Professional Documents
Culture Documents
. Humans Maize
Grouping Organisms
Molecular phylogeny
This type of grouping does not always agree with the grouping
based on morphology.
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________
Domains
Bacteria, Achaea and Eukarya;
Archaea and Bacteria are Eukaryotes ( Archaea and bacteria
distantly related, so classified into two domains ;)
Eukaryotes have a nucleus
Archaea
(ii) In stage 2, Woeses paper was checked by scientists before
publication.
Explain why his paper was checked by scientists at this stage.
(1)
Peer review / conclusions drawn from data are { logical / valid / eq } / data are {acceptable /
reliable} / check for plagiarism
.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................
Taxonomy
Science of classification - naming & organising organisms into groups based on
similarities and differences
Classification rankings
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
1 A niche is the way an organism lives, including what it eats, whether it moves etc. To
be successful (i.e. grow and produce offspring) the organism needs to be well adapted
to the conditions around it, and therefore its niche, so that it can find food and a mate.
2 a Time before the dive.
b c. 4.5 minutes
c 160 20/160 100% = c. 88%; without bradycardia = 4.5 min 12% = c. 32 seconds.
Ecosystem:
-An ecosystem is an environment that includes all the living
organisms interacting together, the nutrients cycling through the
system and the physical and chemical environment in which the
organisms are living.
Habitat:
-The place where an organism lives.
-When organisms live in only a small part of a habitat it is
called a microhabitat.
Community:
-It is all the populations of living organisms living in a habitat at
any one time.
Niche
3) Behavioural Adaptations:
-Insects and reptiles orient themselves to get maximum sunlight
when the temperature is low to warm them up and allows them
to move fast enough to escape predators.
-Social behaviour includes hunting as a team or huddling
together for warmth.
-Migrating to avoid harsh conditions, courtship rituals and
using tools are also otherexamples.
-Natural selection leads to adaptations which give individuals
an advantage in a
particular niche.
-If conditions change, those adaptations might not be as
successful, and the selection pressure
will change.
-This may lead to change in the species or evolution.
-The niche of an organism has a big effect on the genetic
make-up of the population.
1 A niche is the way an organism lives, including what it eats, whether it moves etc. To
be successful (i.e. grow and produce offspring) the organism needs to be well adapted
to the conditions around it, and therefore its niche, so that it can find food and a mate.
2 a Time before the dive.
b c. 4.5 minutes
c 160 20/160 100% = c. 88%; without bradycardia = 4.5 min 12% = c. 32 seconds.
3 More efficient hunting means that they get enough food to eat
but in less time so that
they are submerged in the cold water for as short a time as
possible. They therefore
minimise the energy they lose through hunting, so need to catch
no more food than
less efficient birds in warmer waters.
page 237
1 Most rats that came into contact with warfarin when it was first
used did not have the
resistance allele and so died. Only those who had the resistance
allele (or didnt come
into contact with warfarin) survived and produced offspring,
passing the resistance
allele (if they had it) on to their offspring. So the proportion of rats
in the next
generation that had the resistance allele would increase, and
continued to increase
where warfarin was used.
2 Small populations contain only a relatively small number of
genes (and possible
alleles) compared with large populations. If those populations
were founded by only
a few individuals, the variety of alleles will be restricted to those
in the founding
organisms.
Large genetic diversity is better for populations that face
changing environments,
because there is a greater chance that some individuals have
alleles that will enable
them to survive the changes and reproduce.
page 241
1 Changes in a niche or habitat may favour individuals with
different adaptations to
those that had been successful. Individuals with these different
adaptations will survive
and breed more successfully than individuals without them. So
more individuals in
later generations will show these adaptations as the allele
frequency changes over
time the species will be seen to change.
2 The greatest decline was over two years. It took about 15 years
for the dominant allele
to become sufficiently dominant for the population numbers to
begin to recover.
The change in the niche was the arrival of the disease, the
adaptation was the increase
in proportion of the population that was resistant to the disease.
3 By random variation, some seals would have behavioural or
physiological adaptations
that allowed them to dive slightly deeper or for slightly longer
than other seals. This
would help them find more food which means they would grow
better and produce
more offspring than other seals. Over time, the selection for
diving deeper/longer to
get more food would result in the evolution of seals with the
diving response