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Sovyetlerin Dağılması Ve Sovyet Insanı
Sovyetlerin Dağılması Ve Sovyet Insanı
1
Yazma Adresi: Kara Harp Okulu, Savunma Bilimleri Enstits, Ankara,
alper99999@yahoo.com.
Soviet people and the life. Many questions are brought forth with the
collapse of a state like the Soviet Union after 70 years later from the
establishment. The causes of the collapse is one of the first questions called
to mind, but the studies generally focus on the state system and ideology.
However in these studies; evaluations related to people remained in the
background, the causes of the Soviet Peoples unresponsiveness against the
collapse and the ties between the state and the people that created it are
neglected. In this connection, this study tries to make an assessment about
the effects of the environment which is created by the causes led to the
collapse of Soviet Union on the people. In this context; this study consists of
two main parts:. In the first part data related to the human life in Soviet
Union is evaluated especially on the basis of the studies benefited from
Soviet archives and the official resources. In the second part, causes of the
Soviet Unions disintegration are assessed. In the final section reasons
of the peoples unresponsiveness against the disintegration are commented
by evaluating the both parts.
Keywords: Soviet Union, Human, Collapse, Causes of Dissolution.
Giri
Benzer bir rnek ise Krm Tatarlar iin geerlidir. 18 Mays 1944
tarihinde yaklak 200.000 Krm Tatar Orta Asya ve Sibiryaya srlm,
tpk Ahska Trklerinin yaadklar dram yaamlardr. Her iki srgnn
de gerek nedenleri zerinde birok gr bulunsa da; Stalinin Trkiye
zerindeki etkisini arttrmak istemesi ve en nemlisi de snrlarda her hangi
bir Trk unsurunun bulunmasn istemeyii gsterilebilir. Bunun en byk
kant da bu srgnler sonrasnda snrlara baka halklarn yerletirilmi
olmasdr (Aydngn, 2014: 54). Bu bakmdan srgn kararlarnn altnda
politik nedenler yattn sylemek doru olacaktr.
Btn bunlara karn gerekeleri ne olursa olsun; srgne urayan
halklarn yolculuklarnn bandan itibaren yaamlar iin hibir aba
gsterilmemesi, Rusyann zorlu corafyasyla ba baa braklmas ve geri
dnleri iin 1989 ylna kadar izin verilmemesi8 insani deerlerle
badamayacak hususlar olarak karmza kmaktadr. Byle bir durumda
hem bunu yaayan halklarn hem de buna tanklk edenlerin Sovyetler
Birliine ne derecede bal olduu sorusunun cevabn vermek zor
olmayacaktr.
1914 - 1945 aras dnemi demografik veriler asndan ele alan
Robert Deviesin (1998den Aktaran Lewin, 2011: 164) almas ise
dneme ilikin yaam koullar hakknda ipular vermesi bakmndan
nemli bir veri kaynadr. Bu almada demografik veriler; fazladan
lm ve doum a kavramlaryla ele alnmtr. Bu dorultuda;
kayplar, terr, ktlk ve salgn hastalklarn neden olduu lmler fazladan
lm; doum oranndaki geici bir dten kaynaklanan verileri ise
doum a olarak deerlendirilmitir. Bu kapsamda;
I. Dnya Sava ve Savataki fazladan lmler 16 milyon,
doum a 10 milyon,
II. Dnya Sava srasnda fazladan lmler 26-27 milyon,
doum a 12 milyon olarak tahmin edilmitir.
Savalarn olmad Stalin dnemi sanayileme evresinde ise
10 milyon fazladan lmn olduu ifade edilmektedir.
Bu sonulara gre 1914-1945 dneminde fazladan lmler ile
doum aklklarndan kaynaklanan toplam nfus kaybnn 74 milyonu
bulduu deerlendirmesi, insanlarn yaam artlarn gstermesi asndan
nemli bir rnek tekil etmektedir.
almann bundan sonraki ksmda Stalin sonras dneme vurgu
yaplacaktr. Ancak 1953 ylna gelindiinde lkenin genel durumu
hakknda bilgi vermekte fayda vardr.
Savunma Bilimleri Dergisi, Mays 2015, 14 (1), 89-118. | 97
Tablo 2. Nfus Art Hzlar (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1991: 1-6)
Nfus Art Hz
Yllar
Sovyetler Birlii ABD
1989 2,340
Tablo 4. Doutaki Yaam Sresi Beklentisi (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1991: 1-7)
1989 75,2
% 24,7
%22,15
%20,08 %19,34 %18,44 %18,24
%24,08 %24,65
%22,49 %23,29
%21,33
%20,01
Sonu
Son Not
Kaynaka
Extended Summary
When the data related to human life in the Soviet Union is evaluated,
it can be expressed that;
Stalin era and post Stalin era different from each other on
human values or the other aspects, but Stalin era showed its effects on the
post Stalin era.
Although the economy policies implemented together with the
revolution fulfilled a rapid growth in the industry, the collection of many
villagers in the state farms had led considerable deterioration of people's
living conditions. This situation on one side implies the development of
statistical data for the state, on the other side its caused the ties weakened
between the state and its people.
The people had been most affected from the rapid change of
the community. In this context; people were forced to work in harsh living
conditions together with a very different worker portrait drawn by the
socialism.
Rapid social structure change had brought many urbanization
problems. Urbanization, together with socio-cultural issues, became the
most complicated issue together with housing, unemployment, unqualified
employees and salary imbalance.
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can state that the main issue is the authority of the state rather than the
people for producing. Furthermore; Soviet People who have been tried to
create by the state was considered equal to a machine and only responsible
for the duties which were given by the state (zsoy, 2006: 172-173). The
result of this approach can be summarized with the statement that "You
pretend as paying to us, we act as working to you" (Lewin, 2011: 400). In
connection with the economic situation; the arms race with the United States
should also be noted for the disintegration.
We can accept the other main factors that caused the disintegration
of Soviet Union as to the efforts to create Soviet people and policies aimed
at weakening of national identity awareness. More specifically although the
equivalence of people accepted in socialist theory; national identities
sharply separated from each other, linguistic and cultural differences
deepened between the groups, especially Turkish origin communities were
forced to alienate from each other and the Russians were seen superior to
other nations (zsoy, 2006: 182-183). For example; when we consider the
real reasons why the Ahiska Turks and the Crimean Tatars displaced by
force, we can make an assessment about the peoples adherence of the
Soviet Union. We can also find so many resources that will conduce to
increase in the realm of educational, religious and cultural aspects.
Conclusion
The data in the first part of the study reveals that Soviet people have
been forced to live in difficult living conditions under the system established
by the state. And also life experiences of these people who have been forced
to migration and forced to work in GULAG and state farms show that its
impossible to establish a tie with the state again.
Assessments in the second part of the study also show that all factors
have an influence on the collapse of the Soviet Union. However, the truth is
that Soviet people have been affected from all these factors. The Soviet
system which can be summarized as There was no community, there was
only regime (Lewin, 2011: 342) focused merely ideology by ignoring the
society and exerted all sources to the development of industry. Moreover;
the deepening of the cultural differences instead of establishing a common
tie destroyed the sense of loyalty of Soviet people against their state.
When we consider the results in both parts; Soviet people living
under difficult conditions showed no reaction against the dissolution of the
Soviet Union. This unresponsiveness means a kind of approval to the Soviet
Union's disintegration in a way.
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