Insulation Coordination Studies PDF

InsulationCoordinationStudies
TheSelectionofInsulationStrength
March25,2014
AdamSparacino
MITSUBISHIELECTRICPOWERPRODUCTS,INC.
POWERSYSTEMENGINEERINGSERVICES
DefinitionofInsulationCoordination1
Insulation Coordination (IEEE)

The selection of insulation strength consistent with expected
overvoltages to obtain an acceptable risk of failure.
The procedure for insulation coordination consists of (a)
determination of the voltage stresses and (b) selection of the
insulation strength to achieve the desired probability of failure.
The voltage stresses can be reduced by the application of surge
protective devices, switching device insertion resistors and controlled
closing, shield wires, improved grounding, etc.
(1)IEEEStd 1313.11996IEEEStandardforInsulationCoordination Definitions,Principles,andRules.

2
FourBasicConsiderations
Understanding Insulation Stresses

Understanding Insulation Strength
Designing Methods for Controlling Stresses
Designing Insulation Systems
3

4
DefinitionofOvervoltages
Overvoltage
Abnormal voltage between two points of a system that is greater than
the highest value appearing between the same two points under
normal service conditions.2
Overvoltages are the primary metric for measuring and
quantifying power system transients and thus insulation
stress.
(2) IEEE Std C62.221991 IEEE Guide for the Application of MetalOxide Surge Arresters for AlternatingCurrent
Systems, 1991.
5
VocabularyofVoltage
PeaklinegroundVoltage
RMSVoltagelineground=(Vpeak/2)
PeakVoltagelineground=VLL_rms2/3
6
IllustrationofOvervoltages
7

8
ElectricalInsulation
Insulation can be expressed as a dielectric with a function to

preserve the electrical integrity of the system.
The insulation can be internal (solid, liquid, or gaseous), which is
protected from the effects of atmospheric conditions (e.g.,
transformer windings, cables, gasinsulated substations, oil circuit
breakers, etc.).
The insulation can be external (in air), which is exposed to
atmospheric conditions (e.g., bushings, bus support insulators,
disconnect switches, line insulators, air itself [tower windows, phase
spacing], etc.).
9
InsulationStrength
TypicalVoltTimeCurveforInsulationWithstand
StrengthforLiquidFilledTransformers
Source: IEEE Std 62.22-1997, IEEE Guide for the Application of Metal-Oxide Surge Arresters for AC Systems
10
InsulationStrength
Example for Transformers Windings

Normal system operating voltage
345 kVLL_RMS (1.00 p.u.)
Maximum continuous operating voltage (MCOV)
362 kVLL_RMS (1.05 p.u.)
Basic switching impulse insulation level (BSL)
745/870/975 kVLN_Peak
Basic lightning impulse insulation level (BSL)
900/1050/1175 kVLN_Peak
Chopped wave withstand (CWW)
1035/1205/1350 kVLN_Peak
11
FrequencyofDifferentEvents
seconds milliseconds
10-20 minutes microseconds
Power
Frequency
Power System Control Transients

& Dynamics & Surges
12

Duty and Magnitude of applied voltage
Ability to withstand applied stress
13
PotentialOvervoltageMitigation
1. Surge Arresters
Need to be sized and located properly to clip overvoltages.
2. PreInsertion Resistors/Inductors
Need to be sized according to equipment being switched (only help
during breaker operation) to prevent excessive overvoltages from
being initiated.
3. SynchronousClose/Open Control
Need to use independent pole operated (IPO) breakers and program
controller based on equipment being switched (only help during
breaker operation) to prevent excessive overvoltages from being
initiated.
4. Surge Capacitors
Need to be sized and located to slow the front of incoming surges
14

Duty and Magnitude of applied voltage
Ability to withstand applied stress
15
InsulationCoordinationProcess
1. Specify the equipment insulation strength, the BIL and BSL of

all equipment.
2. Specify the phaseground and phasephase clearances that
should be considered.
3. Specify the need for, location, rating, and number of surge
arresters.
16
InsulationCoordinationStudies
1. Very Fast Transients (VFT) Analysis (nanoseconds time frame)
GIS disconnected switching.
Quantify the overvoltages throughout the substation.
Primary intent of determining location and number of surge arresters
within the substation.
2. Lightning Surge Analysis (microseconds time frame)
Quantify the overvoltages throughout the substation.
Primary intent of determining location and number of surge arresters
within the substation.
3. Switching Overvoltage Analysis (milliseconds time frame)
Quantify the overvoltages and surge arrester energy duties associated
with switching events and fault/clear operations.
Primary intent is to verify that transient overvoltage mitigating devices
(e.g., surge arresters, preinsertion resistors, synchronous close control)
are adequate to protect electrical equipment.
Capacitor, Shunt Reactor, Transformer, and Line Switching Studies.
17
InsulationCoordinationStudies(cont.)
4. Temporary Overvoltage Analysis (seconds time frame)

