Marxism (Economic structuralism)
-capitalist world system (focus on economic factors
as driving force) is a mode of production where
factors of production are owned or controlled by the
capitalist class and using them to exploit the working
class. The capitalist class takes the surplus value that
actually belongs to the working class.
-social causes- uneven develop. (WC&SC)
(n)Global distribution of power among states. States
(unitary actors) not divided groups as social eco
classes.
(e)Global economic structure: world capitalist
system. Connection between the international or
capitalist world system & domestic politics.
(l)Pol eco is the foundation of IR & multiple actors.
Socioeco. or welfare issues through a positive sum
game and optimistic about the possibility of peaceful
change.
(e) Interplay between eco & pol variables is key to
understand IR. The state is divided into
capitalist&WC. Socioeconomic/ welfare issues
although less optimistic of peaceful change.
(- capitalism) unending accumulation of capital, The
reduction of human life into an industrial machine of
capitalism, The degradation of human life without a
transcendental orientation or belief.
Evolution of human:There is nothing beyond man and
nature (Feuerbach), The ownership /control of
means of production is the ultimate concern of
humankind, The proletariate dictatorship
characterized by CS & withering away of the state
(end of history). (L):The triumph of liberal democracy
and market economy (Francis Fukuyama), no more
major ideological change, No concern of life after our
earthly life (typical naturalistic and materialistic
worldview).
Domination of Powful class: Coercion (physicial
violence)+ Consent (submission to ideas
&cultureConsent (submission to ideas and culture)
Four important concepts: Economic as driving force
of IR. Focusing on development of capitalist world
economy and how it creates and perpetuates uneven
development or economic unequality.The
international class structure domination of
advanced industrialized countries over the
poorer.Transnational class coalitions are the primary
actors in international politics. States as agents of
the dominant class.
Dialetical Materialism: talks about the struggle for
the control of means of production (material forces)
moves the history forward. Ex:Dutch colonialism vs.
Indo nationalism=independence. Peasants under
Maos communist revolution took over means of
production from the ruling or feudal class in China in
1949.
Class struggle: the oppresors and the oppressed over
the control of means of production. Between
production, WC(wage slaves), &peasants.
According to the modernization theory (MT):
developing countries should be expected to follow
the path of developed countries in the West.MT:
development is a progressive journey from
traditional, pre-industrial, agrarian society towards a
modern, industrial, mass-consumption society. The
transformation of traditional society into modern
society (trickle down effect theory).
Depedency theory criticize modernization theory?It
starts from the idea that capitalist development
cannot be reproduced in developing countries. The
starting point is not traditional society but
underdevelopment which is caused by exploitation
by the industrialized countries in the context of
global capitalist system.
Contributions: Explaining the development of global
capitalist system The idea of social and economic
unequality or gap between the rich and poor at all
levels of social life. The close connection between
control of capital and political power both at the
national and global level.Gramscis notion of a
historic bloc,combination of the objective
(productive forces) and subjective (ideas and culture)
elements of capitalism.
Critical theory: kritik smua teori krn mnrt dia itu
smua subjektif ada hidden motives. Emancipatory
politics. The investigation of the relations between
knowledge & interests. Particularly concerned with
realists & liberals who tend to maintain the statusquo
domination in international relations.
Ct reject Positivism:An objective external reality, The
subject/object distinction, Value-free social science.
CT claims: All knowledge is historical: meaning it has
a historical context or it is constructed in time and
place (the social world is a construction of time and
place). For instance: the international system is a
specific construction of the most powerful states.All
knowledge is political: there is subjective interests or
purposes (domination) behind the knowledge. Thus,
it cannot be neutral morally, politically or
ideologically.
Criticism against CT:There are common scientific
parameters to evaluate the quality of a theory.If
theory is always political (based on subjective
interests) as claimed by critical theory, there will be
no neutral way to evaluate its quality. There is a
consensus among scholars how to evaluate a theory
or research. The critical theory puts too much
emphasis on the importance of human autonomy
which is used as the only parameter to evaluate
culture and science.This is an example of a secular
view which may lead to the denial of a divine
authority or Gods sovereignty.
