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Energy Procedia 65 (2015) 372 377

Conference and Exhibition Indonesia - New, Renewable Energy and Energy Conservation
(The 3rd Indo-EBTKE ConEx 2014)

Ethanol Synthesis From Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.)

Stone Waste as Renewable Energy Source
Wahidin Nurianaa*, Wuryantorob
a
Department of Mechanical Engineering,, Merdeka University Madiun, Indonesia
b
Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Merdeka University Madiun, Jl. Serayu, No. 79, Madiun 63133, East Java, Indonesia

Abstract

This study was aimed to develop renewable energy from jackfruits stone. The jackfruits stone was sliced and dried for 2 d to
4 d afterward the stoness were analyzed for fungi and microbes through microscope. The stone was retrieved from 9 mo and 1 yr
shelf life through 2 d to 4 d drying process. The process was made in acid method resulted to high glucose on the solution level
25 %, pH 3.5, and temperature 135 oC in 3 min. The enzyme method was more simple and resulted 19.24 % higher glucose than
acid method that is 17.36 %. Fermentation was using 0.03 g of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 0.10 g of urea and 0.05 g of N-P-K on
concentration solution of jackfruit flour by adding 0.3 mL to 0.7 mL of alphaamylase, 0.2 mL to 0.6 mL of Gluco-amylase for
and fermentation process 3 d to 6 d result of ethanol level is 11 % to 13 %.

2015
2015Published by Elsevier
W. Nuriana, Ltd. This
Wuryantoro. is an open
Published byaccess article
Elsevier Ltd.under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of EBTKE ConEx 2014.
Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of EBTKE ConEx 2014
Keywords: Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.; ethanol fermentation; hydrolysis; jackfruit stone; renewable energy.

Nomenclature

d day mo month yr year

h hour min minute
N nitrogen P phosphorous K potassium

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +62 812 5913 722; fax: +62 351 495 551.
E-mail address: w_nuriana@yahoo.co.id

1876-6102 2015 Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of EBTKE ConEx 2014
doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2015.01.066
 Wahidin Nuriana and Wuryantoro / Energy Procedia 65 (2015) 372 377 373

1. Introduction

The consumption of eco friendly energy source and renewable gasohol (a mixture of gasoline and ethanol)
become a concerned due to the reduction of crude oil supply as the source of the main energy. Another trigger that
increases the value of ethanol as fuel or fuel blending is the enactment of legislation reducing greenhouse
specifically the Clean Air Act 1990 (in America and Japan) [1,2]. The focus of this research is to find alternative
fuels using low cost and environmental friendly materials. Many countries appear to compete about developing the
possible source energy. China, Taiwan, South Korea's success in developing alternative energy sources from
cassava. Development of ethanol in Brazil has been running 30 yr with from sugar cane as raw material, and in the
United States the development of ethanol from corn. Germany used wheat starch and corn fiber as renewable
alternative energy sources, while Canada successfully in cultivating grass as an alternative energy source. Indonesia
has developed the process production of ethanol from cassava and molasses [3-6].
Waste utilization from jackfruit stone become one of potential application as the raw material for ethanol
production since it contains around 12.78 % of starch [7]. Jackfruit trees can be found easily in almost every part of
Indonesia. Jackfruit commonly used as one of the ingredients in food processing especially for traditional food.
Jackfruit stone also can be utilized as a snack and chips, but the utilization of jackfruit stone as other source of raw
material for food processing still limited, and most of them will end up in the process production as waste.
jackfruits stone dried for three days were contains 12.78 % of starch, 15.26 % of protein, 7.39 % of fat, 13.27 % of
fiber, and 9.68 % of water. Even the jackfruit seed contains a significant amount of starch, however, it does not
contain gelatin so for the utilization of this starch as raw material for cakes or snack production this starch should be
mixed with wheat flour or starch and or sago starch [7-9].
Since the starch content in jackfruit stone is quite high and cannot be utilized directly as the main ingredients for
food processing as well as a waste of magnitude + 40 % of jackfruit. But, in this study jacfruits stone can be
utilized as raw material for ethanol production. Currently, study of jackfruit utilization especially it seed as
renewable source for ethanol production is not much. Therefore, the use of jackfruit stone as feed stock for ethanol
production is needed. The production of ethanol from jackfruit stone was carried out through acid hydrolysis and
fermentation processes.

