EARTH'S PLACE IN THE UNIVERSE THE SUN-EARTH-MOON SYSTEM OBJECTIVES: *Develop and use a model of the Earth-sun system to explain the cyclical pattern of seasons, which includes the Earth’s tilt and differential intensity of sunlight on different areas of the Earth across the year. “Examine Earth's physical characteristics “Differentiate between rotation and revolution * Discuss what causes seasons to change “Identify phases of the moon and their cause. “Explain why solar and lunar eclipses occur. “Infer what the Moon's surface features may reveal about it's history. VOCABULARY AXIS ROTATION REVOLUTION ORBIT CALENDAR SOLSTICE EQUINOX SPHERE ELLIPSE REVOLUTION = ECLIPSE SPHERE += NEW MOON WANING. WAXING SOLAR ECLIPSE LUNAR ECLIPSE.Name Date Class __ Earth, Moon, and Sun * Section Summary Earth in Space Guide for Reading a How does Earth move in space? = What causes the cycle of seasons on Earth? ‘The study of the moon, stars, and other objects in space is called astronomy. Ancient astronomers studied the movements of the sun and moon. They thought Barth was standing still and the sun and moon were moving. ‘The sun and moon seem to move mainly because Earth is rotating on its axis, the imaginary line that passes through Earth's center and the North and South poles. The spinning of Earth on its axis is called its rotation. Earth’s rotation on its axis causes day and night. It takes Earth about 24 hours fo rotate once ‘on its axis. ‘The movement of one object around another object is called revolution. Earth compictes one revolution around the sun once every year. Earth’s path as it revolves around the sun is called its orbit. Earth's orbit is a slightly elongated circle, or ellipse. Many cultures have tried to make a workable calendar. A calendar is a system of organizing time that defines the beginning, length, and divisions of year. This is not easy because Earth takes about 365 1/4 days to circle the sun, and 12 moon cycles make up fewer days than a calendar year. Sunlight hits Earth’s surface most directly at the equator. Closer to the poles, sunlight hits Earth’s surface at an angle. That is why it is generally warmer near the equator than near the poles. Earth has seasons because its axis is tilted as it moves around the sun. Earth's axis is tilted at an angle of 23.5° from vertical. As Earth revolves around the sun, its axis is tilted away from the sun for part of the year and toward the sun for part of the year. When the north end of Earth’s axis is, tilted toward the sun, the Northern Hemisphere has summer. At the same time, the south end of Earth’s axis is tilted away from the sun. Asa résult, the Southern Hemisphere has winter. The hemisphere tilted toward the sun has more daylight hours than the hemisphere tilted away from the sun. The combination of direct rays and more hours of sunlight heats the surface more than at any other time of the year. ‘On two days each year, the sun reaches its greatest distance north or south of the equator. Each of these days is known as a solstice. Halfway between the solstices, neither hemisphere is tilted toward the sun. On those two days, the noon sun is directly overhead at the equator. Each of these days is known as an equinox, meaning “equal night.” During an equinox, the length of nighttime and daytime are about the same. © Persea dct, ning Pars Pen el rights seeUTLINE 2-1 THE EARTH EARTH: is a SPHERICAL SHAPE- round three-dimensional object. A, ARISTOTLE: observed that Earth cast a curved shadow on the Moon during an eclipse. B. EARLY SAILORS: noticed that ships appeared on the horizon that Jooked as if they were coming up a hill. They also noticed changes in the night sky, most notably as they sailed North and South, that the North Star moved higher and lower. ROTATION: The spinning of Earth on it’s axis which causes day and night to occur. EARTH'S AXIS: imaginary vertical line around which the Earth spins. ‘1. complete rotation = 24 hours, Earth completes 365 rotations in 1 year. MAGNETIC FIELD: Movement of material inside Earth’s core generates a magnetic field. ‘A. Earth= has North and South magnetic Pole just like a magnet. B. MAGNETIC AXIS: When a compass points north, you are seeing evidence of Earth's magnetic field. C.location of magnetic poles has been shown to change slowly over time. EARTH’ early orbit around the Sun. ‘A. Earth is a satellite of the Sun. B, ELLIPSE: Earth’s orbit follows an elongated curved path. C. Sunis not at center, but located towards one end, therefore the distance between Earth and Sun changes during the yearlong orbit. ‘TILTED AXIS: EARTH'S AXIS IS TILTED 23.5 degrees. It is this tilt which is the cause of SEASONS. A. Daylight hours are greater for the hemisphere tilted towards the Sun, B. The longer period of suntight is 1 reason summer is warmer. G. The other reason is due to the Earth's tilt. The Sun's radiation will strike the hemisphere that is tilted towards the Sun at a higher angle, causing it to receive more solar radiation. St ES: THE Di IN-THE SUN REACHES ITS GREAT! "ANCE )R SOUTH OF THE EQUA’ A. Northern hemisphere=Summer solstice is June 21,22: Winter solstice= December 21, 22. B. SUMMER SOLSTICE= LONGEST PERIOD OF DAYLIGHT IN THE YEAR. EQUINOXES: occurs ‘when the Sun is directly above the Earth’s equator. ‘A. Earth’s tilted axis causes the Suns position to change, Most of the time the Sun is either North or South, but two time a year itis directly over the Equator, resulting in Spring and Fall Equinox.OUTLINE CHAPTER 2 ASTRONOMY 2-2 THE MOON - EARTH'S SATELLITE MOTIONS OF THE MOON A, The Moon’s rotation is 27.3 days-the same time it takes to revolve once around the Earth. B. Because these 2 motions take the same amount of time, the same side of the Moon always faces the Earth.