TRIGONOMETRICAL RATIOS

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 TRIGONOMETRICAL RATIOS

Preface

IIT-JEE Syllabus : Trigonometrical Ratios

Trigonometrical ratios of compound angles, Trigonometric ratios of multiple angles, sub
multiple angles, conditional identities, greatest and the least value of the expression.

Trigonometry is the corner stone of the whole mathematics of which trigonometric ratio plays an
important role. It is observed that there is a clear lack of problem solving aptitude which was an
absolute prerequisite for an examination like IIT-JEE.

It is motivated us to compile the concepts, fundamentals to fulfill this vaccume but would be helpful to
elevate the ordinary students to become extra ordinary. Before studying trigonometric ratio students
are advised to clear the basic concept of trigonometry.

This material is exclusively designed by the CAREER POINT'S core members so that CPians need
not refer to any other book or study material.

"Future belongs to those who are willing to work for it"

Total number of Questions in Trigonometrical Ratios are :

In chapter Examples ................................. 21

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1. DEFINITION
Trigonometry is the branch of science in which
we study about the angles and sides of a triangle.
1.1 ANGLE :
Consider a ray OA . If this ray rotates about its
end points O and takes the position OB, then
the angle AOB has been generated.
An angle is considered as the figure obtained by
rotating a given ray about its end-point.
The initial position OA is called the initial side
and the final position OB is called terminal side
of the angle. The end point O about which the
ray rotates is called the vertex of the angle.
1.2 Sense of an Angle :
The sence of an angle is said to be positive or
negative according as the initial side rotates in
anticlockwise or clockwise direction to get to the
terminal side.
1.3 Some Useful terms :
1.3.1 Quadrant :
Let XOX and YOY be two lines at right angles
in the plane of the paper. These lines divide the
plane of the paper into four equal parts which are
known as quadrants.
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The lines XOX and YOY are known as x-axis
and y-axis respectively. These two lines taken
together are known as the coordinate axes. The
regions XOY, YOX , XOY and YOX are known
as the first, the second, the third and the fourth
quadrant respectively.
1.3.2 Angle In Standard Position : An angle is
said to be in standard position if its vertex
coincides with the origin O and the initial side
coincides with OX i.e. the positive direction of
x-axis.
1.3.3 Coterminal Angles : Two angles with different
measures but having the same initial sides and
the same terminal sides are known as co-terminal
angles.
2. SYSTEM OF MEASUREMENT OF ANGLE
There are three system for measuring angles.
2.1 Sexagesimal or English system
2.2 Centesimal or French system
2.3 Circular system
2.1 Sexagesimal system :
The principal unit in this system is degree ( ).
One right angle is divided into 90 equal parts and
TRIGONO. RATIO 3
 each part is called one degree (1 ). One degree
1 61
is divided into 60 equal parts and each part is Total minute 30 + =
called one minute. Minute is denoted by (1 ). 2 2
100 is equal to 1 g
One minute is equally divided into 60 equal parts
and each part is called one second (1 ). FG 1 IJ g

In Mathematical form : 1 is equal to

H 100 K
One right angle = 90
1 = 60 61

is equal to G
F 1 61IJ g

1 = 60

2 H 100 2 K =

g
Sexagesimal system Total grade 50 +

45 15 30 changes into degree

Ex.1
60 is equal to 1
FG 10000 + 61IJ g
FG 10061IJ g
Sol.


H 200 K
H 200 K
1
1 is equal to 2.2.1 Relation between sexagesimal and
60 centesimal systems :

1 1 One right angle = 90 (degree system) ......... (1)
30 is equal to 30 =
60 2 One right angle = 100g (grade system) ....... (2)
by (1) and (2),
1 31
Total minutes 15 + =
2 2
90 = 100g
FG 1 IJ
D G
60 is equal to 1 and 1 is equal to
H 60 K or, =
90 100
31

FG 1 31IJ
FG 31 IJ
then we can say,
FG 5431
61 I
is equal to
2 H 60 2 K =
H 120 K FG 100 IJ g
61
31
5400
H 120
200
1201K
Total degrees 45 +
1 =
H 90 K 200

FG 9 IJ

1g =
H 10 K
Examples Relation between sexagesimal and
2.2 Centesimal system : based on centesimal systems
The principal unit in system is grade and is
denoted by ( g ). One right angle is divided into Ex.3 63 14 51 change into grade system.
100 equal parts, called grades, and each grade Sol. We know that in degree system
is subdivided into 100 minutes, and each minutes
60 equal to 1
into 100 seconds.

