandShipments
Increased7Percentin2011.Gartner,Feb2012.Web.4Jun2012.
http://www.gartner.com/it/page.jsp?id=1935717
17
IDCPressRelease.WorldwideServerMarketAcceleratesSharplyinFourthQuarteras
DemandforHeterogeneousPlatformsLeadstheWay,AccordingtoIDC.IDC,Feb2011.Web4Jun
2012.http://www.idc.com/about/viewpressrelease.jsp?containerId=prUS22716111
18
IDCPressRelease.Despitea7.2%DeclineinFourthQuarterRevenue,WorldwideServer
MarketRevenuesIncrease5.8%in2011,AccordingtoIDC.IDC,Feb2012.Web4Jun2012.
http://www.idc.com/getdoc.jsp?containerId=prUS23347812
19
Short,J.Bohn,R.,Chaitanya,B.HowMuchInformation?2010ReportonEnterpriseServer
Information.2011.http://hmi.ucsd.edu/pdf/HMI_2010_EnterpriseReport_Jan_2011.pdf
20
IDCPressRelease.WorldwideServerMarketRevenuesDecline2.4%inFirstQuarteras
MarketGrowthSlowsinFaceofMarketTransitions,AccordingtoIDC,30May2012,
http://www.idc.com/getdoc.jsp?containerId=prUS23513412
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HPwasalsothenumberonemanufacturerofbladeserverswith47.4%market
share. Additional sales leaders were: IBM (21.5%), Cisco (11.0%) and Dell
(8.7%).21
21
ibid
22
HistoryofENERGYSTAR,http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=about.ab_history
23
[ENERGYSTAR2012]EnergyStarProgramRequirementsProductSpecificationsforComputer
ServersEligibilityCriteriaDraft3Version2.0.USEPA.2012.
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Additionally, the ENERGY STAR scope states that a product must meet the
definition of a Computer Server provided in Section 1 of this document [as
reproduced above] to be eligible for ENERGY STAR qualification under this
specification. Eligibility under Draft 3 Version 2.0, is limited to blade, rack
mounted, or pedestal form factor computer servers with no more than four
processor sockets.24 This scope restricts the servers that are covered by the
ENERGYSTARstandardbytheirabilitytosupportadditionalprocessors;thisin
turnlimitstheserversenergyuseaswellasotherenvironmentalcriteria.
Accordingtomanyservermanufacturers,98%ofserverunitssoldare4sockets
or less. The remainder of the market is highend servers, which are typically
custombuilds/configurations.25
http://www.energystar.gov/ia/partners/prod_development/revisions/downloads/computer_serv
ers/Servers_V2_Draft_3_Specification.pdf
24
ibid
25
Source:ServerTechnicalCommitteemeeting,Houston,Texas,July31,2012.
26
IIDCPressRelease.Despitea7.2%DeclineinFourthQuarterRevenue,WorldwideServer
MarketRevenuesIncrease5.8%in2011,AccordingtoIDC.IDC,Feb2012.Web4Jun2012.
http://www.idc.com/getdoc.jsp?containerId=prUS23347812
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thesecondquarterof2012,deliveringanintegratedsystemforserver,storage,
andnetwork.27
IDC estimates that server system density has increased by 15% annually over
thelast10yearsascompaniesshiftedfrompedestalserverstorackoptimized
systemsandmainstreamadoptionofbladeserversbegan.28In1996,companies
deployedanaverageof7serversperrack.In2006,theaveragehadincreasedto
14 servers per rack. During 2008 HP revealed the potential to have up to 256
halfheight blade servers in a single 42U rack, with support for up to 1024
processors.29
The ENERGY STAR Program Requirements for Computer Servers draft 2 of
Version2.0definesabladeserverasahighdensitydevicethatfunctionsasan
independent computer server and includes at least one processor and system
memory, but is dependent upon shared blade chassis resources (e.g., power
supplies,cooling)foroperation.30
Inordertobeconsideredequivalenttoatraditionalrackserver,abladeserver
must be installed within a Blade Chassis with access to Blade Storage. The
ENERGYSTARComputerServerVersion2draftdefinesthesetwosystemsas:
Blade Chassis: An enclosure that contains shared resources for the
operationof bladeservers,bladestorage,andotherbladeformfactor
devices. Shared resources provided by a chassis may include power
supplies,datastorage,andhardwareforDCpowerdistribution,thermal
managementsystemmanagement,andnetworkservices.
Blade Storage: A storage device that is designed for use in a blade
chassis.Abladestoragedeviceisdependentuponsharedbladechassis
resources(e.g.powersupplies,cooling)foroperation.
The blade server, blade chassis, and blade storage combined form a
BladeSystem.
Theindustrymovetohighdensitycomputingmayprovidesignificantlifecycle
financial and environmental benefits. Scaramella and Perry studied eight
companiesthathadreplaced19100%oftheirserverinfrastructurewithblade
serversandreportedseveralbenefitsincluding:31
27
IDCPressRelease.WorldwideServerMarketRevenuesDecline2.4%inFirstQuarterasMarket
GrowthSlowsinFaceofMarketTransitions,AccordingtoIDC.IDC,May2012.Web.12Jun2012.
http://www.idc.com/getdoc.jsp?containerId=prUS23513412
28
Scaramella,J.WorldwideServerPowerandCoolingExpense20062010Forecast.IDC.2006.
