ANATOMI

FISIOLOGI
SISTEM PENCERNAAN
MANUSIA
 PENGERTIAN
 Sistem pencernaan adalah suatu sistem
organ yang bekerja menerima makanan
dari luar dan mempersiapkannya untuk
diserap oleh tubuh melalui rangkaian
proses tertentu baik secara mekanis
maupun enzimatik.
FUNGSI SISTEM PENCERNAAN
 The function of the digestive system is to
change these complex organic nutrient
molecules into simple organic and inorganic
molecules that can then be absorbed into the
blood or lymph to be transported to cells
(Scanlon, 2007)
BAGIAN SISTEM PENCERNAAN
2 divisions of the digestive system are :
 The alimentary tube extends from the mouth
to the anus. It consists of the oral cavity,
pharynx (oropharynx), esophagus, stomach,
small intestine, and large intestine
 The accessory organs of digestion are the
teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder,
and pancreas.
Digestion does not take place within these
organs, but each contributes something to the
digestive process
(Scanlon, 2007)
 JENIS PROSES PENCERNAAN
 Mechanical digestion is the physical breaking up of
food into smaller pieces.
Example: Chewing

 The work of the digestive enzymes is the chemical

digestion of broken-up food particles, in which complex
chemical molecules are changed into much simpler
chemicals that the body can utilize.
Such enzymes are specific with respect to the fat,
protein, or carbohydrate.
Example: protein-digesting enzymes work only on
proteins, not on carbohydrates or fats.
(Scanlon, 2007)
 MOLEKUL ORGANIK DALAM
MAKANAN
 3 types of complex organic molecules
found in food are :
– Carbohydrates (amilum & disaccharides) 
are digested to maltose & monosaccharides
such as glucose, fructose, and galactose
– Proteins  amino acids
– Fats  fatty acids and glycerol
 Also part of food, and released during
digestion, are vitamins, minerals, and
water (Scanlon,2007)
 SISTEM PENCERNAAN
 Oral cavity (teeth, tongue and the openings of
the ducts of the salivary glands)
 Pharynx
 Esophagus
 Stomach / Gaster (Cells: mucous, chief, parietal,
G)
 Small intestine (Cells: goblet, microvilli,
enteroendocrine; Liver, Gallbladder, Pancreas)
 Large intestine
 Anus
 ORAL CAVITY
 Batas Rongga Mulut :
– Superior : palatum durum (hard palates) &
palatum mole (soft palates)
– Lateral : mukosa pipi
– Inferior : dasar mulut
 Di dalam rongga mulut terdapat :
– Gigi geligi
– Lidah
– Muara kelenjar liur
ORAL CAVITY
 Teeth
– Fungsi : mengunyah (proses mekanik dimana
makanan diubah menjadi potongan-potongan yang
lebih kecil, sambil dicampur dengan air liur)
– Jenis gigi : sulung & permanen
– Sulung  20 gigi (incisivus, caninus, molar)
– Permanen  32 gigi (incisivus, caninus, premolar,
molar)
 Tongue
– Fungsi Lidah : membantu menggerakkan makanan
saat dikunyah / ditelan, pengecapan (indera perasa),
bicara
 Salivary glands
– Air liur / saliva = cairan pencernaan dalam
rongga mulut
– Muara dari : kelenjar parotis, submandibula,
sublingual
– Memicu sekresi saliva : makanan, benda
asing, bau makanan  parasimpatis
– Mengurangi sekresi : stress  simpatis
– Enzim Amylase : Amilum  Maltose
 Pharynx  reflex
– Oropharynx & Laryngopharynx
– Food passageways connecting oral cavity -
esophagus, no digestion
 Stomach / Gaster

Mucous cell  mucus

Parietal cell  HCl & faktor intrinsik
Chief cell  Pepsinogen
G cell  hormon Gastrin

HCl : Pepsinogen  pepsin

Pepsin : Polypeptide  peptide
 Pencernaan Enzimatik
molekul organik Lokasi pencernaan Perubahan molekul yang terjadi
kompleks

Karbohidrat 1. Mulut 1. Amilum  maltosa (amylase saliva)

2. Amilum  maltosa (amylase pancreas)
2. Duodenum 3. Maltosa  glucosa + glucosa (maltase)
Laktosa  glucosa + galactosa (lactase)
3. Jejunum - Ileum Sukrosa  glucosa + fruktosa (sucrase)

Protein 1. Lambung 1. Protein  polypeptide (pepsin)

2. Duodenum 2. Polypeptide  peptide (trypsin)
3. Jejunum - Ileum 3. Peptide  asam amino (peptidase)

Lemak 1. Duodenum, 1. Lipid  lipid teremulsi (garam empedu)

jejunum, ileum Lipid teremulsi  asam lemak + glycerol
(lipase)
 Esophagus
– Peristaltik, no digestion.
– Lower esophageal sphincter
 Relax  bolus masuk ke lambung
 Kontraksi  mencegah cairan lambung masuk ke
esofagus