In Mathematical Form : 51
51 is equals = = (0.85)
One right angle = 100g 60
1g = 100 (14.85) change into degree.
1 = 100 FG 14.85 IJ
(14.85) is equals =
H 60 K
Centesimal system = (0.2475)
So 63 14 51 = 63.2475
63.2475 change into grade system.
Ex.2 50g 30 50 change into grade system.
FG 63.2475 10 IJ g

Sol.
1
We know that , 50
63.2475 is equals =
H 9K
2 = 70.2750g
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 70.2750g = 70g 27 50
Examples Relation between systems of
finally we can say, based on measurement of angles
63 14 57 = 70g 27 50
2.3 Circular system : FG 2 IJ C

One radian, written as 1C, is the measure of an

Ex.4
H 15 K change into degree system.
angle subtended at the centre of a circle by an Sol. We know that, radian = 180
arc of length equal to the radius of the circle.
FG 180 IJ
Consider a circle of radius r having centre at O.
Let A be a point on the circle. Now cut off an arc
1C =
HK
AB whose length is equal to the radius r of the C
2 2 180
circle. Then by the definition the measure of = = 24
15 15
AOB is 1 radian (1C).
Ex.5 Find the length of an arc of a circle of radius
5 cm subtending a central angle measuring
15.
Sol. Let s be the length of the arc subtending an
angle at the centre of a circle of radius r.
s
then , =
r
2.3.1 Some Important Conversion : FG15 IJ C

Radian = 180
Here, r = 5 cm, and = 15 =
H 180 K
FG 180 IJ
FG IJ C

One radian =
HK =
H 12 K
s s
Radian = 30 = =
r 12 5
6 5
Radian = 45
4 s = cm.
12

Radian = 60
3 3.TRIGONOMETRICAL RATIOS OR FUNCTIONS

Radian = 90
2 In the right angled triangle OMP , we have base
2 (OM) = x, perpendicular (PM) = y and hypotenuse
Radian = 120
3 (OP) = r, then we define the following trigonometric
3 ratios which are known as trigonometric function.
Radian = 135
4 P y
sin= =
5 H r
Radian = 150
6 B x P
cos = =
7 H r
Radian = 210 P y
6 tan = =
5 B x r
Radian = 225 y
4 B x
cot = =
5 P y
Radian = 300
3 H r
sec = = O x M
2.3.2 Relation between systems of measurement B x
of angles : H r
cosec = =
P y
D G 2C
= =
90 100
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Note : (sec + tan )(tan sec + 1)
=
(1) It should be noted that sin does not mean the tan sec + 1
product of sin and . The sin is correctly read
sin of angle . 1 sin 1+ sin
= sec + tan = + =
(2) These functions depend only on the value of the cos cos cos
angle and not on the position of the point P = RHS
chosen on the terminal side of the angle .
3.2 Signs of the trigonometrical ratios or functions:
3.1 Fundamental Trigonometrical Identities :
Their signs depends on the quadrant in which
1 the terminal side of the angle lies.
(a) sin =
cos ec
y
1 In First quadrant : x > 0 , y > 0 sin = > 0,
(b) cos = r
sec
x y r
1 cos cos = > 0, tan = > 0, cosec = > 0,
(c) cot = = r x y
tan sin
(d) 1 + tan2 = sec2 r x
sec = > 0 and cot = > 0
or, sec2 tan2 = 1 x y
1 Thus, in the first quadrant all trigonometry
(sec tan)= functions are positive.
(sec + tan )
(e) sin2 + cos2 = 1 In Second quadrant : x < 0 , y > 0 sin
(f) 1 + cot2 = cosec2 y x y
= > 0, cos = < 0, tan = < 0, cosec =
1 r r x
(cosec cot) =
cos ec + cot r r x
> 0, sec = < 0 and cot = < 0
y x y
Trigonometrical ratios or functions Thus, in the second quadrant sin and cosec
function are positive and all others are negative. (sec
Q
Ex.6 Prove that, sin8 cos 8 = (sin2 cos 2)
y
(1 2sin2 cos2 ) In Third quadrant : x < 0 , y < 0 sin = < 0,
r
Sol. L.H.S,(sin8 cos8 ) r
x y
or, (sin4)2 (cos4)2 cos = < 0, tan = > 0, cosec =
y
< 0,
r x
or, (sin2 cos 2)(sin 2 + cos 2 )[(sin 4 + x
r
cos4)] sec = < 0 and cot = > 0
x y
or, (sin2 cos2) [(sin2 + cos2) 2 sin2
Thus, in the third quadrant all trigonometric
cos2]
functions are negative except tangent and
or, (sin2 cos2) [(1 2sin2 cos2)] =
RHS cotangent.

tan + sec 1 1 + sin In Fourth quadrant : x > 0 , y < 0 sin =

Ex.7 Prove the identity =
tan sec + 1 cos y x y
< 0, cos = > 0, tan = < 0, cosec =
r r x
tan + sec 1 r r x
Sol. L.H.S = < 0, sec = > 0 and cot = < 0
tan sec + 1 y x y
Thus, in the fourth quadrant all trigonometric
(tan + sec ) (sec 2 tan 2 ) functions are negative except cos and sec.
=
tan sec + 1 To be Remember :
[ sec2 tan2 = 1]