http://www.mm4m.net/library/IDCPowerCoolingForecast.pdf
29
Branscombe,M.HPPuts1000CoresinaSingleRack.TomsHardware,Jun2008.Web.11Jun
2012.http://www.tomshardware.com/reviews/hpserverweb,1943.html
30
[ENERGYSTAR2012]
31
Scaramella,J.,Perry,R.BusinessValueofBlade.HP.2011.
http://h17007.www1.hp.com/docs/proliantgen8/IDCWhitePaperBusinessValueofBlades.pdf
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- Powercostswerereducedby$17peruserperyear
- IT Infrastructure costs were reduced by $55 per user per year; an
additional 17.1% savings was reported by companies that utilized
virtualization(refertoSection4.3.1foradiscussionofvirtualization)
- Anestimatedreturnoninvestmentof250%overathreeyearperiod
The move to highdensity computing is also likely to increase the pressure on
systemlevel power and cooling management. Additionally, increased power
drawandhotspotsarelikelytodecreaseserverreliability,thusincreasingfailure
rates.Powerandcoolingchallengescausedbydensificationisthereforelikelyto
requirenovelcoolingsolutions,bothincoolingsystemsandthe matingserver
hardware.
32
Evans,T.APCWhitePaper#57:FundamentalPrinciplesofAirConditionersforInformation
Technology.APC.Rev20042.http://www.apcdistributors.com/whitepapers/Cooling/WP57
FundamentalPrinciplesofAirConditionersforInformationTechnology.pdf
33
2008ASHRAEEnvironmentalGuidelinesforDatacomEquipmentExpandingthe
RecommendedEnvironmentalEnvelope.AmericanSocietyofHeating,RefrigeratingandAir
ConditioningEngineers,2008.http://tc99.ashraetcs.org/documents/
ASHRAE_Extended_Environmental_Envelope_Final_Aug_1_2008.pdf
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temperature,themaximumoperatingtemperatureofthecomponents,andthe
speedoftheairmovingoverthecomponentsurfaces.
34
Figure7DiagramofInternalServerComponents
Theamountofheatbeingreleasedtotheroomenvironmentiscompoundedby
theincreasingdensityofservers.TheAPCWhitePapernotesthatasingleblade
serverchassiscanreleasefourkilowattsofheatenergyintotheITroomordata
center, with approximately 50% of the heat energy released by servers
originatinginthemicroprocessoritself.HewlettPackardoffersadditioninsight,
statingthatatraditionalracktypeserversetupwith14serverswillrequire8kW
of heat exchange, 26 servers will require 15kW, and 42 servers will require
24.2kW.35
Datacentersarehavingdifficultyadjustingtotheeffectofhighdensityrackson
power and cooling resources and alternate cooling technologies are being
developed.Severalcompaniesareconsideringliquidcoolingasanalternativeto
traditional air cooling as a means to promote energy and cost efficiency. A
commonmethodofliquidcoolingistousewaterasthecoolingmediumsince
water has 3500 times the thermal capacity of air.36 In order to utilize water
34
TheProblemofPowerConsumptioninServers.Intel,2009.
http://www.intel.com/intelpress/articles/The_Problem_of_Power_Consumption_in_Servers.pdf
35
Miller,R.DataCenterKnowledge.TooHotforHumans,butGoogleServerskeepHumming.
March2012.Web.4Jun2012.http://www.datacenterknowledge.com/archives/2012/03/23/too
hotforhumansbutgoogleserverskeephumming/
36
HPModularCoolingSystem:watercoolingtechnologyforhighdensityserverinstallations.
HP.2007.
http://h20000.www2.hp.com/bc/docs/support/SupportManual/c00600082/c00600082.pdf
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cooling,awaterblockmustbefixedtotheheatgeneratingcomponentsinplace
ofthetraditionalaircoolingheatsinkandfan.Astheprocessorsgenerateheat
it is transferred to the water which is run through a cooling system that
dissipates the generated heat and chills the water. A benefit of watercooled
systemsistheirmodularity;theycanoperateonaserverbyserverbasisorfor
anentirerackwhileeffectivelydissipatingheat.Thisoffersseveraladvantages
overtraditionalaircoolingsincetheenergyuseissubstantiallyreduced.Water
cooledsystemscanalsobeoverclocked,aprocessthatincreasestheprocessor
speed and allows for increased performance in exchange for increased heat
generation.IBMsAquasarsupercomputer,builtin2010,useswatercoolingto
maintainthesystemstemperature.Duetowatersthermalcapacity,itcarriesa
majorityoftheheatgeneratedawayfromthesystematover60C;thewateris
thenusedasaheatsourcefornearbybuildings.Thishasresultedinanenergy
savingsof40%andareductionofCO2emissionsbyupto85%.37
Other liquid cooling strategies exist. For example, Green Revolution Cooling, a
smallTexasbasedcompany,usesamodifiedmineralwatercalledGreenDefasa
dielectric medium to cool servers. Because of the dielectric properties of their
solution, servers can be submerged in the liquid after waterproofing; this
involves removing the fans and encapsulating the hard drives. GreenDef has
1200timesthethermalcapacityofair,allowingforthecustomserverracktobe
densely packed; this property enables server processors to overclocked
successfully,creatingevenhigheroutput.Thesystemisattachedtoapumpand
heatexchanger.Somesetupsfeatureexportingthehotwaterasaheatsource
tonearbyfacilities.Inaregular100kWinstallation,thecostofinstallandenergy
requirementsperyearwashalfthatofthesamesizedaircooledsystem.38
37
"IBMResearchZurich."Zeroemissiondatacenter.IBM,Jul2010.Web.4Jun2012.