Quantify the overvoltages and surge arrester energy duties as produced
by faults, resonance conditions, etc.
Primary intent is to verify conditions that cause problems within the
system and develop the necessary mitigation.
Fault/Clear, load rejection, ferroresonance studies.
5. Steady State Analysis (minutes to hours time frame)
Quantify voltage during various system configurations.
Power flow/stability studies.
18
EXAMPLEAPPLICATION
STUDYFORINSULATIONCOORDINATION
LIGHTNINGSURGEANALYSIS
19
Refer to Figure 2 for Refer to Figure 2 for
details of line details of line
terminations. terminations.
500 kV LINE BML00 BLU00
500 kV LINE
BML01
All lengths shown in meters. BLU01
la = 30.70
la = 21.19
lb = 25.66
lb = 20.74
lc = 21.76
lc = 23.64
la = 23.47 la = 23.47
lb = 22.56 lb = 22.56
lc = 21.64 lc = 20.64
WEST500kVBUS
GWB06
la = 9.518
lb = 8.603 la,b,c = 8.323
la,b,c = 8.323 la,b,c = 19.59 la,b,c = 5.634
lc = 7.689
G752W G952W G762W G962W G772W G872W G972W
CB CB CB CB CB CB CB CB CB
G752E G952E G762E G962E G772E G872E G972E
G3A00 la,b,c = 19.59 G4A00 la,b,c = 8.323

la = 26.42 GML00 GLU00
lb = 25.51 la = 12.47
DUMMYBUS(POSITIONFOR la,b,c = 8.323 la,b,c = 5.634
lc = 24.59 FUTUREBREAKER) lb = 11.55
lc = 10.64
GEB06
la = 70.15
lb = 76.25
EAST500kVBUS la = 26.42
la = 70.62 lc = 82.30
lb = 25.51
lb = 76.69 lc = 24.59
lc = 82.77
B3A01 B4A01
XFMR
B3A00 B4A00
XFMR Refer to Figure 3 for Refer to Figure 3 for

details of XFMR details of XFMR
terminations. terminations.
20
ExampleforLine/XFMRTermination
500 kV Line
Line Trap1
To Transformer
Gas-to- Surge
Air Arrester
Bushing
CCVT
To GIS
Gas-to-Air Bay #6
Bushing
550 kV GIS
Surge 350 MCM

Arrester Ground Lead
(38)
Notes
To GIS
Bay (1) Line traps only on phase A and C for 500 kV lines. In
EMTP model, phase B has a 2.53 m section of
550 kV GIS conductor modeled in place of line trap.
350 MCM
Ground
Lead (38)
21
ApproachforEvaluationtheInsulationCoordinationof
the550kVGasInsulatedSubstation
Step 1: A severe voltage surge was injected into the substation for various
operating configurations to screen for maximum potential overvoltages.
ScreeningAnalysis
Step 2: The resulting overvoltages were compared to the Basic Lightning Impulse
Insulation Level (BIL) of the equipment and the protective margin1 for the
equipment was calculated.
Step 3: If overvoltages resulted in less than a 20% protective margin in the initial
DetailedAnalysis
screening analysis for cases with the full system in or N1 contingencies, a more
detailed analysis was performed to identify the protective margins resulting from a
reasonable upper bounds lightning surge based on the configuration of the
substation and connected transmission lines.
For the detailed analysis, specific details of the transmission lines such as conductor
characteristics, shielding design, ground resistivity, keraunic level, etc. are considered to
determine a reasonable upper bounds to place on the lightning surge impinging on the
substation.
(1) Protective Margin = [ BIL / Vmaximum_peak 1] x 100%
22
LightningSurgeIncomingFrom500kVLine
PhasetoGroundVoltageofIncomingLightningSurge
MLFULL_halfSRC>MLSRCA(Type 1)
4000
Peak = 3264 kV (1.2 x 2720 kV CFO)

Time-to-peak = 0.5 microseconds.
3000
Voltage (kV)
2000
Lightning surge impinges

substation from 500 kV Line.
1000
Lightning surge initiated at

1.0 microseconds.
0
0 5 10 15 20
Time (us)
23
LightningSurgeIncomingFrom500kVLine
HighestPhasetoGroundVoltageObservedinGIS
MLFULLB>G752WB(Type 1)
2000
GIS Basic Impulse Insulation Level (BIL) = 1550 kV