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 II Quadrant
sin decreases from 1 to 0
cos decreases from 0 to 1
tan increases from to 0
cot decreases from 0 to
sec increases from to 1
cosec increases from 1 to

III Quadrant
sin decreases from 0 to 1
cos increases from 1 to 0
A crude aid to memorise the signs of tan increases from 0 to
trigonometrical ratio in different quadrant. cot decreases from to 0
All Students to Career Point sec decreases from 1 to
3.3 Variations in values of Trigonometrical cosec increases from to 1
Functions in Different Quadrants :
IV Quadrant
sin increases from 1 to 0
cos increases from 0 to 1
tan increases from to 0
cot decreases from 0 to
sec decreases from to 1
cosec decreases from 1 to
Remark:
+ and are two symbols. These are not real
number. When we say that tan increases from

Let XOX and YOY be the coordinate axes. Draw 0 to for as varies from 0 to it means that
2
a circle with centre at origin O and radius unity. FG IJ
Let M (x, y) be a point on the circle such that
tan increases in the interval 0,
2 H K
and it attains

AOM =
large positive values as tends to . Similarly
then x = cos and y = sin 2
for other trigo. functions.
1 cos 1 and 1 sin 1 for all values of .
Examples Signs of the trigonometrical ratios
based on or functions
I Quadrant
sin increases from 0 to 1 3
Ex.8 If sec = 2 , and < < 2. Find the
cos decreases from 1 to 0 2
1 + tan + cos ec
tan increases from 0 to value of
1 + cot cos ec
cot decreases from to 0
Sol. If sec = 2
sec increases from 1 to
1
cosec decreases from to 1 or, cos = ,sin = 1 cos 2
2
1 1
= 1 =
2 2
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 But lies in the fourth quadrant in which sin is
negative.

1
sin = , cosec = 2
2

sin 1 2
tan = tan =
cos 2 1
tan = 1
cot = 1
1 + tan + cos ec 1 1 2
then, = 1
1 + cot cos ec 1 1+ 2
cosec =
4. GRAPHS OF DIFFERENT TRIGONOMETRICAL
RATIOS

4.1 Domain and Range of Trigonometrical

Function

Trig.
Domain Range
Function

sin R [-1, 1]

cos R [-1, 1]

tan R - {(2n+1) /2, n z} (, ) or R

cosec R - {n, n z} (-, -1] [1, )

R - {(2n + 1) /2, n
sec (-, -1] [1, )
z}

cot R - {n, n z} (, ) = R

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 5. TR IGONOMETRICAL RATIOS OF ALLIED
ANGLES
Two angles are said to be allied when their sum
or difference is either zero or a multiple of 90.
) :
5.1 Trigonometrical Ratios of (
Let a revolving ray starting from its initial position
OX, trace out an angle
XOA = . Let P(x, y) be a point on OA such
that OP = r. Draw PM from P on x-axis. angle
XOA/ = in the clockwise sense. Let P/ be
a point on OA/ such that OP/ = OP. Clearly M
and M/ coincide and OMP is congruent to
OMP/. then P/ are (x, y)
Sol.(a) cos (45) = cos45 [ Q cos() = cos]
= Ans.
(b) sin(30) = sin 30 [ Q sin() = sin]
= Ans.
(c) cot(60) = cot 60 [ Q cot() = cot]
= Ans.
5.2 Trigonometrical Functions of (90 ) :
Let the revolving line, starting from OA, trace out
any acute angle AOP, equal to . From any point
P on it draw PM to OA. Three angles of a
triangle are together equal to two right angles,
and since OMP is a right angle, the sum of the
two angles MOP and OPM is right angle.

111

23
y y
sin() = = sin
r r
x OPM = 90 .
cos() = = cos
r [When the angle OPM is consider, the line PM
y is the base and MO is the perpendicular ]
tan() = = tan
x MO
Taking the reciprocal of these trigonometric ratios, sin (90 ) = sin MPO = = cos AOP = cos
PO
cosec ()= cosec
PM
sec()= secand cot() = cot cos (90 ) = cos MPO = = sin AOP = sin
PO
Note : A function f(x) is said to be even function if MO
tan (90 ) = tan MPO = = cot AOP = cot
f(x) = f(x) for all x in its domain. PM
A function f(x) is an odd function if f(x) = f(x) PM
cot (90 ) = cot MPO = = tan AOP = tan
for all x in its domain. MO
sin, tan, cot, cosec all odd functions and PO
cos, sec are even functions. cosec (90 ) = cosec MPO = = sec AOP
MO
= sec
Allied angles PO
and sec (90 ) = sec MPO = = cosec
PM
Ex.9 Find the value of the following trigonometric AOP = cosec
ratios -
(a) cos (45) (b) sin (30)
(c) cot (60)

