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ASME - Overview of Pressure Vessel Design - Instructor-S Guide
ASME - Overview of Pressure Vessel Design - Instructor-S Guide
Instructors Guide
1
CONTACT INFORMATION
ASME Headquarters
1-800-THE-ASME
http://www.asme.org
http://www.asme.org
2
Overview of Pressure Vessel Design
By:
Vincent A. Carucci
Carmagen Engineering, Inc.
Copyright 1999 by
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abstract 5
Introduction..6
Organizing Unit Responsibilities..7
Instructor Guidelines and Responsibilities.9
Overview of Pressure Vessel Design Outline/
Teaching Plan11
Instructor Notes.13
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ABSTRACT
Pressure vessels are typically designed, fabricated, installed, inspected, and tested
in accordance with the ASME Code Section VIII. Section VIII is divided into three
separate divisions. This course outlines the main differences a mong the divisions.
It then concentrates on and presents an overview of Division I. This course also
discusses several relevant items that are not included in Division I.
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INTRODUCTION
This Overview of Pressure Vessel Design course is part of the ASME International
Career Development Series an educational tool to help engineers and managers
succeed in todays business/engineering world. Each course in this series is a 4-
hour (or half-day) self-contained professional development seminar. The course
material consists of a participant manual and an instructors guide. The participant
manual is a self-contained text for students/participants, while the guide (this
booklet) provides the instructional material designed to be presented by a local
knowledgeable instructor with a minimum of preparation time.
Welcome to the ASME International Career Development Series! We wish you all
the best in your presentation, operation and delivery of this course.
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10
Suggested Outline/Teaching Plan
Overheads/
Time, Major Class Segment Sub-Segment Sub-Segment
Participant
min. Interval Interval
Pages
10 Introduction 5 Introduction/Logistics OV 1
Outline Module Part. 65
5 Module based primarily on the OV 2
ASME Code Section VIII, Division Part. 65
1. Divisions 2 and 3 will be briefly
described
25 General 10 Main Pressure Vessel Components OV 3-9
Part. 67
10 Scope of ASME Code Section VIII OV 10-13
Division 1 Part. 75
Division 2
Division 3
5 Structure of Section VIII, Division 1 OV 14
Part. 78
20 Materials of 15 Material Selection Factors OV 15-31
Construction Strength Part. 79
Corrosion Resistance
Resistance to Hydrogen Attack
Fracture Toughness
Fabricability
5 Maximum Allowable Stress OV 32-34
Part. 87
10 Exercise 10 Material Selection Based On Fracture OV 35-38
Toughness Part. 91
10 Break 10
55 Design 10 Design Conditions and Loadings OV 39-43
Pressure Part. 92
Temperature
Other Loadings
25 Design for Internal Pressure OV 44-55
Weld Joints Part. - 98
Cylindrical Shells
Heads
Conical Sections
Sample Problem
20 Design for External Pressure and OV 56-65
Compressive Stresses Part. 109
Cylindrical Shells
Other Components
Sample Problem
11
Suggested Outline/Teaching Plan, continued
Overheads/
Time, Major Class Segment Sub-Segment Sub-Segment
Participant
min. Interval
Interval Pages
10 - 50 Major Break Lunch or Major Break
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Overview of Pressure Vessel Design
Instructors Personal Notes
OVERVIEW OF
PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN
By: Vincent A. Carucci
Carmagen Engineering, Inc .
