Analysis and Discussion

From this experiment, we managed to determine whether the flow is laminar or

turbulent from the data we have obtained. From the data obtained, the Reynolds number are
calculated and it shows that most of the calculated values are higher than 4000. This shows
that most of the water flow is turbulent.

We managed to obtained the head loss by calculating the difference of head from the
manometer reading. This is due to frictional resistance, hydraulic gradient and the
relationship between the Reynolds number and the head loss. We also managed to see the
relationship between the Reynolds number and the diameter of the pipes and the surface of
the pipe. It is showed that pipe with a rough surface has higher Reynolds number. It is also
showed that pipe with a larger diameter has larger Reynolds number. This is due to the
Reynolds number equation

VD h
Re =

From the graph of head loss versus flowrate in pipe 2 and pipe 3, both of the graph
has a parabolic trend due to the relationship of the head loss and the volumetric flow rate and
can be proven by using the Darcy Weisbach equation

2
f L (v )
HL = ( )
D 2g

In graph of pipe 3, the head loss is lower that the head loss of pipe 2 when the
flowrate is the same. This is due to the rough surface of pipe 3. Frictional factor will increase
is the pipe is rough.

Theoretically, the graph of Log H vs Log V should be parallel to each other with
gradient 2. By calculating the gradient of the graph,
 Gradient of graph of log h vs log v in pipe 1,

0.38(0.78 )
Gradient = =1.2121
0.2(0.13)

Gradient of graph of log h vs log v in pipe 2,

0.84(1.12)
Gradient = 0.27(0.95) =0.4118

Gradient of graph of log h vs log v in pipe 3,

0.44(1.26)
Gradient = =1.1389
0.27(0.99)

The graph is parallel to each other but the gradient is barely reached 2. So, by
calculating the percentage error,

Percentage error in pipe 1,

21.2121
Percentage error = x 100 =65
1.2121

Percentage error in pipe 2,

20.4118
Percentage error = x 100 =385
0.4118

Percentage error in pipe 3,

21.1389
Percentage error = x 100 =75
1.1389

From this calculation, we can show that there are error in graph of log h vs log v in
pipe 2 because the error is more than 100%.