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 Trigo. ratio ( ) 90 90 + 180 180 + 270 270 + 360

FG IJ FG + IJ FG 3 IJ FG 3 IJ
or H2 K or H2 K or ( - ) or ( + ) or H2 K or 2 +
H K or (2 - )

sin sin cos cos sin sin cos cos sin

cos cos sin sin cos cos sin sin cos
tan tan cot cot tan tan cot cot tan

5.3 Trigonometrical Functions of (90 + ) : M P x

tan (90 + ) = = = cot
OM y
Let a revolving ray OA starting from its initial
similarly,
position OX, trace out an angle
cot (90 + ) = tan
XOA = and let another revolving ray OA
sec(90 + ) = cosec
starting from the same initial position OX, first
trace out an angle so as to coincide with OA cosec (90 + ) = sec
and then it revolves through an angle of 90 in [where /2< < /2]
anticlockwise direction to form an angle
XOA = 90 + . 5.4 Periodic Function :
All the trigonometric functions are periodic
Let P and P be points on OA and OA
functions. They will repeat after a certain period
respectively such that OP = OP = r.
Draw perpendicular PM and PM from P and P sin (2n + ) = sin
respectively on OX. Let the coordinates of P be cos (2n + ) = cos where n I
(x, y). Then OM = x and PM = y clearly, tan (2n + ) = tan
OM/ = PM = y and PM = OM = x
Trigonometric ratio of allied angles
Ex.10 Prove that , cos 510 cos330 + sin 390 cos 120
= 1
Sol. LHS = cos 510 cos 330+ sin 390 cos 120
= cos (360 + 150) cos (360 30) +
sin(360 + 30) cos(90 + 30)
= cos 150 cos 30 sin 30(sin 30)
3 1
= cos (180 30) +
4 4

so the coordinates of P are (y, x) F 3I

= cos 30 GH 2 JK
1
4
M P x
sin (90 + ) = = = cos 3 1
OP r = = 1 = R.H.S
4 4
OM y
cos (90 + ) = = = sin
OP r

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 6. SUM OR DIFFERENCE OF THE ANGLE (d) cos (A + B + C) = cos A cos B cos C cos A.
sin B sin C sin A cos B sin C sin A
The algebraic sums of two or more angles are sinB cosC
generally called compound angles and the angles
(e) tan (A + B + C)
are known as the constituent angles.
For example : If A, B, C are three angles then tan A + tan B + tan C tan A tan B tan C
=
A B, A + B + C, A B + C etc. are compound 1 tan A tan B tan B tan C tan C tan A
angles.
6.1 (a) sin (A + B) =sin A cos B + cos A sin B (Note : * Important)

Sum or difference of the angle

3 9
Ex.11 If sin A = and cos B = ,0<A< .
5 41 2

0<B< , find the values of the following -
2
(b) sin(A B) = sinA cosB cosA sinB (a) sin (A + B)
(b) cos (A B)
Sol. (a) sin (A + B) sin A cos B + cos A sin
B
3
sin A =
5
4
4 cos A =
5
(c) cos (A + B) = cos A cos B sin A sin B
5
(d) cos (A B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B

tan A + tan B
(e) tan (A + B) =
1 tan A tan B

tan A tan B 9
(f) tan (A B) = and cos B =
1 + tan A tan B 41

cot A cot B 1 40
(g) cot (A + B) = sin B =
cot B + cot A 41
cot A cot B + 1
(h) cot (A B) =
cot B cot A
6.2 Some More Results :

*(a) sin (A + B).sin (A B) = sin2 A sin2 B

= cos2 B cos2 A 3 9 4 40 187
sin (A + B)= + =
5 41 5 41 205
*(b) cos (A + B).cos (A B) = cos2 A sin2 B
= cos2 B sin2 A (b) cos (A B)= cosA cos B + sin A sin B
(c) sin (A + B + C) = sin A cos B cos C + cos A 9 3 40 156
sin B sin C + cos A cos B sin C sin A = + =
41 5 41 205
sin B sin C

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 7. FORMULA TO TRANSFORM THE PRODUCT 8. FORMULA TO TRANSFORM THE SUM OR
INTO SUM OR DIFFERENCE DIFFERENCE INTO PRODUCT