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Overview of Pressure Vessel Design
Instructors Personal Notes
Course Overview
General
Materials of Construction
Design
Other Design Considerations
Fabrication
Inspection and Testing
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Overview of Pressure Vessel Design
Instructors Personal Notes
Pressure Vessels
Containers for fluids under pressure
Used in variety of industries
Petroleum refining
Chemical
Power
Pulp and paper
Food
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Overview of Pressure Vessel Design
Instructors Personal Notes
Horizontal Drum on
Saddle Supports Nozzle
A
Shell
Head Head
SectionA-A
Figure 2.1
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Overview of Pressure Vessel Design
Instructors Personal Notes
Vertical Drum
on Leg Supports
Head
Shell Nozzle
Head
Support
Leg
5 Figure 2.2
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Overview of Pressure Vessel Design
Instructors Personal Notes
Tall Vertical Tower
Nozzle
Head
Trays
Shell
Nozzle
Cone
Nozzle
Shell
Nozzle Head
Skirt
Support
6 Figure 2.3
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Overview of Pressure Vessel Design
Instructors Personal Notes
Vertical Reactor
Inlet
Nozzle
Head
Upper
Catalyst
Bed Shell
Catalyst Bed
Support Grid
Lower
Catalyst
Bed
Outlet
Collector
Head
Outlet
Nozzle
Support
Skirt
7 Figure 2.4
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Overview of Pressure Vessel Design
Instructors Personal Notes
Spherical Pressurized
Storage Vessel
Shell
Support
Leg
Cross
Bracing
Figure 2.5
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Overview of Pressure Vessel Design
Instructors Personal Notes
Vertical Vessel on
Lug Supports
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Figure 2.6
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Overview of Pressure Vessel Design
Instructors Personal Notes
Scope of ASME Code
Section VIII
Section VIII used worldwide
Objective: Minimum requirements for safe
construction and operation
Division 1, 2, and 3
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Overview of Pressure Vessel Design
Instructors Personal Notes
Section VIII Division 1
15 psig < P 3000 psig
Applies through first connection to pipe
Other exclusions
Internals (except for attachment weld to vessel)
Fired process heaters
Pressure containers integral with machinery
Piping systems
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Overview of Pressure Vessel Design
Instructors Personal Notes
Section VIII, Division 2,
Alternative Rules
Scope identical to Division 1 but
requirements differ
Allowable stress
Stress calculations
Design
Quality control
Fabrication and inspection
Choice between Divisions 1 and 2 based on
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economics
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Overview of Pressure Vessel Design
Instructors Personal Notes
Division 3, Alternative Rules
High Pressure Vessels
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Overview of Pressure Vessel Design
Instructors Personal Notes
Structure of Section VIII,
Division 1
Subsection A
Part UG applies to all vessels
Subsection B
Requirements based on fabrication method
Parts UW, UF, UB
Subsection C
Requirements based on material class
Parts UCS, UNF, UHA, UCI, UCL, UCD, UHT,
ULW, ULT
Mandatory and Nonmandatory Appendices
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Strength
Corrosion Resistance
Resistance to Hydrogen Attack
Fracture Toughness
Fabricability
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Overview of Pressure Vessel Design
Instructors Personal Notes
Strength
Determines required component thickness
Overall strength determined by:
Yield Strength
Ultimate Tensile Strength
Creep Strength
Rupture Strength
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Overview of Pressure Vessel Design
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Corrosion Resistance
Deterioration of metal by chemical action
Most important factor to consider
Corrosion allowance supplies additional
thickness
Alloying elements provide additional
resistance to corrosion
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Overview of Pressure Vessel Design
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Resistance to
Hydrogen Attack
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Overview of Pressure Vessel Design
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Brittle Fracture
and Fracture Toughness
Fracture toughness: Ability of material to
withstand conditions that could cause
brittle fracture
Brittle fracture
Typically at low temperature
Can occur below design pressure
No yielding before complete failure
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Overview of Pressure Vessel Design
Instructors Personal Notes
Brittle Fracture and
Fracture Toughness, contd
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Overview of Pressure Vessel Design
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Factors That Influence
Fracture Toughness
Fracture toughness varies with:
- Temperature
- Type and chemistry of steel
- Manufacturing and fabrication processes
Other factors that influence fracture
toughness:
- Arc strikes, especially if over repaired area
