Professional Documents
Culture Documents
note that the extension box on page 245 should be around Q.2 and Q.3, not Q.1
1 population - a group of organisms of one species, living in the same area at the
same time [1]
2 (a)
stationary
decline
numbers
exponential
lag
time
axes labelled; correct shape of curve; labels on the curve - lag, exponential / log;
stationary [3]
3 (a)
6
billions of people
1500 2009
years AD
axes labelled; correct shape of curve; key dates added; numbers of people given in
billions [4]
(b) population was small until 16th century because of, disease / famine / malnutrition /
wars; population increased exponentially; because of public health; sanitation;
improvements in agriculture; more land for agriculture; better storage and supply of
food; better, quality of food / nutrition; piped / safe / treated, water supplies; better
housing; better medical care; antibiotics; vaccination [6]
note that improvements in medicine only became available from mid 20th century
onwards
(c) e.g. food supplies run short / poor food security / starvation; malnutrition; not enough
housing; not enough energy; nowhere to dispose of rubbish; not enough land for
agriculture; lack of natural resources; pollution; loss of, habitats / ecosystems [4]
4 (a) limiting factor a resource that is in short supply so that it restricts population
growth [1]
(b) disease; predators; food supply; space; competition; natural disasters [4]
5 (a) pollution harm done to the environment by release of substances (and heat)
produced by human activity [1]
(b) e.g. rivers, release of sewage; covers the bottom of the river killing animals and
plants; decomposed by bacteria; reduction in concentration of oxygen in water; kills
invertebrates and fish; loss of biodiversity
e.g. lakes, acid rain; lowers pH; many species cannot survive in water with low pH;
cannot breed; loss of biodiversity
e.g. reclamation of spoil heaps from mining; toxic materials removed; landscaped;
grass grown; trees planted; increase in biodiversity
6 (a) erosion; loss of soil; loss of nutrients from the soil; weather patterns change; more
storms; flooding; loss of habitats; loss of biodiversity; extinction; carbon dioxide
added to atmosphere when trees are burnt; and dead wood is decomposed [5]
(b) eutrophication; increase growth of, plants / algae; algae cover the surface of the
waters; block out light to plants growing on the bottom of, lakes / rivers; plants /
algae, die; bacteria feed on dead plants; decomposers; respire aerobically;
concentration of oxygen in water decreases; invertebrates and fish die as cannot
respire anaerobically; fish migrate away from areas of rivers affected [6]
7 annotations:
lag phase numbers are small; organisms building resources, e.g. proteins /
membranes / enzymes; reproduction rate is low; birth rate = death rate;
exponential phase no limiting factors; reproduction rate is at its highest; birth rate >
death rate;
stationary phase limiting factors influence population; shortage of food; toxins
accumulate; lack of space; death rate = birth rate;
decline phase lack of food; build up of toxins; shortage of oxygen; death rate > birth
rate [8]
9 (a) carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas; prevents some infra red escaping to space;
radiated back to Earth; this is the greenhouse effect; extra carbon dioxide since the
industrial revolution is contributing to enhanced greenhouse effect
(b) methane is a greenhouse gas; has much greater effect than carbon dioxide
(c) sulfur dioxide forms acid rain; the gas forms sulfuric acid in the atmosphere; falls as
acid rain; acidifies soils; lowers pH of water (streams, rivers and lakes); especially on
hard rocks like granite; causes nutrients to become more soluble and wash out from
soils; aluminium compounds become more soluble; aluminium ions are toxic [6]
1 D
2 C
3 B
4 A
5 (a) the forest is too dense to be able to see them; from inside the forest or from the air;
difficult to identify individual elephants so not counted twice; not enough people to do
the counting; elephants migrate within the park (do not stand still to be counted); [3]
(b) need to know whether population is changing or stable; to find out whether
conservation methods are effective; or numbers are decreasing due to, poaching /
unlawful killing / natural methods of population control; if numbers are critical species
should be removed to, protected areas / zoos / botanical gardens; restrictions on
trade in species should be, tightened / enforced more carefully; [3]
(c)(i) competition for food; shortage of water; disease (especially young and old animals);
competition with people who may kill elephants that cause, damage / eat crops;
poaching for, ivory / meat; [4]
(ii) important position in the ecosystem; e.g. knock over trees; create forest clearings for
new growth in the forest; distribute seeds in their dung; dig holes that fill with water
for other animals; overpopulation may lead to loss of trees; change in habitat; may
migrate outside the park and cause damage; [5]
6 (a)
(ii) paper is made from wood pulp; which is a limited resource; if recycled less wood pulp
is required; fewer trees are cut down; [5]
(b) primary treatment screens to remove large material; settlement tank to remove
suspended material;
secondary treatment aerobic digestion by microorganisms; in trickle filters /
activated sludge digester tanks;
tertiary treatment sludge digested anaerobically; produces methane which is burnt
for energy; [5]
(c) prevents pollution; prevents spread of water borne diseases; prevents smell of
untreated sewage; removes biodegradable material which will cause eutrophication;
harm ecosystems (rivers, lakes, seas); [4]