Critical theory: rethinking the state as political
community (how critical theory criticizes the state):
Normative dimension: the philosophical
critique of the state as an exclusionary form
of political organization.
Sociological dimension: developing an
account of the origins and evolution of the
modern state and states-system.
Praxeological dimension: practical
possibilities for reconstructing IR along more
emancipatory and cosmopolitan lines.
Contribution: Raise awareness between knowledge &
politics. Theorists are enmeshed in social and
political life.
Traditional theories (realism and liberalism)
tend to take the state for granted. Critical
theory analyzes the exclusionary nature of
the state.
It can also criticize how the idea of
democracy only benefits the elite or political
parties.
It can also be used to criticize the
domination of global capitalism.
CT against neorealism: Neorealist ideas: anarchy and
the importance of distribution of power, States are
encouraged to increase their power position,
Maintaing the status quo of domination by powerful
states over the weak ones.
CT against neoliberalism: Neo-liberal economic
policies: free trade and cut of subsidies, Respond and
adjustment to global market capitalism, Domination
of the rich over the poor
Constructivism: about ideas, beliefs,identities that
create social construct between nations/ global
system. Human as meaning seekers.It places greater
emphasis on social factors rather
military. Assumptions: Constructivism seeks to
problematize the identities and interests of states &
in contrast to neorelists & neoliberalists who come
close to believing identities and interests are givens.
Constructivists view international structure in terms
of a social structure infused with ideational factors to
include norms, rules and law. This structure can
influence the identities and interests of agents, as
well as international outcomes in such areas as
humanitarian intervention and taboos on the use of
weapons of mass destruction. The world is a project
always under construction, a case of becoming as
opposed to being. Given the subjectivity of human
beings, constructivists underscore the impossibility of
pure objectivity. Not seeking an objective/causal
explanation of reality.
How culture, civilization and religion are understood
as human (individual and collective) constructions:
Moral ideas, beliefs and principles. Shared and
intersubjective understandings and norms. Culture,
civilization and religion.
Rationalism Constructivism
Assuming actors as atomistic Actors are deeply
egoists or product of their social
interactions (actors are social
beings)
Actors interests are Interests are endogenous to
exogenously determined, social interaction, a
taken for granted and given. consequence of identity
acquisition, learned through
process of communication.
Viewing society as a strategic Viewing society or external
realm (contestation of environment as constitutive
interests). An arena where realm. External environment
there is a struggle for power shapes our social identity
(realist) or competition for through shared or
absolute gain (liberal) intersubjective understanding
(social or cultural
determinism?).
3 elements of social struct.: Shared knowledge or
intersubjective understandings,Material
resources,Practices or actions or activities.
Ex of social struct according to constructivism:
-Security dilemma: a social structure composed of
intersubjective understandings in which states are so
distrustful that they make worst-case assumptions
about each others intentions, and as a result define
their interests in self-help terms (ideas all the way
down)-Security community: a social structure
composed of shared knowledge in which states trust
one another to resolve disputes without war
(peaceful conflict resolution). For example: ASEAN
Security Community or OSCE (Organization of
Security Cooperation of Europe).-Anarchy is a social
structure composed of intersubjective
understandings in which states hold the conviction
that there is no power above the sovereignty of the
state.
.3 level of constructivism: Systemic constructivism
focusing solely on interactions between unitary state
actors that have both social and corporate identities
(Alexander Wendt).Unit-level constructivism
explaining the difference between the national
security policy of Germany and Japan despite their
similar experience (Peter Katzenstein) Holistic
constructivism combining the international and
domestic factors conditioning identities and interests
of states (John Ruggie and Frederick Kratochwil).EX:
The Clash of Civilizations by Samuel P. Huntington
(the emphasis on the role of civilizations or cultures
in IR today especially after 9/11).For the United
States, 500 British nuclear weapons can be perceived
as less threatening than five North Korean or Iranian
nuclear weapons. The dynamics of amity or enmity in
this instance is a function of shared understanding
(Actors give different meaning to material
forces).Material resources will only have meaning for
human action through the structure of shared
knowledge in which they are embedded.