- Stress raisers or scratches in cold formed thick
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plate
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Overview of Pressure Vessel Design
Instructors Personal Notes
Charpy V-Notch Test Setup
Scale
Starting Position
Hammer
Pointer
h'
Anvil
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Overview of Pressure Vessel Design
Instructors Personal Notes
ASME Code and
Brittle Fracture Evaluation
Components to consider
Shells Nozzles
Manways Tubesheets
Heads Flanges
Reinforcing pads Flat cover plates
Backing strips Attachments essential
that remain in to structural integrity
place that are welded to
pressure parts
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Overview of Pressure Vessel Design
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Temperatures to Consider
Minimum Design Metal Temperature
(MDMT)
Lowest temperature at which component has
adequate fracture toughness
Critical Exposure Temperature (CET)
Minimum temperature at which significant
membrane stress will occur
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Overview of Pressure Vessel Design
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Simplified ASME
Evaluation Approach
Material specifications classified into
Material Groups A through D
Impact test exemption curves
For each Material Group
Acceptable MDMT vs. thickness where impact
testing not required
If combination of Material Group and
thickness not exempt, then must impact test
25at CET
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Overview of Pressure Vessel Design
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Material Groups
MATERIAL
GROUP APPLICABLE MATERIALS
Curve A All carbon and low alloy steel plates, structural shapes, and bars not
listed in Curves B, C & D
SA-216 Gr. WCB & WCC, SA-217 Gr. WC6, if normalized and tempered
or water-quenched and tempered
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Overview of Pressure Vessel Design
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Material Groups, contd
MATERIAL
GROUP APPLICABLE MATERIALS
Curve C SA-182 Gr. 21 & 22, if normalized and tempered
SA-302 Gr. C & D
SA-336 Gr. F21 & F22, if normalized and tempered
SA-387 Gr. 21 & 22, if normalized and tempered
SA-516 Gr. 55 & 60, if not normalized
SA-533 Gr. B & C
SA-662 Gr. A
All material of Curve B if produced to fine grain practice and
normalized which are not included in Curve D
Bolting See Figure UCS-66 of the ASME Code Section VIII, Div. 1, for impact
and Nuts test exemption temperatures for specified material specifications
39
Overview of Pressure Vessel Design
Instructors Personal Notes Impact Test Exemption Curves
for Carbon and Low-Alloy Steel
140
120
100
60
C
40
D
20
-20
-40
-55
-60 Impact testing required
-80
0.394 1 2 3 4 5
Nominal Thickness, in.
(Limited to 4 in. for Welded Construction)
Figure 3.1
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Overview of Pressure Vessel Design
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Additional ASME Code Impact
Test Requirements
Required for welded construction over 4 in.
thick, or nonwelded construction over 6 in.
thick, if MDMT < 120F
Not required for flanges if temperature
-20F
Required if SMYS > 65 ksi unless
specifically exempt
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Overview of Pressure Vessel Design
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Additional ASME Code
Impact Test
Requirements, contd
Not required for impact tested low
temperature steel specifications
May use at impact test temperature
30F MDMT reduction if PWHT P-1 steel
and not required by code
MDMT reduction if calculated stress <
allowable stress
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Overview of Pressure Vessel Design
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Fabricability
Ease of construction
Any required special fabrication practices
Material must be weldable
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Maximum Allowable Stress
Stress: Force per unit area that resists loads
induced by external forces
Pressure vessel components designed to
keep stress within safe operational limits
Maximum allowable stress:
Includes safety margin
Varies with temperature and material
ASME maximum allowable stress tables for
permitted material specifications
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Overview of Pressure Vessel Design
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Maximum Allowable
Stress, contd
ALLOWABLE STRESS IN TENSION FOR CARBON AND
LOW-ALLOY STEEL
Spec No. Grade Nominal P-No. Group No. Min. Yield Min. Tensile
Composition (ksi) (ksi)
Carbon Steel Plates and Sheets
SA-515 55 C-Si 1 1 30 55
60 C-Si 1 1 32 60
65 C-Si 1 1 35 65
70 C-Si 1 2 38 70
SA-516 55 C-Si 1 1 30 55
60 C-Mn-Si 1 1 32 60
65 C-Mn-Si 1 1 35 65
70 C-Mn-Si 1 2 38 70
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Overview of Pressure Vessel Design
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Maximum Allowable
Stress, contd
ALLOWABLE STRESS IN TENSION FOR CARBON AND LOW ALLOY STEEL
Max Allowable Stress, ksi (Multiply by 1,000 to Obtain psi)
for Metal Temperature, F, Not Exceeding
Spec
650 700 750 800 850 900 950 1000 1050 1100 1150 1200 No.