http://www.zurich.ibm.com/st/server/zeroemission.html
38
TheCarnotJetSystem.GreenRevolutionCooling.http://www.grcooling.com/docs/Green
RevolutionCoolingCarnotJetSystemPamphlet.pdf
39
Koomey,J.,Belady,C.,Wong,H.,Snevely,R.,Nordman,B.,Hunter,E.,Lange,K.,Tipley,R.,
Darnell,G.,Accapadi,M.,Rumsey,P.,Kelley,B.,Tschudi,B.,Moss,D.,Greco,R.,BrillK.Server
EnergyMeasurementProtocol.(2006).
http://www.energystar.gov/ia/products/downloads/Finalserverenergyprotocolv1.pdf
40
[Microsoft2011]Aggar,M.TheITEnergyEfficiencyImperative.Microsoft.2011.
http://download.microsoft.com/download/7/5/A/75AB83E82487409FAC6C
4C3D22B72139/ITEI_Paper_5.27.11.pdf
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subsectionsdiscusssomeoftrendstoboostutilization,reduceenergycosts,and
saveequipmentandspace.
Figure8RelationshipbetweenServerUtilizationandPowerConsumption43
41
Healy,M.,Humphreys,J.,Anderson,C.IBMVirtualizationServices.IBM.2008.http://www
935.ibm.com/services/us/its/pdf/idc_white_paper_for_ibm_on_virtualization_srvcsv2.pdf
42
[Microsoft2011]
43
ibid
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44
Iams,T.,Consolidationandvirtualization:Thesame,butdifferent.
http://searchdatacenter.techtarget.com/tip/ConsolidationandvirtualizationThesamebut
different
45
Carr,NicholasG.TheEndofCorporateComputing.MITSloanManagementReview.vol.46,
no.3,pp.6773.2005.http://sloanreview.mit.edu/themagazine/2005spring/46313/theendof
corporatecomputing/
46
GooglesGreenComputing:EfficiencyatScale.Google.2011.
http://static.googleusercontent.com/external_content/untrusted_dlcp/www.google.com/en/us/g
reen/pdfs/googlegreencomputing.pdf
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Figure9EffectsofConsoldation/CloudComputing
In February 2010, the U.S. government launched the Federal Data Center
Consolidation Initiative (FDCCI) and issued guidance for Federal Chief
InformationOfficers(CIO)Councilagencies.Theguidancecalledforagenciesto
inventorytheirdatacenterassets,developconsolidationplansthroughoutfiscal
year 2010, and integrate those plans into agency fiscal year 2012 budget
submissions.
The Consolidation Initiative is intended to reduce the number of data centers
across the government and assist agencies in applying best practices from the
public and private sector, with goals to: reduce the overall energy and real
estate footprint of government data centers, reduce the cost of data center
hardware,software,andoperations,increasetheoverallITsecuritypostureof
thegovernment,andshiftITinvestmentstomoreefficientcomputingplatforms
andtechnologies.
TheConsolidationInitiativeplanistoshutdownatleast1,200ofthe3,133data
centers the government owns and operates. To date, 250 data centers have
beenshutdownandthereareplanstocloseatotalof479bytheendoffiscal
year2012.47
47
Federal Chief Information Officers Council, Maximizing ROI: Consolidating Federal IT
Infrastructurehttps://cio.gov/maximizingroi/,accessed10/8/12
48
[Google.2011]
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Annual AnnualCO2
Business
ServerRequirements EnergyPer emissionsPer
emailservice
User User
Asingle,midrangemulticore
serverwithlocaldiskthatcan
Small serve300usersanddraws200
175kWh 103kg
Watts.
Asingle,large,manycoreserver
withcombinationsoflocaland
Medium networkstorage,whichcanhost 28.4kWh 16.7kg
1,000usersandwhichdraws450
Watts
Several,large,manycoreservers
withcombinationsoflocaland
Large networkstoragewhichcanhost
7.6kWh 4.1kg
1,000usersanddraws450Watts.
Google Cloudbasedservices <2.2kWh <1.23kg
Accenture,aresearchfirm,derivedsimilarresultsusingcompanysizesof100,
Data center design 1000, 10,000 and comparing individual data center emissions to those from a
single Microsoft cloud data center.49 The analysis suggests that typical carbon
is improving with emission reductions by deployment size are more than 90 percent for small
a PUE average deployments of about 100 users, 60 to 90 percent for mediumsized
value of 1.91. This deployments of about 1,000 users, 30 to 60 percent for large deployments of
about10,000users.
means that over
47% of the power 5. Server Impact on Overall Data Center Energy Use
used in a data Asignificantportionoftheenergyrequiredtouseaserverisdirectedintothe
center is used to infrastructure used to support the server. The server design can not only
influencetheenergyusedbytheserveritself,butalsotheenergyusedbythe
support the infrastructure.
infrastructure, Power Usage Effectiveness (PUE) is a frequently used measure of the
including cooling. effectivenessofdatacenterinfrastructureandoperation.PUEistheratioofthe
total data center power input, to the power directly consumed by the IT
equipment.Assumingthatallpowersourceshavebeenproperlyaccountedfor,
the theoretically ideal PUE for a data center is 1.0, meaning that there is no
additional energy required to operate the data center beyond the power
directlyconsumedby theequipment. While1.0 is notpracticallyachievable,a
number of companies and organizations are reporting PUE numbers for their
newstateoftheartdatacenterswhichareapproaching1.0,withanumberof
49
CloudComputingandSustainability.Accenture.2010.
http://download.microsoft.com/download/A/F/F/AFFEB671FA2745CF9373
0655247751CF/Cloud%20Computing%20and%20Sustainability%20%20Whitepaper%20
%20Nov%202010.pdf
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facilitiesreportingapproximately1.10.50Astudyconductedin2009bytheU.S.