We know that, We know that,

sin A cos B + cos A sin B = sin (A + B) .......(i) sin (A + B) + sin(A B) = 2 sin A cos B ......(i)
Let A+ B = C and A B = D
sin A cos B cos A sin B = sin (A B) ......(ii)
cos A cos B sin A sin B = cos (A + B) .....(iii) C +D C D
then A = and B =
2 2
cos A cos B + sin A sin B = cos (A B) .....(iv)
Substituting in (i),
Adding (i) and (ii),
2 sin A cos B = sin (A + B) + sin (A B) FG C + D IJ .cos FG C D IJ
Subtracting (ii) from (i),
(a) sin C+ sin D = 2 sin H 2 K H 2 K
2 cos A sin B = sin (A + B) sin (A B) similarly other formula,
Adding (iii) and (iv), FG C + D IJ .sin FG C D IJ
2 cosA cos B = cos (A + B) + cos (A B) (b) sin C sin D = 2 cosH 2 K H 2 K
Subtraction (iii) from (iv).
F C + D IJ .cos FG C D IJ
(c) cos C + cos D = 2 cos GH
2 K H 2 K
2 sin A sin B = cos (A B) cos (A + B)
Formula :
(a) 2 sin A cos B = sin (A + B) + sin (A B)
(d) cos C cos D = 2 sin G
F C + D IJ .sin FG D C IJ
(b) 2 cos A sin B = sin (A + B) sin (A B) ) H 2 K H 2 K
(c) 2 cos A cos B = cos (A + B) + cos (A B)
(d) 2 sin A sin B = cos (A B) cos (A + B) Examples To Transform the sum of difference
based on into product
Examples To transform the product into sum
based on or difference Ex.13 Prove that, (cos + cos )2 + (sin + sin )2
FG IJ
Ex.12 Prove that, cos(30 A).cos(30 + A) + = 4cos2
2 H K
1
cos(45 + A).cos(45 A) = cos2A + Sol. L.H.S,
4
(cos + cos )2 + (sin + sin )2
Sol. L.H.S. = cos(30 A).cos(30 + A) +
2
cos(45 + A).cos(45 A) +
2 cos cos +
2 2
1
= [2 cos(30 A).cos(30 + A) + 2
2 +
2 sin cos
2 cos (45 + A).cos(45 A)] 2 2
+ FG IJ FG IJ
=
1
2
cos 60 + cos 2A + cos 90 + cos 2A = 4cos2 2 H.cos2
2 K H K +
FG
+ IJ FG IJ
=
1
[ 2cos2A +
1
]
4sin2 H2 .cos 2 K 2 H K
2 2
= 4 cos2
1
= cos 2A +
4
= R.H.S. FG IJ . LMcos FG + IJ + sin FG + IJ OP
2 2
H 2 K N H 2 K H 2 KQ
= 4cos GH
F IJ
2 K
2

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 9. TRIGONOMETRICAL RATIOS OF MULTIPLE
Sol. L.H.S., = 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 cos 8
ANGLES

Trigonometric ratios of an angle 2A in terms

LM1 + cos 8 = 2 cos FG 8 IJ OP
2
of an angle A : N H 2 KQ
2 tan A
(a) sin 2A= 2sin A cos A =
1 + tan 2 A = 2 + 2 + 2( 2 cos 2 4)
(b) cos 2A= cos2 A sin2 A = 2 cos2 A 1
= 2 + 2 + 2 cos 4 = 2 + 2(1 + cos 4)
= 1 2 sin2 A =
= 2 + 2(2 cos 2 2) = 2 + 2 cos 2
2 tan A
(c) tan 2A =
1 tan 2 A = 2(1 + cos 2) = 2(2 cos 2 )
(d) sin 3A = 3 sinA 4 sin3A = 2cos = R.H.S
(e) cos 3A = 4 cos3A 3 cosA 10. CONDITIONAL TRIGONOMETRICAL
IDENTITIES
(f) tan 3A =
We have certain trigonometric identities
like, sin2 + cos2 = 1
1 cos 2A and 1 + tan2 = sec2 etc.
(g) tan2 A = 1 + cos 2 A
Such identities are identities in the sense that
they hold for all value of the angles which satisfy
1 cos 2 A the given condition among them and they are
(h) tan A =
sin 2A called conditional identities.
If A, B, C denote the angle of a triangle ABC,
(i) 1 + sin 2A = |sin A + cos A| then the relation A + B + C = enables us to
2 establish many important identities involving
3tan
1 tan Atan13 Asin 2A = |sin A cos A|
A (j)
2 trigonometric ratios of these angles.
1 +1tan A2A
3 tan
Examples Trigonometrical Ratios of Multiple (I) If A + B + C = , then A + B = C,
based on angles B + C = A and C + A = B

1 + sin cos FG IJ (II) If A + B + C = , then sin(A + B) = sin( C)