Carbon Steel Plates and Sheets
13.8 13.3 12.1 10.2 8.4 6.5 4.5 2.5 -- -- -- -- SA-515
15.0 14.4 13.0 10.8 8.7 6.5 4.5 2.5 -- -- -- -- SA-515
16.3 15.5 13.9 11.4 9.0 6.5 4.5 2.5 -- -- -- -- SA-515
17.5 16.6 14.8 12.0 9.3 6.5 4.5 2.5 -- -- -- -- SA-515
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Overview of Pressure Vessel Design
Instructors Personal Notes
Material Selection Based
on Fracture Toughness
Exercise 1
New horizontal vessel
CET = - 2F
Shell and heads: SA-516 Gr. 70
Heads hemispherical: in. thick
Cylindrical shell: 1.0 in. thick
No impact testing specified
Is this correct?
If not correct, what should be done?
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Overview of Pressure Vessel Design
Instructors Personal Notes
Exercise 1 - Solution
Must assume SA-516 Gr. 70 not normalized.
Therefore, Curve B material (Ref. Table 3.1).
Refer to Curve B in Figure 3.1.
in. thick plate for heads: MDMT = -7F
in. thick plate exempt from impact testing since
MDMT < CET
1 in. shell plate: MDMT = +31F
Not exempt from impact testing
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Instructors Personal Notes
Exercise 1 - Solution, contd
One approach to correct: Impact test 1 in. plate
at -2F. If passes, material acceptable.
Another approach: Order 1 in. plate normalized
Table 3.1: normalized SA-516 is Curve D material
Figure 3.1: 1 in. thick Curve D, MDMT = -30F
Normalized 1 in. thick plate exempt from impact testing
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Overview of Pressure Vessel Design
Instructors Personal Notes
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Overview of Pressure Vessel Design
Instructors Personal Notes
Design Conditions
and Loadings
Determine vessel mechanical design
Design pressure and temperature, other
loadings
Possibly multiple operating scenarios to
consider
Consider startup, normal operation,
anticipated deviations, shutdown
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Overview of Pressure Vessel Design
Instructors Personal Notes
Design Pressure
PT = Design Pressure at
Top of Vessel
= Weight Density of
Liquid in Vessel
H = Height
of Liquid
Figure 4.1
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Overview of Pressure Vessel Design
Instructors Personal Notes
Temperature Zones
in Tall Vessels
Section 4
(T-Z)
Section 3
(T-Y)
Section 2
(T-X)
Section 1
(T) F
Support Skirt
Grade
Figure 4.2
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Overview of Pressure Vessel Design
Instructors Personal Notes
Additional Loadings
Weight of vessel and normal contents
under operating or test conditions
Superimposed static reactions from weight
of attached items (e.g., motors, machinery,
other vessels, piping, linings, insulation)
Loads at attached internal components or
vessel supports
Wind, snow, seismic reactions
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Overview of Pressure Vessel Design
Instructors Personal Notes
Additional Loadings, contd
Cyclic and dynamic reactions caused by
pressure or thermal variations, equipment
mounted on vessel, and mechanical loadings
Test pressure combined with hydrostatic
weight
Impact reactions (e.g., from fluid shock)
Temperature gradients within vessel
component and differential thermal
expansion between vessel components
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Overview of Pressure Vessel Design
Instructors Personal Notes
C C
C
A
A C
B
A D
D A B
D
B
D B
A
B A C
C D
Figure 4.3
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Overview of Pressure Vessel Design
Instructors Personal Notes
Weld Types
Buttjointsasattainedbydouble-weldingorbyother
1 means which will obtain the same quality of deposited
weld metal on the inside and outside weld surface.