EPAENERGYSTARprogramlookedatPUEforabroadrangeof100datacenters,
thisstudyshowedarangeofPUEvaluesbetween1.253.75,withanaverage
valueof1.91.51Electricalpowermanagement,equipmentutilizationlevels,and
HVAC are major areas for energy consumption within data centers. In
conventionally cooled data centers, the air conditioning loads are one of the
largestdriversofenergyconsumptionaftertheITequipment.
Heatrecoveryandreuse(forexampleinabsorptivecoolingsystems),wateror
refrigerant based cooling, and free air cooling52 are all strategies for reducing
theenergycostofdatacentercooling.However,thesecanbeverydifficultor
expensivetoimplementasaretrofittoexistingdesigns.
Expanding the allowable environmental operating range (temperature and
humidity) of IT equipment can result in lower HVAC related energy
consumption.In2008,ASHRAEexpandeditsclassesfordatacenterequipment
environmental specifications; four classes are defined 14, with each higher
number class having a wider environmental range.53 The classes define
recommended and allowable (wider) operational ranges for drybulb
temperature and humidity (RH and wetbulb), as well as ranges for non
operating equipment. In the 2011 whitepaper referenced, the recommended
andallowablerangesarerefinedrelativetothe2008standard,andclasses(A1
A4)aredefined;theoperationalrangesforA3andA4areexpandedrelativeto
the 2008 standard. In the model R270 server technical documentation, Dell
provides environmental specifications that allow for continuous operation at
the A2 level, and transient operation at A3 and A4 (less than 10% of annual
operatinghours,lessthan1%ofannualoperatinghours).54Thistypeofproduct
information can be helpful to the data center designer/operator in setting
50
M.K.Patterson,"Metricsoverviewandupdate,"Powerpointpresentation,presentedatthe
Proceedingsofthe2011workshoponEnergyEfficiency:HPCSystemandDatacenters,Seattle,
Washington,USA,2011.
http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2159350&CFID=170830100&CFTOKEN=87344492
51
Sullivan,A.,ENERGYSTARforDataCenters,USEPA,ENERGYSTARPowerPointPresentation,
Feb4,2010,
http://www.energystar.gov/ia/partners/prod_development/new_specs/downloads/uninterruptib
le_power_supplies/ENERGY_STAR_Buildings_Team_Metering_Presentation.pdf,lastaccessed
October8,2012.
52
Pendelberry,S.,Thurston,M.,et.al.,CasestudyThemakingofaGreenDataCenter.
Proceedingsofthe2012IEEEInternationalSymposiumonSustainableSystemsandTechnology,
Boston,MA,May1618,2012.
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=6228001
53
ASHRAETC9.9,2011ThermalGuidelinesforDataProcessingEnvironmentsExpandedData
CenterClassesandUsageGuidance,ASHRAE,2011,http://www.eni.com/greendata
center/it_IT/static/pdf/ASHRAE_1.pdf,lastaccessedOctober8,2012.
54
PowerEdgeR720andR720XDTechnicalGuide,Rev1.1,March2012.
http://i.dell.com/sites/content/sharedcontent/datasheets/en/Documents/dellpoweredger720
r720xdtechnicalguide.pdf,lastaccessedOctober8,2012.
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55
ENERGYSTARPowerandPerformanceDataSheet,DellPowerEdgeR720XDfeaturingtheDell
Smart1100WPSUandIntelE52640.
http://www.dell.com/downloads/global/products/pedge/en/DellPowerEdgeR720XD1100W
E52640FamilyDataSheet.pdf,lastaccessedOctober8,2012.
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frameworkonthePowerEdgeR710serverwithtwoIntelXeonprocessors,12Gb
ofRAM,4x146GBharddrives(HDD),twohighoutputpowersupplies,oneDVD
drive,andfourfans.
TheDellpaperstatesthatthetotalcarbonfootprintofaDellPowerEdgeR710is
approximately6360kgCO2e.Thiswascalculatedovera4yearlifetimerunning
24hoursaday,7daysaweekassumingoperating50%ofthetimeat148Widle
workload,and50%ofthetimeat285Wfullworkload.TheaverageUSgridmix
wasusedforthiscalculation.
Results show that over 90 percent of the total lifecycle GHG emissions was
from the use phase (5960 kg CO2e). See Figure 10. Only 7 percent of the GHG
emissions was from manufacturing, which included raw material extraction,
subassembly manufacturing, transportation of subassemblies, and final
assembly.
DellPowerEdgeR710
7000
6000
GHGEmissions(kgCO2e)
5000
4000 Use
5960
3000 Manufacturing
2000 Transport
1000 Recycling
0 15 471
86
1000
GHGEmissions
Figure10TotalProductCarbonFootprintoftheDellPowerEdgeR710intheUS
Dell ran two additional model scenarios. The first was to model the server at
100 percent utilization, and the second was to run the server at 100 percent
idle. At full utilization the unit produced 8240 kg CO2e, or 30% more carbon
emissions, and at idle it produced 4470 kg CO2e, or 30% less emissions (see
Figure11).
Dell stated that these results were a powerful message for eliminating
underutilized server through virtualization. Using the above report numbers,
onecanseethattwoserversrunningat50percentutilization(nominalcaseat
2x 6360 = 12720 kg CO2e) would produce 54 percent more carbon emissions
than one server running at 100 percent utilization (8240 kg CO2e) reinforcing
theirsupportforvirtualization.
