Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Health and Illness
Health and Illness
Health
Definition:
State of being well and using every power the individual possesses
"Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of
disease" (WHO)
"Health is not a condition, it is an adjustment. It is not a state, but a process. The process adapts the
individual not only to our physical, but also our social, environments" (Presidents Commission)
Wellness
An active process by which an individual progresses towards maximum potential possible, regardless of
current state of health
Components of Wellness
1. Physical, e.g.:
b. Achieve fitness
2. Social, e.g.:
a. Ability to interact successfully with people and within the environment of which each person is a
part
c. Develop respect and tolerance for those with different opinions and beliefs
3. Emotional, e.g.:
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a. Ability to manage stress and express emotions appropriately
4. Intellectual, e.g.:
a. Ability to learn and use information effectively for personal, family, and career development
b. Striving for continued growth and learning to deal with new challenges effectively
5. Spiritual, e.g.:
a. Belief in some force (nature, science, religion, or a "higher power") that serves to unite human
beings and provide meaning and purpose to life
6. Occupational
b. Beliefs about education, employment and home influence personal satisfaction and relationships
with others
7. Environmental
a. Ability to promote health measures that promote the standard of living and quality of life in the
community
i. Influences include:
1. Food
2. Water
3. Air
Clinical model
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Role performance model
Ability to perform work, that is fulfill societal roles, essential to the model; assumption of the
model is that a persons most important role is their work role
Adaptive model
Ability to adapt to the environment and interact with it to maximum advantage essential to the
model
Eudaemonistic model
Most comprehensive, holistic, view of health; ability to become self-actualized essential to the
model
Environme
nt
Agent Host
The agent
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o A factor (biologic, chemical, physical, mechanical, psychosocial) that must be
present or absent for an illness to occur, e.g.:
The host
o Living beings (e.g., human or animal) capable of being infected or affected by the
agent, e.g.:
Environment
o Everything external to the host that makes illness more or less likely, e.g.:
Illness is seen when one, two, or all three elements are not in balance
Health-illness continua
1. E.g., a person who implements healthy life-style behaviors and has the
biopsychosocialspiritual resources to support this life-style
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1. E.g., an ill person whose needs are met by the health care system and
who has access to appropriate medications, diet, and health care
instruction
Composed of two arrows pointing in opposite directions and joined at a neutral point
a. Awareness
b. Education
c. Growth
a. Signs
b. Symptoms
c. Disability
1. If a treatment model is used, an individual can move right only to the neutral
point
2. If a wellness model is used, an individual can move right past the neutral point
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1. E.g., a hypertensive client who not only takes his medications, but
stops smoking, looses weight, starts an exercise program, etc.
1. Of perceived susceptibility
2. Of perceived seriousness
3. Perceived threat
1. Demographic variables
2. Sociopsychologic variables
1. E.g., personality, social class, peer and reference group pressure, etc.
3. Structural variables
1. E.g., knowledge about the disease, prior contact with the disease, etc.
4. Cues to action
Likelihood of action
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2. Perceived barriers to action EQUALS
Internal Variables
a. Biologic
Genetic makeup
Age
Developmental level
Race
Gender
b. Psychologic or Emotional
Mind-body interaction
c. Cognitive or Intellectual
Cognitive abilities
Educational background
Past experiences
d. Spiritual
e. Environmental
Housing
Sanitation
Climate
f. Sociocultural
Economic levels
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Lifestyle
Family
Culture
Adherence
7. Beliefs that the prescribed therapy or regimen will or will not help
10. Degrees of satisfaction and quality and type of relationship with the health care providers
2. Demonstrate caring
5. Establish a therapeutic relationship of freedom, mutual understanding and mutual responsibility with the client
and support persons
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Concept of Illness and Disease
Disease
Illness
The response a person has to a disease; it is an abnormal process in which the persons level of functioning
is changed compared with a previous level
o Self-perceptions
o Others perceptions
Etiology
Types of illness
1. Acute illness
Has a rapid onset of symptoms that lasts for a limited and relatively short period
of time
2. Chronic illness
Has a gradual onset of symptoms that lasts for an extended and relatively long
period of time
o Remission
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Symptoms disappear
o Exacerbation
Symptoms reappear
Illness Behaviors
Ways individuals describe, monitor, and interpret their symptoms, take remedial actions and use the health
care system
1. Symptom experiences
a. Physical
b. Cognitive
c. Emotional
c. Reassurance that they will be alright or prediction of what the outcome will be
5. Recovery or Rehabilitation
Effects of Illness
Impact on Client
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Behavioral Changes
Emotional Change
Physical Changes
Lifestyle Changes
Factors:
1. Role Changes
3. Increased stress
4. Financial problems
Health promotion is any activity undertaken for the purpose of achieving a higher level of health
and well-being
Two goals
1. Help individuals of all ages increase life expectancy and improve the quality of life
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Particularly African-Americans
Particularly African-Americans
3. Cancer
5. Diabetes
8. Environmental health
9. Family planning
13. HIV
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19. Nutrition and oveweight
1. Primary Prevention
Health promotion
2. Secondary Prevention
3. Tertiary Prevention
1. Community Based
2. Hospital Based
3. Health-organization programs
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Programs for health promotion
1. Information dissemination
Health promotion programs that use a variety of media to offer information to the public about the risk
or particular lifestyle choices and personal behavior, as well as the benefits of changing that behavior
and improving the quality of life
Health promotion programs that appraise individuals of the risk factors inherent in their lifestyles in
order to motivate them to reduce specific risks factors and develop positive health habits
Health promotion programs geared toward enhancing the quality of life and extending the lifespan
through implementation of a healthy lifestyle or behavioral change in the individual
Health promotion programs developed in response to the recent growth in the number of contaminants
of human origin that have been introduced into our environment
1. Assessment
Health History
Physical Examination
Physical Fitness Examination
Lifestyles assessment
Spiritual Health assessment
Social support System review
Health risk assessment
Health Beliefs review
Life stress review
Validating assessment data
2. Diagnosis
Wellness diagnosis
Readiness for enhanced
3. Planning
Identify health goals related behavior change options
Identify behavior or health outcomes
Develop Behavior change plan
Reiterate benefits of change
Address environmental and interpersonal facilitators and barriers of change
Determine a time for implementation
Commit to behavior-change goals
4. Implementation
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Supporting
Counseling
Individual
Telephone
Facilitating
Teaching
Consulting
Enhancing behavior change
Modeling
5. Evaluation
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