1500
Protective Margin = 40%

([1550/1109 1] x 100%)
Peak overvoltage =
Voltage (kV)
1109 kV.
1000
500
0
0 5 10 15 20
Time (us)
24
EXAMPLEAPPLICATION
TRANSMISSIONLINESWITCHINGANALYSIS
25
TransmissionLineSwitchingAnalysis
PotentialEquipmentConcerns
ExcessiveTransientOvervoltagesand
thePossibilityofaFlashoverDuring
EnergizingorReClosing
OvervoltagesExceedingGuidelines
UsedtoDevelopLineClearances
Transmission line is energized
(normal energizing or re-closing).
Applicable Criteria
BasicSwitchingImpulseLevel(BSL)
ProbabilityofFlashovers
PotentialMitigationTechniques
SynchronousCloseControl
PreInsertionResistors/Inductors
SurgeArresters
ShuntReactors
26
StatisticalSwitchingMethodology
Source-Side Voltage
cycle window
Case simulated with
200-400 energizations
3 = cycle 2 = 2.08 ms
Each pole can close at anytime

within the cycle window centered
around the closing time (Tclose) for
each energization. Random closing
times based on a normal (Gaussian)
distribution
Tclose
Three poles closing

centered around closing
time (Tclose) Sliding cycle window for pole
closing shifted over a half cycle
timeframe using a uniform
distribution
27
ElectroGeometricLineModel
Example345kVTransmissionLine
ShieldWire:
Alumoweld7#8
14.5 14.5
Outsidediameter=0.385
RDC=2.40Ohm/mi
78
(63atmidpoint)
B C A
27 27 PhaseConductor:
ACSRLapwing
2/cBundle18spacing
Outsidediameter=1.504
RDC=0.059Ohm/mi
54 Thick/Diam=0.375
(24atmidpoint)
Center
Line
LineLength(total)=85mi
Untransposed
Groundresistivity=37Ohmm
28
StatisticalSwitchingOvervoltageStrengthCharacteristics
andSOVdensitiesoftheline
29
StatisticalDistr.OfOvervoltagesAlong500kVLinewith
NOSurgeArresters
StatisticalDistributionofOvervoltagesAlongLine
110%
Statistical
distributionbasedon
100%
thecasepeak
ProbabilitytoExceedOvervoltage(%)
Estimatedinsulation methodfromIEEE
90% Std1313.21999.
withstandforthe
80% transmissionline:CFO=3.53
p.u.,f/CFO =5%.
70%
SendingEnd
60% 1/4Point
98%oftheovervoltagesalong
50% thelineare2.62p.u.(1070 1/2Point
kV).
3/4Point
40%
Highestovervoltageatthe
RemoteEnd
remoteendoftheline=2.75
30% p.u.(1123kV). ExampleCFO
20% E2isthevalueinwhichthe
overvoltagesexceed2%ofthe
10% switchingoperations.
0%
1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00
PeakOvervoltage(PerUnitona500kVBase)
30
StatisticalDistr.OfOvervoltagesAlong500kVLinewith
LineEndSurgeArresters
StatisticalDistributionofOvervoltagesAlongLine
110%
Statistical
distributionbasedon
100%
thecasepeak
ProbabilitytoExceedOvervoltage(%)
Estimatedinsulation methodfromIEEE
90% Std1313.21999.
withstandforthe
80% transmissionline:CFO=3.53
p.u.,f/CFO =5%.
70%
SendingEnd
60% 1/4Point
98%oftheovervoltagesalong
50% thelineare2.16p.u.(882 1/2Point
kV). 3/4Point
40%
RemoteEnd
30%
ExampleCFO
20% Highestovervoltagealongthe E2isthevalueinwhichthe
line=2.21p.u.(902kV). overvoltagesexceed2%ofthe
10% switchingoperations.
0%
1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00
PeakOvervoltage(PerUnitona500kVBase)
31
EXAMPLEAPPLICATION
SHUNTCAPACITORSWITCHINGANALYSIS
32
ShuntCapacitorSwitchingAnalysis
ContactWearfromExcessiveInrush
CurrentDuty
ExcessiveTransientOvervoltages
InducedVoltagesandCurrentsin
Capacitor bank is energized and ControlCircuits
transient inrush currents flow
through capacitor bank breaker StepandTouchPotentialsDuring
and voltage surges propagate Switching
into the system.
ApplicableCriteria
ANSI/IEEEInrushCurrentLimits
BasicSwitchingImpulseLevel(BSL)
BreakerCapabilityBeyondStandards
IEEEStd 80forgrounding
CurrentLimitingReactors
PreInsertionResistors/Inductors
SurgeArresters
33
CapacitorBankReStrike
DuringDeEnergization
CurrentThroughSwitchingDevice VoltageonEachSideofSwitchingDevice
Highfrequency Secondrestrikeoccursand Peakovervoltage