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DellPowerEdgeR710
9000
8000
GHGEmissions(kgCO2e)
7000
6000
5000 Use
4000 Manufacturing
3000 Transport
2000
Recycling
1000
0
1000
Full Nominal FullIdle
Utilization
Figure11TotalCarbonFootprint(kgCO2e)oftheDellPowerEdgeR710server
59
WhitePaper:LifeCycleAssessmentandProduceCarbonFootprintServerPRIMERGYTX/RX
300S5.Fujitsu.2010.http://fujitsu.fleishmaneurope.de/wpcontent/uploads/2010/12/LCA_PCF
WhitepaperPRIMERGYTXRX300S5.pdf
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Additionally,oneofthereportlessonslearnedwastoavoidfocusingsolelyon
energy efficiency of servers. Though the use phase plays a big role in the
greenhouse effect, raw materials are key factors for several other impact
categories. This is an important statement, though no supporting data was
provided.
Figure12RespectiveShareoftheTotalProductCarbonFootprint(Fujitsu)
60
Weber,C.L.UncertaintyandVariabilityinProductCarbonFootprinting.JournalofIndustrial
Ecology,16(2),203211.2012.doi:10.1111/j.15309290.2011.00407.x
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.15309290.2011.00407.x/full
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400
Logistics
ProductCarbonFootprint
(withoutuse)(kgCO2e)
350
Packaging
300
BulkMaterials
250
PowerSupplies
200
DVDROM
150
HardDrive
100
Components
50
RawPWB
0
IC
Server
Figure13MeanResultsforServerCarbonFootprintbySubgroupwithoutUsePhase61
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completingafulldisassemblyanalysisdowntotheindividualmateriallevelwith
materials identified by using various material analysis laboratory techniques.
One of the products studied was a Dell PowerEdge R710 server. This server
modelwasconsideredrepresentativeofvolumeservers.Thoughthemainstudy
scholarshipremainsconfidential,someofthegeneralfindingsofthisstudyare
reproducedbelowwithpermission.
Amajorstudyfocusareaappliedmaterialflowanalysis(MFA)methodologyto
servers.TheMFAinvestigatedeachmaterialfortheirtotalvolumes,value,and
percent of total waste and then this data was used to estimate the current
breakdownandvolumesinwhichproductsandcomponentsarerecoveredfor
refurbishment and reuse, remanufactured, recycled, or disposed. The Dell
PowerEdgecomponentsandassemblieswereseparatedintoindividualmaterial
types. In some cases, for simple geometries, material breakdown was
determined by means of simple volume/density calculations. Plastic
components were identified by their material codes. For those plastics
components without material codes, the material was assigned to an
Undefined Plastic category. A variety of methods were used to assign metal
components to a material category such as: inspection (observed density and
stiffness), level of magnetism, and Energy Dispersive Xray Spectroscopy was
alsousedonsomecomponentsthatwerenotobviousbyinspection.Finally,for
Lithium Ion batteries and for printed circuit boards, previous compositional
studiesfromtheliteraturewereusedtoestimatethematerialcompositionby
weightpercentage.
The material analysis results indicate that the majority of a Dell PowerEdge
servers weight is composed of ferrous steel (62.7%), aluminum (15.9%),
halogenated epoxy (9.6%) and plastics, (4.8%). Detailed estimates of material
compositioncanbefoundinthetablebelow.
Table3TotalMaterialCompositionoftheDellPowerEdgeR710byweight
Weight
Material Percentage
(grams)
TotalWeight 24680
Steel/Ferrous 15480 62.70%
Ferrites/Magnets 456 1.80%
Aluminum 3934 15.90%
Copper 863 3.50%
Tin 123 0.50%
Brass 1.8 0.00%
Mercury 0 0.00%
Carbon 0.36 0.00%
Lithium 0.21 0.00%
Cobalt 0.6 0.00%
Nickel 32.1 0.10%
Silver 10.6 0.00%
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Weight
Material Percentage
(grams)
Gold 0.68 0.00%
Palladium 0.17 0.00%
TotalPlastic 1179 4.80%
Plastic(various) 701 2.80%
PC+ABSFR 23.8 0.10%
PC+ABSFR(40) 299.7 1.20%
PBTGF30FR(17) 154.9 0.60%
PVC 0 0.00%
Rubber(includingfoams) 5.3 0.00%
Paper 15.3 0.10%
Epoxy 11.5 0.00%
CapacitorElectrolyte(EthyleneGlycolorButyrolactone) 30 0.10%
HDGlass/CeramicDisk 176.3 0.70%
HalogenatedEpoxy+GlassReinf 2359.4 9.60%
LiIonElectrolyte 0.03 0.00%
NonAqueousLiIonSolvent(propylenecarbonate,1.3
0.14 0.00%
dioxolane,Dimethoxyethane)
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DemanufacturedFractions Servers
TotalWeight 1972lbs
ScrapFerrousMetal(1251lbs) PowerSupplies(249lbs)
PreciousCircuitBoards(202lbs) ShreddedHardDrives(104lbs)
CopperHeatsinksw/Aluminum(58lbs) MixedPlastic(25lbs)
AluminumBreakage(24lbs) Copper(18lbs)
ComputerCables(10lbs) LowValueBoards(3lbs)
UniversalWaste:NiCad/NiMHBatteries(1lbs) UniversalWaste:LithiumBatteries(1lbs)
12.8%
10.4%
1.2% 0.9%
5.3%
1.3% 0.5%
7.2% 0.2%
0.1%
64.3%
3.0%
0.1%
Figure14CascadeDemanufacturedMaterialFractionsofServers(August2012)
63
Nimpuno,N&CScruggs(2011).InformationonChemicalsinElectronicProducts.Copenhagen:
NordicCouncilofMinisters.ISBN9789289322188
http://www.norden.org/en/publications/publikationer/2011524
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brominatedflameretardants,antimonytrioxide,andotherhazardousmaterials
suchaschromium,lead,mercury,beryllium,zincandnickel.