For circumferential
joint only
4 Double-fullfilletlapjoint.
Figure 4.4
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Overview of Pressure Vessel Design
Instructors Personal Notes
Figure 4.5
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Overview of Pressure Vessel Design
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Summary Of ASME
Code Equations
Thickness, Pressure, Stress,
Part tp , in. P, psi S, psi
Pr SE 1t P(r + 0.6t)
Cylindrical shell SE1 0.6P tE1
r + 0.6t
Pr 2SEt P(r + 0.2t )
Spherical shell 2SE1 0.2P r + 0.2t 2tE
Figure 4.6
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Instructors Personal Notes
Typical Formed Closure Heads t
R
sf
sf
ID ID
Flanged Hemispherical
t
t
h
h
sf sf
t t
sf
r
ID ID
Conical Toriconical
48
Figure 4.7
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Overview of Pressure Vessel Design
Instructors Personal Notes
Hemispherical
Head to Shell Transition
th th
Thinner Part
Thinner Part
l 3y
l 3y
Tangent Line
y y
Length of required taper, l,
may include the width
of the weld
ts ts
Figure 4.8
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Overview of Pressure Vessel Design
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Sample Problem 1
Hemispherical
DESIGN INFORMATION
Design Pressure = 250 psig
Design Temperature = 700 F
Shell and Head Material is SA-515
Gr. 60
Corrosion Allowance = 0.125"
4' - 0"
Both Heads are Seamless
60' - 0" Shell and Cone Welds are Double
Welded and will be Spot
Radiographed
The Vessel is in All Vapor Service
Cylinder Dimensions Shown are
Inside Diameters
10' - 0"
6' - 0"
30' - 0"
2:1 Semi-Elliptical
Figure 4.9
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Overview of Pressure Vessel Design
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P = 250 psig
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Overview of Pressure Vessel Design
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Sample Problem 1
Solution, contd
For 6 ft. - 0 in. shell
t = tp + c = 0.747 + 0.125
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Overview of Pressure Vessel Design
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Sample Problem 1
Solution, contd
For 4 ft. - 0 in. shell
250 24.125
tp = = 0.499 in.
14,400 0. 85 0. 6 250
t = 0.499 + 0.125
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Overview of Pressure Vessel Design
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Sample Problem 1
Solution, contd
Both heads are seamless, E = 1.0.
Top Head - Hemispherical (Figure 4.6)
Pr 250 24.125
tp = = = 0.21 in.
2SE1 0.2P 2 14,400 1 0.2 250
t = tp + c = 0.21 + 0.125
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Overview of Pressure Vessel Design
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Sample Problem 1
Solution, contd
Bottom Head - 2:1 Semi-Elliptical (Figure 4.6)
t = 0.628 + 0.125
t = 0.753 in., including corrosion allowance
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Overview of Pressure Vessel Design
Instructors Personal Notes
Design For External
Pressure and Compressive
Stresses
Compressive forces caused by dead
weight, wind, earthquake, internal vacuum
Can cause elastic instability (buckling)
Vessel must have adequate stiffness
Extra thickness
Circumferential stiffening rings
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Overview of Pressure Vessel Design
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Design For
External Pressure and
Compressive Stresses, contd
ASME procedures for cylindrical shells,
heads, conical sections. Function of:
Material Temperature
Diameter Thickness
Unstiffened length
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Overview of Pressure Vessel Design
Instructors Personal Notes
Stiffener Rings
Moment Axis of Ring
h/3
L L L L L
L L L L L
h/3
h = Depth of Head
Figure 4.10
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Instructors Personal Notes
Sample Problem 2
DESIGN INFORMATION
Design Pressure = Full Vacuum
Design Temperature = 500 F
4' - 0" Shell and Head Material is
SA-285 Gr. B, Yield Stress = 27 ksi
Corrosion Allowance = 0.0625"
Cylinder Dimension Shown
150' - 0"
is Inside Diameter
2:1 Semi-Elliptical
(Typical)
Figure 4.11
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Sample Problem 2 - Solution
Calculate L and Do of cylindrical shell.
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Sample Problem 2
Solution, contd
Determine A.
Use Figure 4.12, Do /t, and L/Do.
Note: If L/Do > 50, use L/Do = 50. For L/Do < 0.05, use
L/Do = 0.05
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Sample Problem 2
Solution, contd
A = 0.000065
Do/t = 100
.0001
4 5 6 789
D o/t = 125
Do /t = 130 D o/t = 150
D /t = 200
o
3
D o/t = 250 0
00 00 00 800 ,00
= 4 t=5 t = 6 =1
2
/t =
.00001
D o/t = 300 /t / / /t
Do Do Do Do Do
50.0
40.0
35.0
30.0
25.0
20.0
18.0
14.0
10.0
9.0
8.0
7.0
6.0
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
16.0
12.0
5.0
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
Length + Outside Diameter = L/Do
L/Do = 37
Factor A
Figure 4.12
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Sample Problem 2
Solution, contd
20,000
GENERAL NOTE: See Table CS-1 for tabular values 18,000
up to 300F 16,000
500F 14,000
700F 12,000
800F 10,000
FACTOR B
900F 9,000
8,000
E=29.0 x 106
7,000
E=27.0 x 106
6,000
E=24.5 x 106
5,000
2,500
2,000
2 3 4 5 6 789 2 3 4 5 6 789 2 3 4 5 6789 2 3 4 5 6 789
.00001 .0001 .001 .01 .1
A=0.000065 FACTOR A
Factor B
63 Figure 4.13
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Sample Problem 2
Solution, contd
Calculate maximum allowable external pressure
2AE
Pa =
3(Do / t )
Where:
E = Young's modulus of elasticity
E = 27 106 psi (Figure 4.13) at T = 500F
P a = 9 psi
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Sample Problem 2
Solution, contd
Since Pa < 15 psi, 7/16 in. thickness not sufficient
Assume new thickness = 9/16 in.,
corroded thickness L = 1/2 in.