Ex.14 Prove that ,
1 + sin + cos
= tan
2 H K = sinC
similarly, sin (B + C) = sin( A) = sin A
1 + sin cos (1 cos ) + sin
Sol. L.H.S = = and sin ( C + A ) = sin ( B) = sin B
1 + sin + cos (1 + cos ) + sin
(III) If A + B + C = , then cos(A + B) = cos( C)
FG IJ + 2 sinFG IJ cosFG IJ
2 sin 2 = cos C
H 2K H 2K H 2K similarly, cos (B + C) = cos( A) = cos A
=
F I F I F I
2 cos G J + 2 sinG J cosG J
2 and cos (C + A ) = cos ( B) = cos B
H 2K H 2K H 2K
(IV) If A + B + C = , then tan(A + B) = tan( C)
2 sin sin + cos = tan C
2
2 2 FG IJ
= = tan
2 cos sin + cos H 2K similarly, tan (B + C) = tan( A) = tan A
and, tan (C + A ) = tan ( B) = tan B
2 2 2
= R.H.S A +B C
(V) If A + B + C = , then = and
2 2 2
Ex.15 Show that, B+C A C+A B
2 + 2 + 2 + 2 cos 8 = 2 cos = and =
2 2 2 2 2 2

where ,
FGA +B IJ C
= sin
FG = cos
CIJ FG IJ
16 16
sin
H 2 K 2 2 H 2 K H K
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 FG A + B IJ = cosFG C IJ = sinFG C IJ FG C IJ .cosFG A B IJ 2 sin FG C IJ + 1
cos
H 2 K H 2 2K H 2K = 2 sin H 2 K H 2 2K
2
H 2K
F A + B IJ = tanFG C IJ = cotFG C IJ
tanG F CI L F A BI F CI O
H 2 K H 2 2K H 2K = 2 sinGH 2 JK McosGH 2 2 JK sinGH 2 JK P + 1
N Q
All problems on conditional identities are
broadly divided into the following four types : F CI L F A BI F A + BI O
= 2 sinGH 2 JK McosGH 2 2 JK sinGH 2 2 JK P + 1
(I) Identities involving sines and cosines of the N Q
multiple or sub-multiples of the angles involved. F CI L F A BI F A BI O
= 2 sinGH 2 JK McosGH 2 2 JK cosGH 2 + 2 JK P + 1
(II) Identities involving squares of sines and
cosines of the multiple or sub-multiples of the
N Q
angles involved. F CI L F A I F BI O
= 2 sinGH 2 JK M2 sinGH 2 JK .sinGH 2 JK P + 1
(III) Identities involving tangents and cotangents N Q
of the multiples or sub-multiples of the angles
involved.
F A I F BI F CI
= 1 + 4 sinGH JK .sinGH JK .sinGH JK = R.H.S.
2 2 2
(IV) Identities involving cubes and higher powers Ex.17 If A + B + C =, Prove that
of sines and cosines and some mixed identities.
FG A IJ + sinFG B IJ + sinFG C IJ
10.1 TYPE I : Identities involving sines and
cosines of the multiple or sub-multiple of the
sin
H 2 K H 2K H 2 K
angles involved.
= 1 + 4 sinGH
F A IJ.sinFG B IJ.sinFG C IJ
4 K H 4 K H 4 K
Working Methods :
= 1 + 4 sinGH
F B + C IJ.sinFG C + A IJ.sinFG A + B IJ
4 K H 4 K H 4 K
Step 1 Express of the sum of first two terms
as product by using C & D formulae.
Step 2 In the product obtained in step II F A I F BI F CI
L.H.S.= sinG J + sinG J + sinG J
replace the sum of two angles in terms of the
Sol.
H 2 K H 2K H 2 K
third by using the given relation.
= 2 sinG
F A + B IJ .cosFG A B IJ + cosFG C IJ
Step 3 Expand the third term by using formulae
(Double angle change into single angle or change
H 4 K H 4 K H2 2K
into half angle). = 2 sinG
F C IJ.cosFG A B IJ + 1 2 sin FG C IJ
2

Step 4 Taking common factor.

H 4 K H 4 K H 4 K
Step 5 Express the trigonometric ratio of the
= 2 sinG
F C IJ LMcosFG A B IJ sinFG C IJ OP + 1
single angle in terms of the remaining angles. H 4 KN H 4 K H 4 KQ
Step 6 Use the one of the formulae given in
the step I to convert the sum into product. = 2 sinG
F C IJ LMcosFG A B IJ cosRS FG C IJ UVOP + 1
H 4 K MN H 4 K T 2 H 4 K WPQ
Examples Conditional trigonometrical
= 2 sinG
F C IJ. LMcosFG A B IJ cosFG + C IJ OP + 1
based on identities type I H 4 K N H 4 K H 4 KQ
C
Ex.16 If A + B + C = , prove that , cosA + cosB = 2 sin
4
A B FG IJ C FG IJ FG IJ
+ cosC =1 + 4 sin
2
.sin
2 H K
.sin
2 H K H K A B + + C
2 sin
8
+ C A + B
sin
8
+ 1