Limited data was found on the active use of alternative materials. Server
operatingconditionsandperformancedemandsofhighreliability,highenergy
use, and high temperature operation to name a few require performance
materialsthatarenoteasilyreplacedwithgreenalternatives.
Some information was found on the use of leadfree solders. Dell64 advertises
thatsincelate2007,theyhavebeenlaunchingleadfreeserverssuchastheDell
R900andR905.Inearly2008,Delllaunchedtheirfirstleadfreebladeservers,
the PowerEdge M600 and M605. Since then, they claim that all new basic
configurationPowerEdgeservershavebeenleadfree.
64
Design.Smartermaterialchoices:what'sinsideourproductsandwhat'snot.Dell,2012.Web.
12Jun2012.http://content.dell.com/us/en/corp/d/corpcomm/earthgreenerproductsmaterials
65
CaliforniaDepartmentofToxicSubstancesControl.RestrictionsontheuseofCertain
HazardousSubstances(RoHS)inElectronicDevices.StateofCalifornia,2010.Web.12Jun2012.
http://dtsc.ca.gov/HazardousWaste/rohs.cfm
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EffectofTimeonServerReliability
20% 8
18% 7
Downtime(hrsperyear)
16%
6
14%
FailureRate
12% 5
10% 4
8% FailureRate
3
6% Downtime
2
4%
2% 1
0% 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
ServerAge(years)
66
Figure15EffectofTimeonServerReliability
66
Perry,R.,Pucciarelli,J.,Bozman,J.,Scaramella,J.TheCostofRetainingAgingIT
Infrastructure.HP.2012.http://h18006.www1.hp.com/storage/pdfs/4AA39351ENW.pdf
67
Stutz,M.,O'Connell,S.,&Pfluefer,J.Carbonfootprintingofatypicaldellrackserver.
InternationalSymposiumonSustainableSystemsandTechnology.May2012.Boston,MA.
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76
Gregory,J.R.,andKirchain,R.E.,AFrameworkforEvaluatingtheEconomicPerformanceof
RecyclingSystems:ACaseStudyofNorthAmericanElectronicsRecyclingSystems,Environmental
ScienceandTechnology,42(18),pp.68006808,2008.
http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es702666v
77
Choi,B.C.,et.al.,LifeCycleAssessmentofaPersonalComputeranditsEffectiveRecycling
Rate,TheInternationalJournalofLifeCycleAssessment,Vol.11,No.2,March,2006.
http://psp.sisa.my/elibrary/attachments/441_11LifecycleAssessment.pdf
78
Schmidt,M.,Aproductiontheorybasedframeworkforanalysingrecyclingsystemsinthee
wastesector,EnvironmentalImpactAssessmentReview,Vol.25,Issue5,pp.505524,July2005.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195925505000545
79
Villalba,G.,et.al.,Aproposalforquantifyingtherecyclabilityofmaterials,Resources,
Conservation,andRecycling,Vol.37,no.1,pp.3953,2002.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921344902000563
80
Villalba,G.,et.al.,Usingtherecyclabilityindexofmaterialsasatoolfordesignfor
disassembly,EcologicalEconomics,Vol.50,Issues34,pp195200,Oct.2004.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VDY4DBSX38
1/2/9e10b1f37aa9be4a8dede9eb647374f2
81
PersonalcommunicationswithMikeWhyte,PresidentofRegionalComputerRecyclingand
Recovery,Rochester,NY,Aug28,2009.
82
Bras,B.,andMcIntosh,M.W.,Product,process,andorganizationaldesignforremanufacture
anoverviewofresearch,RoboticsandComputerIntegratedManufacturing,Vol.15,Issue3,pp.
167178,June1999.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0736584599000216
83
Tang,Y.,et.al.,DisassemblyModeling,Planning,andApplication,JournalofManufacturing
Systems,Vol.21,Issue3,pp.200217,2002.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0278612502801625
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84
Veerakamolmal,P.,andGupta,S.,Acasebasedreasoningapproachforautomating
disassemblyprocessplanning,JournalofIntelligentManufacturing,Vol.13,No.1,pp.4760,Feb,
2002.DOI:10.1023/A:1013629013031.
http://www.springerlink.com/content/u173h5g4604h1836/
85
Campbell,M.I.,andHasan,A.,DesignEvaluationMethodfortheDisassemblyofElectronic
Equipment,ProceedingsoftheInternationalConferenceonEngineeringDesign,Stockholm,Aug
1921,2003.http://www.me.utexas.edu/~campbell/pubs/conf/ICED2003abstract_dfd.htm
86
Rios,P.J.,andStuart,J.A.,SchedulingSelectiveDisassemblyforPlasticsRecoveryinan
ElectronicsRecyclingCenter,IEEETransactionsonElectronicsPackagingManufacturing,Vol.27,
Issue3,pp187197,July,2004.http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=01393074
87
Design:DesignforRecyclability.Dell,2012.Web.12Jun2012.
