DigestiveSystemIntroduction

Learning Icananalyzehowfoodisdigestedandbreakdowneachcomponent.
Target
Proficiency Descriptor Definition
4 Proficient Icananalyzehowfoodisdigestedandbreakdowneach
component.
3 Developing Icandeterminethefunctionofeachenzymesecretedby
thedigestiveorgans.
2 Basic Icandiscussthefunctionsofthestructuresofthemouth.
1 Minimal Icandescribethemajororgansandgeneralfunctionsofthe
digestivesystem.
0 No Noevidence.
Evidence

Chapter15p.401-439

Fortheassessmentyouwillberequiredtoanalyzehoweachofthefollowingcomponentsof
thedigestivesystemworktogethertobreakdownwhichmacromolecules.

UseyourbookandtheInnerBodyinteractivetostartcreatingyourstudyguideforthefollowing
components:

Duodenum- Mouth(parts) - Amylase- Rectum-

DescendingColon- Anus- Pancreas- Gallbladder-
Ileocecalsphincter- Pepsin/Peptidase- Pharynx- Nuclease-
TransverseColon- AscendingColon- Esophagus- Jejunum-
Pyloricsphincter- SigmoidColon- Stomach- LowerEsophagealsphincter-
Ileum- Lipase- UpperEsophagealsphincter-
Liver- Cecum- Protein- Carbohydrate-
NucleicAcid- Lipid-

Mouth
Cheeks-holdfoodin,expressionandchewing
Lips-sensoryreceptorusedtojudgetemp.Andtextureoffood,holdfoodinyourmouth
Tongue-mixfoodwithsalivaduringchewing,movefoodaround,swallowing
Teeth-helpwithbreakingupfoodintosmallerparts
Amylase-serouscellsproduceawateryfluidthatincludesthedigestiveenzymesalivaryamylase.This
enzymesplitsstarchandglycogenmoleculesintodisaccharides,thefirststepinthechemicaldigestionof
carbohydrates.
*foodisheldinbycheeks,mastication,mechanicaldigestion,tonguemovesfoodaroundandperistalsis
meansmovingthefooddown,deglutition-swallowing,amylasebreaksdowncarbohydratesfrom
polysaccharidestomonosaccharides

Pharynx-connectsthenasalandoralcavitieswiththelarynxandesophagus,helpswithswallowing
*

EsophagusParts
Upperesophagealsphincter-belowthepharynxandabovetheesophagus,contractssofood
doesn'tcomeup
Esophagus-straight,collapsibletubeabout25cm,foodpassagewayfrompharynxtostomach,
muscletomovefooddown,peristalsis
Loweresophagealsphincter-belowtheesophagusandabovethestomach,contractstofood
doesn'tcomeup,emptiesintostomach
*mechanicaldigestion,food=bolus

StomachParts
Stomach-Jshapedpouchlikeorganthathangsinferiortothediaphragmintheupperleftportion
oftheabdominalcavity.Receivesfoodfromtheesophagus,mixesfoodwithgastricjuice,initiatesprotein
digestion,carriesonlimitedabsorptionandmovesfoodintothesmallintestine.
Pyloricsphincter-attheendofthepyloriccanalthemuscularwallthickensformingapowerful
circularmuscle,itcontrolsgastricemptying.
*Chemicaldigestion-gastricjuicesemptiedintostomach,mechanicaldigestion-squeezestobreakdown,
food=chyme
GastricSecretions
Pepsin/peptidase-mostimportantdigestiveenzyme,chiefcellssecretepepsinastheinactive
enzymeprecursorpepsinogen.Pepsinbeginsthedigestionofalmostalltypesofdietaryproteininto
polypeptides.Releasedintostomachforproteindigestion
Brokedownintopolypeptides-peptide-aminoacid
Pancreas
Pancreas-secretesdigestivejuice,closelyassociatedwiththesmallintestine,mostlymadeupof
thecellsthatproducepancreaticjuice,emptiesintoduodenum
PancreaticJuices
Pancreaticlipase-fatdigestingenzyme,breakstriglyceridemoleculesintofattyacidsand
glycerol
Pancreaticamylase-splitsmoleculesofstarchorglycerolintodoublesugars
(disaccharides)
Nucleases-breakdownnucleicacidmoleculesintonucleotides.

Liver
Liver-upperrightquadrantoftheabdominalcavity,connectivetissuedividestheliverintolobes,
playsakeyroleincarbohydratemetabolismbyhelpingmaintainconcentrationofbloodglucose,*making
thebile

Gallbladder
Gallbladder-pearshapedsacinadepressionontheliver'ssurface,storesbilebetweenmeals,
reabsorbswatertoconcentratebile,andcontractstoreleasebileintosmallintestine,
*storesbile

SmallIntestineParts:
Duodenum-is25centimeterslongand5cmindiameter,followsaCshapedpathasitpasses
anteriortotherightkidneyandisthemostfixedportionofthesmallintestine.Nucleasebreaksdown
nucleicacidintonucleotides,lipasebreaksdownlipidsintofattyacids
Jejunum-Liesfreeandmobileintheperitonealcavity.
Ileum-Remainderofthecavityistheileum.
Ileocecalsphincter-joinssmallintestinesileumtothelargeintestinescecum.NormallyitStays
constrictedsocontentsarepreventedfromgoingfromthesmallintestineintothelargeintestine.Aftera
mealitisrelaxedforcingsomeofthecontentsofthesmallintestineintothececum.
*Absorptionofnutrients

LargeIntestineParts:
Cecum-atthestart,dilated,pouchlikestructurethathangsslightlybelowtheileocecalopening
Ascendingcolon-beginsatthececumandgoesupwardagainsttheposteriorabdominalwalltoa
pointinferiortotheliver,thenitturnssharplyleftandbecomesthetransverse
Transversecolon-longestmostmoveablepartinthelargeintestine,whenitapproachesthe
spleenitturnsdownwardandturnsintothedescending
Descendingcolon-atthebrimofthepelvisitmakesanSshapedcurvecalledthesigmoidcolon
Sigmoidcolon-Sshapedcurve
*Formswaste,absorbswaterandelectrolytes

Rectum-wastepassesthrough,nexttothesacrumandfollowsitscurvature

Anus-Wasteisremovedfrombody,openstotheoutside

Macromolecules
Carbohydrates-sugarsandstarches,ingestedinvariousforms-grains,veggies,meats,canesugar,honey
andfruits,primaryfuelforcellularprocesses

Lipids-fats,oilsandfatlikesubstances,provideenergyforcellularprocessesandforbuildingstructures
suchascellmembranes,lipidsincludefats,phospholipids,andcholesterol,mostcommondietarylipidis
triglycerides(consistsofaglycerolandthreefattyacids,sources-eggs,milk,andlard

Proteins-polymerofaminoacids,includeenzymesthatcontrolmetabolicrates,clottingfactors,some
hormones,andantibodiesthatprotectagainstinfection,sources-meats,cheese,poultry,fish

NucleicAcid-formgenesandtakepartinproteinsynthesis,twotypes-DNAandRNA,sources:fruits