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Muneeb Yusufi
Louisiana State University

myusuf1@lsu.edu
April 17, 2017
Muneeb Yusufi (CM Project Presentation) Short title April 17, 2017 1 / 26
Overview
Definitions
Examples
1 Morse Theory
Definitions
General Results
2 Topology of a manifold
3 Morse Inequalities
4 Manifolds
5 Morse Theory
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Bullet Points
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Definitions:
Manifold
A topological space M is an n-dimensional manifold if it is paracompact
and there exists an open cover {U } , I on M such that for every
I , a homeomorphism to some V Rn exists.
A manifold can be thought of as a space at least locally as an

approximation to Rn Some Examples are as follows:
Smooth Function

Critical Points and Critical Values

NOn-Degenerate Critical Points

Hessian and Jacobian of a Smooth map

Morse Function

Index

Results
Lemma (Change of Coordinates)

Let f be a real valued, smooth function defined on the n-dim. manifold M
let (x1 , x2 , ..., xn ) and (y1 , y2 , ..., yn ) be two coordinate systems at a critical
point p0 of f with Hessians Hf (p0 ) and Hf0 (p0 ) then:
Hf (p0 ) = J T (p0 )Hf0 (p0 )J(p0 )
Corollary (Massenergy equivalence)

The degeneracy of a critical point p0 is independent of the choice of
coordinates
Results Contd.
Lemma (Morse)
Let p0 be a non-degenerate critical point of a real valued, smooth function
f defined on the n-dim. manifold M. Then for a particular choice of
coordinate system (x1 , x2 , ..., xn ) we have
f = x12 x22 ... x2 + x2 ... + xn2 + c
where is the index of f at p0 and c = f (p0 ).
Corollary (Important)
A Morse function defined on a compact manifold has only finitely many
critical points.
Corollary (Massenergy equivalence)

Non degenerate critical points are isolated
Topology of the Manifold
The idea is that by understanding the critical points of a smooth function

on a manifold we can recover the topology of the space.
Theorem
Let f : M R be a smooth function and let p0 be a non-degenerate
critical point with index . If c = f (p0 ), suppose that f 1 ([c , c + ]) is
compact and contains no other critical point other than p0 then the set
M0 := f 1 ((, c + ]) has the same homotopy of f 1 ((, c ])
with a -cell attached
Classical Example: Torus embedded in R 3
Morse Inequalities
So far we have seen that the critical points of a compact manifold are
finite. Can we say any thing about the bounds on the critical points of a
given Index.
The Morse Inequalities, which are actually how Morse first formulated his
version of critical point theory, provide bounds on the number of critical
points of a particular index
Betti Numbers
The Betti Number (M) is the rank of the th homology group of M.
Informally, the kth Betti number refers to the number of k-dimensional
holes on a topological surface. The first few Betti numbers have the
following definitions for 0-dimensional, 1-dimensional, and 2-dimensional
simplicial complexes:
0 is the number of connected components
1 is the number of one-dimensional or circular holes
2 is the number of two-dimensional voids or cavities
Examples
S 2 has 0 = 2 = 1 and 1 = 0.
The Torus has 0 = 2 = 1 and 1 = 2.
Morse inequalities
Let C denote the number of critical points of f of index then:
C C1 + C0 1 + 0
Examples:
For S 2 our Morse Inequalities are:
C0 1 C1 C0 1 C2 C1 + C0 2
For the Torus they are:

C0 1 C1 C0 +1 C2 C1 + C0 0
Examples Contd.
Now consider the case that we would like a particular Morse function on a
space. For simplicity lets consider S 2 once again.
Originally S 2 has 2 critical points the north and south pole of index 2
and zero respectively. Now say that we want a Morse function with a
critical point of index 1. Then by using the afore mentioned concepts we
can have two scenarios:
We can smoothly depress down or punch down the top.Using the

height function as used in the case of the torus, we now have a new
critical point of index 1.
We can smoothly punch up from the bottom. Again using the
height function, we now have a new critical point of index 1.
Multiple Columns
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purus, quis accumsan dolor.
Table
Treatments Response 1 Response 2

Treatment 1 0.0003262 0.562
Treatment 2 0.0015681 0.910
Treatment 3 0.0009271 0.296
Table: Table caption
Theorem
Theorem (Massenergy equivalence)

E = mc 2
Verbatim
Example (Theorem Slide Code)

\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Theorem}
\begin{theorem}[Mass--energy equivalence]
$E = mc^2$
\end{theorem}
\end{frame}
Figure
Uncomment the code on this slide to include your own image from the
same directory as the template .TeX file.
Citation
An example of the \cite command to cite within the presentation:
This statement requires citation [Smith, 2012].
References
John Smith (2012)

Title of the publication
Journal Name 12(3), 45 678.
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Louisiana State University

April 17, 2017

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit

A manifold can be thought of as a space at least locally as an

A manifold can be thought of as a space at least locally as an

A manifold can be thought of as a space at least locally as an

A manifold can be thought of as a space at least locally as an

A manifold can be thought of as a space at least locally as an

A manifold can be thought of as a space at least locally as an

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit

Lemma (Change of Coordinates)

Hf (p0 ) = J T (p0 )Hf0 (p0 )J(p0 )

Corollary (Massenergy equivalence)

f = x12 x22 ... x2 + x2 ... + xn2 + c

where is the index of f at p0 and c = f (p0 ).

Corollary (Massenergy equivalence)

The idea is that by understanding the critical points of a smooth function

For the Torus they are:

We can smoothly depress down or punch down the top.Using the

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet,

Treatments Response 1 Response 2

Theorem (Massenergy equivalence)

Example (Theorem Slide Code)

An example of the \cite command to cite within the presentation:

This statement requires citation [Smith, 2012].

John Smith (2012)

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