http://content.dell.com/us/en/corp/d/corpcomm/designinggreenrecycling.aspx
88
HPRenewProgramNorthAmerica.HP,2012.Web.12Jun2012.
http://www.hp.com/unitedstates/renew/
89
IBMProductTakeBackforRecycling.IBM,2012.Web.12Jun2012.
http://www.ibm.com/ibm/recycle/us/index.shtml
90
TestimonyofHewlettPackardCompanyBeforetheHouseCommitteeonScienceand
TechnologyFortheHearingonElectronicWaste:CantheNationManageModernRefuseinthe
DigitalAge?,April30,2008.
http://www.hp.com/hpinfo/abouthp/government/us/pdf/Sciencecommitteetestimony.pdf
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95
Brill,KennethG.2007.DataCenterEnergyEfficiencyandProductivity.SantaFe,NM:The
UptimeInstitute.www.uptimeinstitute.org/symp_pdf/(TUI3004C)DataCenterEnergyEfficiency.pdf.
96
ReporttoCongressonServerandDataCenterEfficiency,PublicLaw109431.USEPA.2007.
http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=prod_development.server_efficiency_study
97
Jonathan Koomey. 2011. Growth in data center electricity use 2005 to 2010. Oakland, CA:
Analytics Press. July. http://www.analyticspress.com/datacenters.html The midpoint data
betweentheLowandHighcasesshowninTables2and3ispresentedhere.
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Figure16ServerPowerConsumption
Source:TheProblemofPowerConsumptioninServers.Intel,200999
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detailed the inherent inefficiencies present in the server market. The two
organizations used these results to establish the 80 PLUS Standard, which
outlines basic efficiency and power factor requirements a PSU must meet to
qualify.Thebasicqualificationis80%efficiencyatallloadlevels;higherratings
(bronze, silver, gold, etc.) are achievable for higher efficiency ratings. A
minimum expected power factor is also incorporated into the standard to
indicate the amount of real power that the PSU supplies. At the time of this
studysreleaseonlythreeofthesampledPSUsmettheBronzerating;todaya
much larger number of servers qualify for it, and some models qualify for the
newlyestablishedPlatinumandTitaniumratings.101
Theratinglevelsforthe80PLUSstandardareoutlinedbelow:102
Efficiency PowerFactor
LoadLevel 10% 20% 50% 100% 10% 20% 50% 100%
80PLUS 80% 80% 80% 0.9
80PLUSBronze 81% 85% 81% 0.9 0.9
80PLUSSilver 85% 89% 85% 0.9 0.9
80PLUSGold 88% 92% 88% 0.9 0.9
80PLUSPlatinum 90% 94% 91% 0.95 0.95
80PLUSTitanium 90% 94% 96% 91% 0.95 0.95 0.95
101
EfficientPowerSuppliesforDataCenterandEnterpriseServers.ECOSandEPRI.Feb2008.
http://www.etccca.com/images/stories/pdf/ETCC_Report_467.pdf
102
80PLUSCertifiedPowerSuppliersandManufacturers.PlugLoadSolutions,May2012.Web.
29May2012.http://www.plugloadsolutions.com/80PlusPowerSupplies.aspx
103
Koomey,J.,Belady,C.,Wong,H.,Snevely,R.,Nordman,B.,Hunter,E.,Lange,K.,Tipley,R.,
Darnell,G.,Accapadi,M.,Rumsey,P.,Kelley,B.,Tschudi,B.,Moss,D.,Greco,R.,BrillK.Server
EnergyMeasurementProtocol.2006.
http://www.energystar.gov/ia/products/downloads/Finalserverenergyprotocolv1.pdf
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Figure17IntelProcessorPerformanceprovidedbyHenryWong,ServerTechnicalCommittee
Meeting,Houston,Texas,July31,2012.
TherehasbeenincreasinginterestinCPUvoltageandfrequencyscaling(DVFS),
atechnologythatallowstheclockspeedofaservertodecreaseinproportionto
itsloadlevel.AstudybyFan,Weber,andBarrososuggeststhatsuchtechnology
could offer substantial energy savings at both low and high loads. Their study
evaluatedaDVFSprotocolthatscaledtheCPUspoweroutputfromidleto5%,
20%, and 50% load levels, representing a passive, active, and aggressive DVS
setup,respectively.Usingthepassive5%cutoffforscaling,a10%reductionin
peak power can be realized, while an aggressive 50% cutoff could realize a
reductionof18%.Thesevaluescorrelatetoenergysavingsofgreaterthan12%
and22%,respectively.104
ThisstudyalsoinvestigatedtheeffectsofDVFSonaserverwhenitisidleand
assumedthatidlepowerdrawwouldbereducedtoabout10%ofpeakpower.
This would create a total reduction of 30% in the realized peak power and a
reductionof50%intherequiredenergy.Atthetimeofwriting,severalserver
104
Fan,X.,Weber,W.,Barroso,L.PowerProvisioningforaWarehousesizedComputer.ISCA.
June2007.SanDiego,CA.doi:10.1145/1273440.1250665.
http://reference.kfupm.edu.sa/content/p/o/power_provisioning_for_a_warehouse_sized_83189.
pdf
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46 ServerPrimer
7.7. Packaging
Publically available information concerning packaging of servers is very sparse
and varies from product to product and by the number and configuration of
servers ordered by the client. Many servers are also shipped to value added
resellers (VARs) which, after providing some service, may be repackaged and
shippedtotheclient.
