PROOF ROLLING
FUNDAMENTALS
INTRODUCTION
Proof rolling used as technique to prove satisfactory foundation strength for earthworks structures Crude test, but effective in identifying obvious weak spots in subgrade soils that are predominantly of adequate strength to support embankments or pavements. Proof rolling must be appropriately specified and limitations of test fully understood.
INTRODUCTION
Does not provide a one size fits all solution Many variables impact the outcome of test.
Material
type Soil moisture content Soil stiffness, Applied load Interpretation of visible deformation as an accepted criterion
Fundamentals
What are we measuring?
Objective
To
of proof rolling (one or several) :
identify zones of poor compaction (as evidence by large plastic deformation) To identify zones of high moisture content in clayey foundation soil (springing or large elastic deformation) To prove that subgrade has adequate stiffness (very small elastic deformation) to comply with pavement requirements (design subgrade CBR strength)
What are we measuring?
Fundamentals
Impact of Proof Rolling on objectives :
Positive
Likely
impact:
impact :
to improve density of poorly compacted soil (assuming suitable soil moisture conditions)
Negative
Dry cohesive soil shows no visible deflection even though compaction/soil density is unsatisfactory. Springing action under proof rolling of high moisture soil acts as a soil pump. Continued rolling is likely to draw more moisture into the soil, thus further weakening it. Subgrade already almost 100% compacted is likely to fail/deform if overstressed.
Fundamentals
Factors Influencing Proof Rolling :
Material
E.g.
Type:
Non-cohesive soils (clean sand and gravels) behave differently to cohesive (clayey) soils under compaction.
Soil
Moisture: Stress / Load Applied
Following the terminology discussed by Crovetti (2002), proof rolling and test rolling are considered similar in concept, though distinguished by the type of equipment and purpose of the test.
Proof Rolling
Test Rolling
Proof rolling typically involves use of a smooth-wheel or pneumatic rubber-tired construction roller, to identify areas of weak subgrade, the test is intended to correct minor compaction inadequacies.
Test rolling usually utilizes a vehicle with widely-spaced, narrow wheels such as a standard construction dump truck, the configuration is not intended to increase compaction, but rather identify weak areas exclusively.
PROOF ROLLING SPECIFICATION
2.0 EQUIPMENT (Std. Proof Roller)
Have
body suitable for ballast loading (25 to 50 tons) gross roller weight Min. 2 axles with not more than 2 pneumatic tyred wheels per axle. All wheels arranged to carry approx. equal loads Min. contact width 2.3m under working conditions Tyres capable of operating under various loads with variable air pressures up to 1030 kPa (150 psi)
PROOF ROLLING SPECIFICATION
EQUIPMENT (Std. Proof Roller)(cont.)
Smooth
tread tyres to impart minimum ground contact pressure of 520 kPa (75 psi) Operating load and tyre pressure shall be within manufacturers chart range. Proof roller shall be drawn by power train or self-propelled
PROOF ROLLING SPECIFICATION
ALTERNATIVE EQUIPMENT
Written
approval by the S.O. Subject to requirements of std. proof roller except with respect to minimum contact width, axle/tyre arrangement and tyre tread.
PROOF ROLLING SPECIFICATION
4.0 Construction Methods
Operating speeds (4 8 km/h) 4.3 Coverage ( single pass of proof roller tyres) 4.4 Where to proof roll
4.2
Areas
where required CBR and density has been achieved Embankments more than 1.8m in depth below subgrade Not within 4.6m of any bridge abutment or retaining wall
PROOF ROLLING SPECIFICATION
4.0 Construction Methods (cont.)
4.5
When to proof roll
Immediately
after subgrade compaction operation, when moisture content of subgrade soil is near optimum Not for unstable areas and requiring undercutting. Before or after subsoil drains are installed.
PROOF ROLLING SPECIFICATION
4.0 Construction Methods (cont.)
4.6
Proof Roller Weight and Tyre Pressure
Weight
set at gross 50 tonnes Tyre pressure 1030 kPa (150 psi) (Ground contact pressure rquired = 75 psi)
Tyre ground contact pressure chart
PROOF ROLLING SPECIFICATION
Why specify ground contact pressure?
Because
contact area between tyre and the ground surface over which it passes varies with air pressure in the tyre, Specifying the total weight or the weight per wheel is not a satisfactory method of indicating the compacting ability of pneumatic rollers Parameters to determine compacting ability of pneumatic tyre rollers: Wheel load, tyre size, tyre ply and inflation pressure.
PROOF ROLLING SPECIFICATION
6.0 Failure Criteria
Acceptable
limits of elastic and plastic vertical deformation shall first be established. Compaction trial area of representative soil subgrade already tested and approved to min. CBR of 7% when compacted to 95% of dry density Failure Deformation Limit (FDL) shall be approved by S.O.
PROOF ROLLING SPECIFICATION
Failure Criteria (cont.)
Subgrade
for new road construction shall be considered to fail when;
Permanent
rutting is in excess of the FDL. Elastic (rebound) movement or rutting is in excess of FDL with substantial cracking or substantial lateral movement.