currentis currentisreestablished from1st restrike
interrupted
Voltageonsystem
sideofswitching
Firstrestrike
device
occursand
currentisre
established
Currentis
interrupted
Voltageoncapacitor
banksideof
switchingdevice(DC
trappedcharge)
Peakovervoltage
from2nd restrike
34
VoltageMagnification
When a shunt capacitor bank is energized with a nearby

capacitor at a lower voltage, the potential for voltage
magnification may exist when the following condition is true:
1 1 2 2
Furthermore,whenC1>>C2,andL1<<L2 theconditioncanbe
exaggerated
35
VoltageMagnification(Cont.)
Example 4.39 p.u. overvoltage at LV

bus when capacitor bank is switched.
Example 1.95 p.u. overvoltage at HV

bus when capacitor bank is switched.
36
EXAMPLEAPPLICATION
SHUNTREACTORSWITCHINGANALYSIS
37
ShuntReactorSwitchingAnalysis
ExcessiveInrushCurrentsfrom
Energizing
TransientandTemporaryOvervoltages
fromResonanceConditions
Shunt reactor is energized and
inrush current flows through the GenerationofHarmonics
system and circuit breaker.
ResonancefromParallelLines
ApplicableCriteria
EquipmentInsulationLevels
VoltageSag/DipCriteria
HarmonicDistortion
SurgeArresters
AppropriateRelaySettings
OperationalLimitations
38
ResonanceOvervoltages
345kVSubstation 345kVSubstation
VoltageMeasuredonEnergizedLine
Lineinservice
(breakersclosed
atbothends)
Lineoutofservice
(breakersopenat
bothends)
345kVSubstation 345kVSubstation
39
ResonanceOvervoltages
Line breakers open to

trip the line at 200 ms.
Peak overvoltage
= 2.94 p.u.
Anticipated temporary overvoltage

It is anticipated that the line equipment (TOV) capability (1.5 p.u. for 100 ms).
would be capable of withstanding at
least 1.5 p.u. for 100 ms.
The shunt reactors should be tripped

within 550 ms of the line breakers
tripping to avoid excessive
overvoltages for this case.
40
Summary
Insulation Coordination is the selection of insulation strength.
Determine maximum insulation stress.
Determine the minimum insulation strength with margin taking into
account stress reducers (surge arresters, preinsertion resistors,
synchronous close control, etc.) that can withstand the maximum
stress.
Studies help in quantifying the maximum anticipated stress
and determining the rating/location of overvoltage mitigating
devices.
A key component of insulation coordination is pairing the
correct strength to the correct stress.
As a rule of thumb, the shorter the time the overvoltage is applied to
the insulation the greater the magnitude of overvoltage the insulation
can withstand before failure.
41
THANKYOUFORYOUATTENTION
42

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InsulationCoordinationStudies

Insulation Coordination (IEEE)

(1)IEEEStd 1313.11996IEEEStandardforInsulationCoordination Definitions,Principles,andRules.

Understanding Insulation Stresses

Understanding Insulation Stresses

Understanding Insulation Stresses

Insulation can be expressed as a dielectric with a function to

Example for Transformers Windings

Power System Control Transients

Understanding Insulation Stresses

Understanding Insulation Stresses

1. Specify the equipment insulation strength, the BIL and BSL of

4. Temporary Overvoltage Analysis (seconds time frame)

G752W G952W G762W G962W G772W G872W G972W

G3A00 la,b,c = 19.59 G4A00 la,b,c = 8.323

XFMR Refer to Figure 3 for Refer to Figure 3 for

Surge 350 MCM

(1) Protective Margin = [ BIL / Vmaximum_peak 1] x 100%

Peak = 3264 kV (1.2 x 2720 kV CFO)

Lightning surge impinges

Lightning surge initiated at

GIS Basic Impulse Insulation Level (BIL) = 1550 kV

Protective Margin = 40%

Each pole can close at anytime

Three poles closing

Highfrequency Secondrestrikeoccursand Peakovervoltage

When a shunt capacitor bank is energized with a nearby

Example 4.39 p.u. overvoltage at LV

Example 1.95 p.u. overvoltage at HV

Line breakers open to

Anticipated temporary overvoltage

The shunt reactors should be tripped

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