Do 48. 875 L
= = 97.75 = 3 7 (as before)
t 0. 5 Do
A = 0.000114
2 0.000114 27 10 6
Pa = = 15. 7 psi
3 130. 33
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Exercise 2 - Required
Thickness for Internal Pressure
Inside Diameter - 10 - 6
Design Pressure - 650 psig
Design Temperature - 750F
Shell & Head Material - SA-516 Gr. 70
Corrosion Allowance - 0.125 in.
2:1 Semi-Elliptical heads, seamless
100% radiography
Vessel in vapor service
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Exercise 2 - Solution
For shell tp =
Pr
SE 1 0 .6P
P = 650 psig
r = 0.5 D + CA
= (0.5 126) + 0.125 = 63.125 in.
S = 16,600 psi, Figure 3.3 for SA-516 Gr. 70
E = 1.0, Figure 4.8 for 100% radiography
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Exercise 2 - Solution, contd
Add corrosion allowance
tp = 2.53 + 0.125 = 2.655 in.
For the heads
PD
tp =
2 SE 0. 2P
68
tp = 2.23 + 0.125 = 2.355 in.
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Reinforcement of Openings
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Cross Sectional View of
Nozzle Opening
Dp
tn Rn
t rn
2.5t or 2.5t n + te te
Use smaller value tr
t c
2.5t or 2.5t n h
Use smaller value d
d or R n + tn + t d or R n + tn + t
Figure 4.14
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Nozzle Design Configurations
(a)
Full Penetration Weld
With Integral Reinforcement (a-1) (a-2) (a-3)
Separate Reinforcement Plates Added
(f-1) (f-3)
(f-2)
(f-4) (g)
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Figure 4.15
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Overview of Pressure Vessel Design
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Additional Reinforcement
Necessary if insufficient excess thickness
Must be located within reinforcement zone
Allowable stress of reinforcement pad
should be that of shell or head
Additional reinforcement sources
Pad
Additional thickness in shell or lower part of
nozzle
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Sample Problem 3
DESIGN INFORMATION
Design Pressure = 300 psig
Design Temperature = 200 F
Shell Material is SA-516 Gr. 60
Nozzle Material is SA-53 Gr. B, Seamless
Corrosion Allowance = 0.0625"
Vessel is 100% Radiographed
Nozzle does not pass through Vessel Weld Seam
NPS 8 Nozzle
(8.625" OD)
0.5" Thick
Figure 4.16
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Sample Problem 3 - Solution
Calculate required reinforcement area, A
A = dtrF
Where:
d = Finished diameter of circular opening, or
finished dimension of nonradial opening in
plane under consideration, in.
tr = Minimum required thickness of shell using
E = 1.0, in.
F = Correction factor, normally 1.0
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Sample Problem 3 -
Solution, contd
Calculate diameter, d.
d = Diameter of Opening 2 (Thickness +
Corrosion Allowance)
d = 8.625 1.0 + .125 = 7.750 in.
Calculate required shell thickness, t r (Figure 4.6)
tr = 0.487 in.
Assume F = 1.0
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Sample Problem 3 -
Solution, contd
Calculate A
A = dtr F
A = (8.625 - 1.0 + 0.125) 0.487 1
= 3.775 in.2
Calculate available reinforcement area in vessel
shell, A 1, as larger of A 11 or A1 2
A1 1 = (E lt - Ftr)d
76
A1 2 = 2 (Elt-Ftr)(t + tn)
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Sample Problem 3 -
Solution, contd
Where:
E l = 1.0 when opening is in base plate away from welds,
or when opening passes through circumferential joint
in shell (excluding head to shell joints).