(ROTATION AND REVOLUTION ARE EQUAL) REFLECTION OF THE SUN A. The Moon appears to shine because its surface reflects sunlight. B, 1/2 of the moon is dark while the other % is light just like the earth, but we see different portions of its lighted side, causing the Moon's appearance to change. PHASES OF THE MOON: A. MOON PHASES: are the different forms that the moon takes in its appearance from the earth, B, The PHASE depends on the relative positions of the MOON,EARTH AND SUN. C. NEW MOON: When the MOON is between the Earth and the Sun. D, Lighted 4% of moon faces Sun, dark side faces Earth. WAXING PHASES; ‘A. Waxing phase begins after new moon. B. WAXING means more of the illuminated ¥% of moon is seen each night. C. 24hrs. after a new moon, you can see a thin slice called the WAXING CRESCENT. D. WAXING GIBBOUS: more than % of moon is visible FULL MOON= ALL OF THE MOON’S SURFACE FACING E. 'LECTS LIGHT, WANING PHASES: A. After a full moon, you see less of its illuminated ¥ each night. B. WANING GIBBOUS: after full moon you see less of illuminated half of moon, when you only see 4 of the lighted side=third-quarter phase. C. WANING CRESCENT: moon continues to shrink, and the waning crescent occurs just before another new moon, D. MOON CYCLE= 295 days ECLIPSES: caused by the revolution of the MOON, ECLIPSES occur when the EARTH or MOON temporarily block sunlight. An ECLIPSE can only occur when the Sun, the Moon, and the Earth are lined up perfectly. SOLAR ECLIPSE: occurs when the Moon moves directly between the Sun and Earth and casts its shadow over part of the Earth.UMBRA: darkest portion of the Moon's shadow ifyou are standing within the umbra you will experience a total solar eclipse). Total Solar eclipse- can only see pearly white glow around the edge of the eclipsing moon. PENUMBRA: surrounding the Umbra is a lighter shadow of the Earth’s surface Persons within penumbra experience partial solar eclipse. (See fig. 8 pg. 49) LUNAR ECLIPSE: When EARTH'S SHADOW fall on the MOON. A. Happens when moon moves into Earth's penumbra, B, Moon continues to move, when it reaches the Earth's umbra you see a curved shadow on the Moon’s surface. C. TOTAL LUNAR ECLIPSE: moon goes dark when it is completely in Earth’s UMBRA D. PARTIAL LUNAR ECLIPSE: only part of moon enters Earth’s UMBRA. MOON'S SURFACE: ‘A, CRATERS: depressions formed from either comets, meteoroids, or asteroids striking the Moon's surface. B, MARIA: dark flat regions on the moons surface from ancient lava that reaches the surface and fills the craters. C. IMPACT BASIN: a hollow left on the surface of the moon caused by an object striking its surface.POSIT AND SUN CAUSE E MOON, ECLIPES, AND TIDES. Fhe same side of the moon, AR SIDE, ALWAYS FACES THE EARTH. the THE FORCE OF GRAVITY PULLS THE MOON AND EARTH({including the water on the Earth's surface) TOWARD EACH OTHER. ‘TIDES OCCUR MAINLY BECAUSE OF DIFFERENCES IN THE FORCE OF GRAVITY BES'WEEN THE MOON AND DIFFERENT PARTS OF ARTE. TIDES: The rise and fall of ocean water that occurs every 12.5 hours or so. The water rises for about 6 hours, then fall for 6 hours in a regular cycle. A. Atany one time there are two places with high tides and two places with low tides on Earth. B. The sun’s gravity also pulls on Earth’s waters. SPRING TIDES: A tide just after a new or full moon, w! e is the difference between high and low water. A. The sun, moon and Earth are nearly in a line during a new moon. The gravity of the sun and moon pull in the same direction. Their combined forces produce a tide with the greatest difference between consecutive low and high tides, called a SPRING TIDE. B. SPRING TIDES occur 2x a month, at a NEW MOON and FULL MOON. a WHEN N THERE IS THE LEAST DETRRENGE BET WEN HIGH AND LOW WATER. ‘A. NEAP TIDES: occur 2x a month when the sun and moon are at right angles to the Earth, B, Their total gravitational pull on the Earth’s water is weakened because it comes from two different directions. C, SPRING AND NEAP TIDES: When Earth, the Sun, and the moon are ina straight lie (top), a spring tide occurs, When the moon is at aright angle to the sun (bottom), a neap tide occurs. veap Tide Spring Tide To sun To sun 8 @Z New'moon’ First-quarter moon“puiyag sayem ayy Bulaeay ‘uoow ay) | puemo} yyey snd | AqinesB s,uoow & ay} $O ad105 aYL ts apn moq “uoow ay} i O} }SESO}2 Bpls O43 . uo.aph ybiy sasne> | Auaes6 s,uoow ay | a ‘sepn y6iy OM} BY} UEaMyaq 4n330 saplt MOT