This topic was discussed in the Server Technical Committee, Houston, Texas,
July31,2012meetingandgeneralinformationwasprovidedbymembersofthe
committee. Members generally agreed that single server units are shipped in
corrugatedboxeswith padding,whichcould befoamorcorner bracing.These
boxes are then generally stacked on reusable pallets to be shipped to the
customer.Analternateconfigurationwouldbetopreinstalltheserversintothe
racks,andthenbuildcustomcratestoprotecttherackandserverassembly.
Typically packaging is not returned to the manufacturer. One manufacturer
notedthatmanyoftheserversarebuiltinChinaanditwouldbeuneconomical
to return the packaging back to the manufacturing site. Due to the travel
distance, the question was asked whether it would be better to reuse the
packagingortorecyclethepackaging.Nocommitteememberknewtheanswer
andfurtherstudywouldberequired.
105
ReporttoCongressonServerandDataCenterEfficiency,PublicLaw109431.USEPA.2007.
http://www.energystar.gov/ia/partners/prod_development/downloads/EPA_Datacenter_Report_
Congress_Final1.pdf
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October10,2012
47 ServerPrimer
5)EnergyConservation
1)SensitiveMaterials
2)MaterialSelection
6)EOLManagement
DataCenter
Computers
3)DesignforEOL
Servers
Standard/
Standard/Document Website
7)Corporate
8)Packaging
4)Longevity
Label
Noise
LCA
GECA242008The
Good AustralianEcolabel
Environmental Program,Good
N Y Y http://www.geca.org.au/
Choice EnvironmentalChoice
Australia AustraliaStandard
Computers
COMMISSIONDECISION,
June2011,establishingthe
ecologicalcriteriaforthe
awardoftheEUEcolabelfor
http://ec.europa.eu/environmen
EUEcolabel personalcomputers N N Y
t/ecolabel/
(2011/337/EU),Application
formandguidance
documentfornotebook
computersVersion1.0,2012
RALUZ161Energy
BlueAngel ConsciousDataCenters,July Y L N http://www.blauerengel.de/
2011
RALUZ78aPersonal
Computers(Desktop
Computers,Integrated
BlueAngel N N Y http://www.blauerengel.de/
DesktopComputers,
Workstations,thinClients,
January2012
RochesterInstituteofTechnology
October10,2012
48 ServerPrimer
5)EnergyConservation
1)SensitiveMaterials
2)MaterialSelection
6)EOLManagement
DataCenter
Computers
3)DesignforEOL
Servers
Standard/
Standard/Document Website
7)Corporate
8)Packaging
4)Longevity
Label
Noise
LCA
GL006001HongKong
GreenLabelScheme
HongKong ProductEnvironmental http://www.greencouncil.org/en
N N Y
GreenLabel CriteriaforPersonal g/index.asp
Computers(excluding
monitor)
EcoMarkProductCategory
Japaneco No.119,Personal
N N Y http://www.ecomark.jp/english/
mark ComputersVersion2.7,
October2011
TheNewZealand
Environmental
EcolabellingTrust http://www.enviro
ChoiceNew N N Y
LicenceCriteriaforPersonal choice.org.nz/
Zealand
ComputersEC2705
NordicEcolabellingof
http://www.svanen.se/en/Nordi
NordicSwan Computers:Version6.18
cEcolabel/
June200930June2012
GREENCHOICEPHILIPPINES
GreenChoice
NELPGCP20080022 N N Y http://www.pcepsdi.org.ph/
Philippines
DESKTOPCOMPUTER
IEEEStd1680.12009
IEEEStandardfor
http://www.epeat.net/resources
EPEAT EnvironmentalAssessment N N Y
/criteriaverification/
ofPersonalComputer
Products,9December2009
ENERGYSTARProgram
http://www.energystar.gov/ia/p
Requirementsfor
artners/prod_development/revis
EnergyStar Computers N N Y
ions/downloads/computer/Versi
Version5.0(effectivedate
on5.0_Computer_Spec.pdf
July1,2009)
http://www.energystar.gov/ia/p
ENERGYSTARProgram
artners/prod_development/revis
RequirementsforComputer
EnergyStar N Y N ions/downloads/computer_serv
ServersDraft2Version2.0
ers/Servers_Draft_2_v2_Specific
(20100412)
ation.pdf?04f6df81
RochesterInstituteofTechnology
October10,2012
49 ServerPrimer
5)EnergyConservation
1)SensitiveMaterials
2)MaterialSelection
6)EOLManagement
DataCenter
Computers
3)DesignforEOL
Servers
Standard/
Standard/Document Website
7)Corporate
8)Packaging
4)Longevity
Label
Noise
LCA
http://www.ul.com/global/eng/
pages/corporate/aboutul/public
PAR4 UL2640 N Y N
ations/newsletters/hightech/vol
2issue3/4par/
http://www.greenpeace.org/inte
Greenpeace GuidetoGreener rnational/Global/international/p
Guideto Electronics ublications/climate/2011/Cool%
N N N
Greener RankingCriteriaExplained 20IT/greenerguidenov
Electronics August2011,v.17onwards 2011/Guide%20Ranking%20Crite
ria.pdf?id=
RochesterInstituteofTechnology
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50 ServerPrimer
RochesterInstituteofTechnology
October10,2012
51 ServerPrimer
SSD Solidstatedrive
SVHC Substancesofveryhighconcern
TRI U.S.EPAToxicsReleaseInventory
U rackunitheight(1.75inches)
USB Universalserialbus
U.S.EPA UnitedStatesEnvironmentalProtectionAgency
WEEE Wasteelectricalandelectronicequipment
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October10,2012