Sol. L.H.S.= cosA+ cosB+cosC
FG A + B IJ.cosFG A B IJ + cos C C
= 2 sin
= 2 cos H 2 K H 2 K 4
+ C A + B
F CI F A BI
2 cosG J .cosG J + cos C
A + C + B
2 sin sin + 1
= H 2 2 K H 2 2K 8 8

F CI F A BI
2 sinG J .cosG J + 1 2 sin G J
F CI
2
C
= 2 sin
= H 2 K H 2 2K H 2K 4
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 + B + B A + A [ Q cos 2A = 2cos2A 1]
2 sin sin + 1
8 8
= [(1 + cos 2A) + (1 + cos 2B) + (1 + cos 2C)]
F C IJ LM2 sinFG B IJ.sinFG A IJ OP + 1
= 2 sinG
H 4 K N H 4 K H 4 KQ =
1
[3 + cos 2A + cos 2B + cos 2C]
F A IJ .sinFG B IJ.sinFG A IJ
= 1 + 4 sinG
2
H 4 K H 4 K H 4 K =
3
+
1
[ cos 2A + cos 2B + cos 2C]
F B + C IJ.sinFG C + A IJ.sinFG A + B IJ
= 1 + 4 sinG
2 2
H 4 K H 4 K H 4 K 3 1
= R.H.S = + [2 cos(A + B).cos(A B) + 2cos2 C 1]
2 2
10.2 TYPE II :Identities involving squares of 3 1
sines and cosines of multiple or sub-multiples = + [ 2 cosC cos(A B) + 2cos2 C 1]
2 2
of the angles involved.
Working step : 3 1 1
= + [2cosC {cos (A B) cos C}]
(I) Arrange the terms on the L.H.S of the identity 2 2 2
so that either sin2A sin2B = sin(A+B). = 1 cosC[cos (A B) cosC]
sin(A B) = 1 cos C [cos (A B) + cos (A + B)]
or cos2A sin2B = cos(A+B).cos(A B) can [cosC = cos(A + B)]
be used. = 1 cosC[2 cosA . cosB]
(II) Take the common factor outside. = 1 2 cosA . cosB cosC
(III) Express the trigonometric ratio of a single 10.3 Type III :Identities for tan and cot of the
angle inside the bracket into that of the sum angles
of the angles.
Working step :
(IV) Use the formulaes to convert the sum into
(I) Express the sum of the two angles in terms
Q product.
1 of third angle by using the given relation.
2 (II) Taking tan from both the sides.
Examples Conditional trigonometrical
(III) Expand the L.H.S in step II by using the
based on identities type II
formula for the tangent of the compound
Ex.18 If A + B + C = angles.
Prove that, cos2 A + cos2 B + cos2 C = (IV) Use cross multiplication in the expression
1 2 cosA cosB cosC obtained in the step III.
Sol. I Method (V) Arrange the terms as per the requirement in
L.H.S. cos2 A + cos2 B + cos2 C the sum.
= cos2 A + (1 sin2 B) + cos2 C
= (cos2 A sin2 B) + cos2 C + 1 Examples Conditional trigonometrical
[ Q A + B = C, cos(A + B) = cosC]
based on identities type III
= cos (A + B).cos( A - B) + cos2 C + 1 Ex.19 If x + y + z = xyz
= cos C. cos(A B) + cos2 C + 1 Prove that,
= cos C [cos (A - B) cos C] + 1
2x 2y 2z 8 xyz
= cos C [cos (A B) + cos (A + B)] + 1 2
+ 2
+ 2
=
[ cos C = cos (A + B)] 1 x 1 y 1 z (1 x )(1 y 2 )(1 z2 )
2

= cos C [ 2 cosA cosB) + 1 Sol. Let x = tanA , y = tanB, z = tanC

= 1 2 cosA cosB cosC = R.H.S. then x + y + z = xyz
II Method tanA + tanB + tanC = tanA.tanB.tanC
cos2 A + cos2 B + cos2 C tanA + tanB + tanC tanA tanB tanC = 0
Dividing by [1 tanA tanB tanB tanC
= [2 cos2 A + 2 cos2 B + 2 cos2 C] tanC tanA] both the sides