PROOF ROLLING SPECIFICATION
7.0 Variation in the proof rolling results
Where
there are occasional or nominal deflections in excess of the failure criteria, the density shall be checked. If investigation shows that good soil extends throughout the top 1.0m of the subgrade, then the subgrade may to the discretion of the S.O. be accepted
PROOF ROLLING SPECIFICATION
8.0 Remedial measures for soft or failed subgrade.
Method
for correction of failure to be submitted by the Contractor and approved by the S.O. Where soft or failed spots are found, CBR tests shall be done to determine the top 300mm meets specifications. Contractor shall correct any deficiency found and CBR test checked for compliance.
PROOF ROLLING SPECIFICATION
9.0 Test Pits
Where
required and as instructed by the S.O., test pits shall be conducted . Test pits dug across width of subgrade in locations with highest deflections. Soil, moisture conditions, density and CBR shall be tested in the test pits.
Other Specifications
173.03 TEST ROLLING (a) General The test rolling procedure submitted by the Contractor shall include details of when test rolling will be undertaken, the method of preparing an area for test rolling and the extent of test rolling. Plant which is nominated for use in test rolling procedures shall comply with the following requirements: (i) Static smooth steel wheeled rollers shall have a mass of not less than 12 tonnes and a load intensity under either the front or rear wheels of not less than 6 tonnes per metre
width of wheel.
(ii) Pneumatic tyred plant shall have a ground contact pressure under either the front or rear wheels of not less than 450 kPa per tyre. The area over which this ground contact pressure shall be applied shall not be less than 0.035 m per tyre. VicRoads Australia
(b) Compliance
Unified Soil Classification System
Symbol chart
Major divisions Group symbol GW clean gravel <5% smaller than #200 Sieve GP GM gravel with >12% fines sand GC SW Group name well graded gravel, fine to coarse gravel poorly graded gravel silty gravel clayey gravel well graded sand, fine to coarse sand
Coarse grained soils gravel more than 50% retained on No.200 (0.075 mm) sieve > 50% of coarse fraction retained on on No.4 (4.75mm) sieve
50% of coarse fraction passes No.4 sieve
clean sand
SP
SM
poorly-graded sand
silty sand clayey sand silt clay organic silt, organic clay silt of high plasticity, elastic silt clay of high plasticity, fat clay organic clay, organic silt peat
sand with >12% fines Fine grained soils more than 50% passes No.200 sieve silt and clay liquid limit < 50 inorganic organic silt and clay liquid limit 50 inorganic organic Highly organic soils
SC ML CL OL MH CH OH Pt
First and/or second letters Letter Definition
G S M C O gravel sand silt clay organic
Letter P W H L
Second letter Definition poorly graded (uniform particle sizes) well graded (diversified particle sizes) high plasticity low plasticity
Very coarse soils
BOULDERS COBBLES G GRAVEL coarse medium fine S SAND coarse medium fine
> 200 mm 60 - 200 mm 20 - 60 mm 6 - 20 mm 2 - 6 mm 0.6 - 2.0 mm 0.2 - 0.6 mm 0.06 - 0.2 mm 0.02 - 0.06 mm 0.006 - 0.02 mm 0.002 - 0.006 mm < 0.002 mm
Coarse soils
Fine soils
M SILT
coarse medium fine
C CLAY
British Soil Classification System
Ballast Filled Pneumatic Tyre Roller
Ballast compartment
Pneumatic tyres
Proof Roller or Test Roller?
Can This Be A Proof Roller?
CP271 Dynapac s Pneumatic Tyred Rollers are especially designed for the compaction of bases, sub-bases and mainly for asphalt mixes on any kind of jobs . The machines have seven or nine wheels: three or five steered oscillating front wheels and four traction rear wheels. Operating mass = 12400 kg Operating mass, ballasted = 27000 kg Working width = 2350 mm
Pneumatic Tyre Tech Data
Effect of variations in gross weight and tyre inflation prssure on ground contact pressure
Gross Weight ( lb ) ( kg ) Inflation Tyre Size Pressure (psi) 7.50 x 15 10 ply 50 60 70 80 90 psi* 43 47 50 54 58 pli** 145 152 162 175 183 psi 50 54 58 62 65 pli 250 254 258 264 272 psi 56 60 64 68 71 pli 342 347 350 354 359 psi 58 62 66 70 74 pli 378 382 385 389 392 7650 3470 15300 6940 22500 10206 25000 11340
Ground Contact Pressure
7.50 x 15 12 ply
50 60 70 80 90 100 110
43 47 51 55 58 62 65
153 164 170 184 202 218 224
50 55 59 62 66 69 72
250 256 264 270 276 289 293
57 61 66 70 73 76 79
343 347 351 357 364 369 375
59 64 68 72 76 79 82
378 383 386 392 397 402 406
7.50 x 15 14 ply
50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130
47 50 52 55 57 61 65 68 71
158 170 181 192 210 225 230 239 243
57 59 62 65 68 71 75 79 82
253 260 268 276 281 290 293 301 318
63 67 69 73 76 79 83 87 90
348 353 358 365 370 377 385 391 400
65 68 72 75 78 82 85 89 93
385 389 394 399 405 408 417 423 431
* ** Source :
Ground contact pressure in psi Ground contact pressure in lbs per inch of tyre width Firestone Tyre and Rubber Company.
(1 psi = 6.895kPa) (1 kPa = 0.145psi) (1000 lb = 454 kg)
CONCLUSION
What equipment can we or shall we use? Is the loading requirement too much? Can we rethink about the purpose?
TERIMA KASIH