2. Material and method

2.1. Material

Jackfruit stone was sliced and dried in the sun 3 d until the moisture content of 15.38 %, it was sieved (use 80
mesh and 100 mesh sized sifter). Aluminium foil is a packing material when it burned in the furnace. Enzym Alpha-
amylase, Gluco-amylase, Saccharomyces cerevisiae was obtained from the microbiology laboratory Bogor
Agricultural University, Indonesia.

2.2. Method

The research was conducted in the microbiology laboratory. The jackfruit stone was cleaned and washed in
distilled water. After soaking for 24 h, the outer and epidermis skin of the jackfruit stone were removed and
subsequently washed with distilled water and drained. The clean jackfruit stone then sliced and dried under the sun
for 2 d, 3 d, and 4 d The dry jackfruit seed then milled and sieved at certain particle size. The water content in the
starch was analyzed by gravimetric method. Some part of the starch was stored in order to analyze the shelf life. The
microbial and fungal growth in the starch was also observed under a microscope.
A solution of jackfruit stone flour with concentration of 25 % was made by adding water into a known amount of
starch. The mixture then liquefied at 90 oC by adding different amount of alpha-amylase enzyme (0.3 mL, 0.4 mL,
0.5 mL, 0.6 mL and 0.7 mL) for 20 min to 30 min. During the process, the mixture was under constant stirring, and
the pH of the mixture was maintained at pH 4 to pH 6. After the liquefaction process had completed, the
saccharification process was carried out, and the temperature of the mixture brought to 55 oC, and Gluco-amylase
enzyme added to the system. After 3 h, the mixture was cooled until its temperature drop below 35 oC, and the
mixture was separated using filtering system, the filtrate was collected in a beaker glass and the glucose content was
374 Wahidin Nuriana and Wuryantoro / Energy Procedia 65 (2015) 372 377

analyzed using SNI 01-2891-1992 method.

The fermentation process was carried out by adding 0.03 g of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and other nutrients such
as 0.10 g of urea and 0.05 g of N-P-K. The alcohol level was measured at each variation of the addition of Alpha-
amylase and Gluco-amylase. A mixture of jackfruit stone starch and water (0.25 %) was hydrolyzed with
hydrochloric acid as catalyst. During the process, the pH of the mixture was set at different pH (2.0, 2.5, 3.0, and
4.0). The temperature of the mixture was maintained at 135 oC for 30 min. After the hydrolysis process completed,
the glucose content in the solution was analyzed by SNI 01-2891-199 method [5,8,10]. Ethanol synthesis from
jackfruit stone elucidated in Fig. 1.

Jackfruit stone waste are feeled, sliced and dried

(mantaining the availability of raw materials)

Made into starch Analyze : water

(blend and sieve well) content, resistance

Hydrolysis process is conducted using HCl in Hydrolysis process is conducted using

temperature 135 oC and stirred for 45 min with pH Alpha- amylase enzyme in temperature 90 oC for
2; 2,5; 3; 3,5; 4 conducted using hydrolisis process 30 min, sacharification process conducted for 2 h

Glucose test result

(from enzyme process)

Fermented with saccharomyces

cereviseae enzyme, urea, N-P-K

Beer: sediment + water + Analyze ethanol level

ethanol

Separation and filtration

Sediment

filtrat

Ethanol level test

Fig. 1. Ethanol synthesis from jackfruit seed.