Critics to Constructivism put too much emphasis
on subjective ideas and knowledge. According to the
neorealists state behavior is largely shaped by the
material structure of the international system. The
material structure is an objective reality and is not
merely intersubjective. Example: China gets angry
when the US sells weapons to Taiwan.
Gender-not narrowly refers to the traditional
biological delineation between men and women, but
the conventional ROLES between the two sexes.
Traditional theories ignore womens contributions and
issues so much so that the entire history and present
system become one-sided, masculinsm.
3 overlpaping forms:Empirical feminism focuses on
women and/orexplores gender as an empirical
dimension of IR.Analytical feminism uses gender as
a theoretical category to reveal gender bias of IR
concepts and explain constitutive aspects of IR.
Normative feminism reflects on the process of
theorizing as part of a normative agenda for social
and political change.
Post Modernfeminism The participation of women
would have a significant, positive impact on the
policy making process & thepolicies themselves.
Contribution: It examines the construction and role of
gender that mainstream IR theory (realism and
liberalism) ignore. It reminds us that mens
worldview and perceptions have dominated IR
theories and their policy implications.Feminist
theories promote the interests, goals and equality of
women in the field of IR.The participation of women
in policy making may make a fundamental change in
society.
PM: 4 assump:Humans are biological machines
(materialistic worldview) horizontal moral
reasoning.People are independent from God or any
supernatural being(no transcendental being above
human being)People can use pure or unaided reason
to find truth. Humankind is progressing ( through the
use of science and technology)
PM is a reaction and resistance against the idea of
modernity and that modernization leads to progress
and a better life. Reject all theories. modern belief
that humankind can control or master not only over
the natural world (science and technology) but also
the social world (social sciences).It also rejects the
possibility of objective knowledge of social
phenomena. The post-modernists reject the notion of
objective truth.They reject all forms of meta-
narratives or regimes of truth.Meta-narratives are
accounts such as neorealism or neo-liberalism that
claim to have discovered the truth about social world
of IR.
As Knowledge & power are intimately related.
Knowledge is not at all immune from the workings
of power.Post-modernists are deconstructivists. Ex:
Political stability as Soehartos subjective
construction. econstruction: The disclosure of
Soehartos subjective interests in that concept.
Reconstruction of the concept of a new concept of
political stability which is more human and
democratic with peoples meaningful participation.
PM is radical perspectivism or radical interpretivism.
Critical theory is critical interpretivism.Post-modernist
criticizes realisms belief that state is the only mode
of subjectivity in IR.
Neorealism in PM: REJECTthe importance of
international distribution of power in
explaining foreign policy behavior.
Domination of the powerful state over the
weak ones. The maintainance of the
statusquo in IR
Neoliberalism: REJECTthe co-existence of
the state and the global capitalist system.
The domination of the Western commercial
interests. Domination of the capitalist class
over the poor
Contribution: To expose the intimate
connection between claims of knowledge
and claims to political power and authority.
Through the textual strategy of
deconstruction it seeks to problematize all
claims to epistemological and political
totalization.The sovereign state as the
primary mode of subjectivity in international
relations, must be examined closely to
expose its practices of capture and
exclusion. It seeks to broaden political
imagination beyond the sovereign state in
order to produce range of political
possibilities for transforming international
relations. CRITICS: Even PM also operates
on the basis of common standards of
scientific communication and interpersonal
standards of communication.PM can
deteriorate into nihilism negativism for its
own sake.It promotes rebelious mentality as
it is always against all kinds of
transcendental authority.
Modernism Post-modernism
Emphasizing purpose and Emphasizing randomness and
design chance
Seeking stability in values Seeing values transient and
relative (cultural relativism
which is self-defeating)
Reason as the means and Promoting unreason and
meaning as the end celebrating meaninglessness

Pursuing synthesis of all Focusing on deconstruction

disciplines and unity of all and excited about
truths contradiction

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