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 tan A + tan B + tan C tan A tan B tan C Examples To find the greatest and least value
=0
1 tan A tan B tan B tan C tan C tan A based on of the expression
tan(A + B + C) = 0
A + B + C = n [n z] Ex.20 Prove that 5 cos+ 3 cos +
FG IJ
Now,A + B + C = n
H 3 K + 3. lies
between 4 and 10.
2A + 2B + 2C = 2n Sol. The given expression is,
tan(2A + 2B + 2C) = tan 2n
5 cos+ 3 cos +
FG IJ

tan 2A + tan 2B + tan 2C tan 2A tan 2B tan 2C

=0
H 3 K + 3
1 tan 2A tan 2B tan 2B tan 2C tan 2C tan 2A 5 cos + 3[cos cos 60 sin sin 60] + 3
tan2A + tan2B + tan2C tan2A tan2B 1 3
tan2C = 0 5 cos + 3 [ cos sin] + 3
2 2
tan2A + tan2B + tan2C tan2A tan2B
tan2C 1
[13 cos 3 3 sin ] + 3
2
2 tan A 2 tan B 2 tan C
+ +
1 tan A 2
1 tan B 2
1 tan 2 C Put 13 = r cos, 3 3 = r sin

r = 169 + 27 = 14
2 tan A 2 tan B 2 tan C
=
1 tan 2 A 1 tan 2 B 1 tan 2 C 1
[r cos( + )] + 3
2
2x 2y 2z 14
+ + [cos( + )] + 3
2 2
1 x 1 y 1 z 2 2
7 cos( + ) + 3
2x 2y 2z 8 xyz Hence maximum and minimum values of
= . . =
1 x 2
1 y 2
1 z 2
(1 x ) (1 y 2 ) (1 z 2 )
2 expression are (7+ 3) and (7 +3)
i.e., 10 and 4 respectively.
11. TO FIND THE GREATEST AND LEAST VALUE
+ b cos
OF THE EXPRESSION [a sin ]
12. MISCELLANEOUS POINTS
Let a = r cos ...........(1)
and b = r sin ...........(2) (1) Some useful Identities :
Squaring and adding (1) and (2)
then a2 + b2 = r2
tan A tan A tanB tan C
1 tan A.tan B
(a) tan (A + B + C) =
2 2
or, r = a + b
(b) cot tan = 2 cot 2
a sin + b cos
1
= r (sin cos + cos sin) (c) sin 3 = sin.sin(60 ).sin(60 + )
4
= r sin( + )
But 1 sin 1 1
(d) cos 3 = cos.cos(60 ).cos(60 + )
so 1 sin( + ) 1 4
then r r sin( + ) r (e) tan 3 = tan.tan(60 ).tan (60 + )
hence, (f) tan(A + B) tanA tanB = tanA.tanB.tan(A + B)

a2 + b2 a sin + b cos a2 + b2 (2) Some useful result :

then the greatest and least values of a sin + b cos
(a) ver sin = 1 cos
are respectively a2 + b2 and a2 + b2 (b) cover sin = 1 sin

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 (3) Some useful series : (4) An Increasing Product series :
(a) sin + sin ( + ) + sin( + 2) + .... (a) p = cos. cos 2 . cos 22 ... cos (2n1 )
+ to n terms
sin 2n
LM FG n 1IJ OPLMsinFG n IJ OP
sin +
n
2 sin
, if n

N H 2 K QN H 2 K Q 1, if = 2k
=
F I
sinG J
; 2n 1, if = (2k + 1)

H 2K

(b) cos + cos ( + ) + cos ( + 2) +.....

(5) sine, cosine and tangent of some angle less
LM FG n 1IJ OPLMsinFG n IJ OP
cos +
than 90.

N H 2 K QN H 2 K Q 15 18 22 36
+ to n terms =
F I
sinG J
;
H 2K sin
3 1
2 2
5 1
4
1
2
2 2 10 2 5
4
2n
3 +1 10 + 2 5 1 5 +1
cos 2+ 2
2 2 4 2 4
Series
25 10 5
tan 21
FI
Ex.21 Prove that cos GH JK + cos GH JK + cos GH JK
F 3 I F 5 I 2 3
5
52 5

14 14 14
= 57 17/ 45//
(6) Conversion 1 radian = 180/
F IJ (approximately)
3GH14
1
F 3= I2 cot
2 cosG J sinG J K
F I
S=
H 14 K H 14 K and 1 =
180
= 0.01475 radians (approximately)

Sol. 2 sin GHF 14 IJK = 14 , = 14

Here
2
and n = 3. (7) Basic right angled triangle are (pythogerian
Triplets)
L F 3 1IJ FG 2 IJ OP sinFG 2 3 IJ
cos M + G
3, 4, 5 ; 5, 12, 13; 7, 24, 25; 8, 15, 17;

S= N14 H 2 K H 14 K Q H 14 2 K 9, 40, 41;

29 etc.
11, 60, 61; 12, 35, 37; 20, 21,

F 2 1JI
sinG
H 14 2 K (8) Each interior angle of a regular polygon of n
sides
n2
= 180 degrees
n

FG 6 IJ 1
sin
FG IJ
S=
H 14 K
sin
2 2 14H K
F I
2 sinG J
=
FG IJ
H 14 K sin
14 H K
1
S = cotG J
F I
2 H 14 K

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