3. Results and discussion

The shelf life of jackfruit stone as the raw material for glucose synthesis. The synthesis of glucose conducted by
the acid method with solution concentration of 25 %, temperatures of 135 oC to 150 oC for 40 min at pH 2.0, 2.5,
3.0, 3.5, 4.0. It can be seen that the glucose content obtained from the acid method is smaller than the enzyme
method, while the volume ratio of acid method is larger than the enzyme method Fig. 2 to Fig. 6 depict the glucose
content in the solution obtained by two different methods, i.e. acid and enzyme methods.
 Wahidin Nuriana and Wuryantoro / Energy Procedia 65 (2015) 372 377 375

Mean glucose
level (%)

Alpha-amylase addition (mL)

Fig. 2. Mean glucose level vs addition of Alpha-amylase (mL)

by hydrolisis enzyme method

Mean glucose
volume (%)

Alpha-amylase addition (mL)

Fig. 3. Mean of glucose volume ratio vs addition of

Alpha-amylase by hydrolisis enzyme method

Mean glucose
level (%)

PH after adding the HCl solution

Fig. 4. Mean glucose level vs pH by hidrolisis of acid method

376 Wahidin Nuriana and Wuryantoro / Energy Procedia 65 (2015) 372 377

Mean
glucose
volume (%)

pH

Fig. 5. Mean glucose volume ratio vs pH on the synthesis of acid method

The fermentation of glucose obtained from jackfruit stone flour with the addition of 0.5 mL Alpha-amylase
produced higher content of alcohol. The increase of enzyme concentration decreases the alcohol content.

Mean
ethanol level
(%) et

Alpha-amylase (mL)

Fig. 6. Mean ethanol level at fermentation process

Jackfruit stone flour could be stored for 8 mo (sun dried for 2 d, 3 d, and 4 d). This flour should be put in dry
storage, and can be used as raw material for large scale ethanol production for continuous process because of its
sufficient availability. At a longer storage time (9 mo), the microorganism began to grow on the flour. The flour
obtained from 4 d sun dried stone had a longer storage life due to less water content in the flour. Dried jackfruit
stone was more resistance to microorganism than the powder form, and it could be stored for 1 yr without any grow
of microorganism on the surface of the stone due to its harder physical characteristic.
From this study the best operating condition for glucose synthesis from jackfruit stone flour using the enzyme
method was obtained. The method used in this study referred to the synthesis of glucose from cassava starch and
fresh cassava [9,10]. Sugar content obtained from enzyme method was 19.43 % with the volume ratio of glucose
was 33.15 %. The synthesis of glucose using acid method produced glucose content around 17.36 % at pH 3.5 with
the volume ratio of glucose around 43.23 %. The yield of dry starch to glucose level was 77.72 %. From cassava
raw material, (15 to 25) % yield of cassava starch was obtained and from dry starch produce (80 to 95) % yield of
glucose syrup [8].
In the saccharification process, starch solution change into glucose using acid catalyst (HCl) performed by the
operating conditions based on the glucose synthesis from sago (Metroxylon sagu Rottb.) and ganyong (Canna
discolour L. syn. C. edulis) [4,10-12]. Glucose levels obtained from the synthesis of the enzyme method was greater
(19.43 %) than glucose level that obtained from a synthesis of acid method (17.36 %). The addition of enzyme
 Wahidin Nuriana and Wuryantoro / Energy Procedia 65 (2015) 372 377 377

(Alpha-amylase) gradually break down the polysaccharides into disaccharides, and the saccharification process
breaks down the disaccharides into monosaccharide (glucose). The volume ratio in the glucose synthesis using the
enzyme method was smaller than using acid method. From the methods employed in this study, the synthesis of
glucose using enzyme method produced a higher glucose yield than the acid method.

4. Conclusion
Research study resulted that the utilization of jackfruit seed as the raw material for ethanol production contains
carbohydrates/ starches in amount 12.79 %. The jackfruit stone as raw material for ethanol production can be used
from whole kernel or its flour which had a resistance to microorganism in the storage for 1 yr for the whole kernel
or 8 mo for the flour.
Hydrolysis process using acid method (HCl) produced high glucose result at the following condition:
(i) concentration of the starch in mixture was 25 %, pH 3.5, temperature was 135 C, and processing time in 30
min, (ii) The enzyme synthesis method produced glucose in levels 19.43 % and 33.15 % respectively. The
synthesis process by acid method produced glucose levels of 17.36 % at pH 3.5, the ethanol level of the enzymatic
process and fermentation is 11 % to 13.4 %.

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