E l = ASME Code joint efficiency when any part of opening
passes through any other welded joint.
F = 1 for all cases except integrally reinforced nozzles
inserted into a shell or cone at angle to vessel
longitudinal axis. See Fig. UG-37 for this special
case.
tn = Nominal thickness of nozzle in corroded condition, in.
77
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Overview of Pressure Vessel Design
Instructors Personal Notes
Sample Problem 3 -
Solution, contd
A 11 = (Elt - Ftr)d = (0.5625 - 0.0625 - 0.487) 7.75 = 0.1 in.2
A 12 = 2 (Elt - Ftr ) (t + t n)
= 0.0243 in. 2
Therefore,
A1 = 0.1 in.2 available reinforcement in shell
78
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Overview of Pressure Vessel Design
Instructors Personal Notes
Sample Problem 3 -
Solution, contd
Calculate reinforcement area available in nozzle wall, A2,
as smaller of A21 or A22.
A21 = (tn-tr n) 5t
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Overview of Pressure Vessel Design
Instructors Personal Notes
Sample Problem 3 -
Solution, contd
Where:
te = 0 if no reinforcing pad.
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Overview of Pressure Vessel Design
Instructors Personal Notes
Sample Problem 3 -
Solution, contd
Calculate required nozzle thickness, trn (Figure 4.6)
Pr
t rn =
SE1 0. 6P
81
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Overview of Pressure Vessel Design
Instructors Personal Notes
Sample Problem 3 -
Solution, contd
Calculate A2.
A21 = (tn - trn)5t = (0.5 - 0.0625 - 0.0784) 5 (0.5625 - 0.0625)
= 0.898 in.2
A22 = 2 (tn - t rn) (2.5 tn + te)
= 2 (0.5 - 0.0625 - 0.0784) [2.5 (0.5 - 0625) + 0]
= 0.786 in.2
Therefore,
A2 = 0.786 in.2 available reinforcement in nozzle.
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Sample Problem 3 -
Solution, contd
Determine total available reinforcement area, A T;
compare to required area.
AT = A1 + A2 = 0.1 + 0.786 = 0.886 in.2
AT < A, nozzle not adequately reinforced, reinforcement
pad required.
Determine reinforcement pad diameter, Dp.
A5 = A - AT
A5 = (3.775 - 0.886) = 2.889 in.2
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Overview of Pressure Vessel Design
Instructors Personal Notes
Sample Problem 3 -
Solution, contd
Calculate Dp
te = 0.5625 in. (reinforcement pad thickness)
A 5 = [Dp - (d + 2 t n)] te
2.889 = [Dp - (7.75 + 2(0.5 - 0.0625)] 0.5625
Dp = 13.761 in.
Confirm Dp within shell reinforcement zone, 2d
2d = 2 7.75 = 15.5 in.
Therefore, Dp = 13.761 in. acceptable
84
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Overview of Pressure Vessel Design
Instructors Personal Notes
Flange Rating
Based on ASME B16.5
Seven classes
(150, 300, 400, 600, 900, 1,500, 2,500)
85
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Instructors Personal Notes
Figure 4.17
86
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Overview of Pressure Vessel Design
Instructors Personal Notes
Pressure - Temperature Ratings
Material
1.1 1.2 1.3
Group No.
Classes 150 300 400 150 300 400 150 300 400
Temp., F
-20 to 100 285 740 990 290 750 1000 265 695 925
200 260 675 900 260 750 1000 250 655 875
300 230 655 875 230 730 970 230 640 850
400 200 635 845 200 705 940 200 620 825
500 170 600 800 170 665 885 170 585 775
600 140 550 730 140 605 805 140 534 710
650 125 535 715 125 590 785 125 525 695
700 110 535 710 110 570 755 110 520 690
750 95 505 670 95 505 670 95 475 630
800 80 410 550 80 410 550 80 390 520
850 65 270 355 65 270 355 65 270 355
900 50 170 230 50 170 230 50 170 230
950 35 105 140 35 105 140 35 105 140
1000 20 50 70 20 50 70 20 50 70
Figure 4.18
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Overview of Pressure Vessel Design
Instructors Personal Notes
Sample Problem 4
Determine Required Flange Rating
88
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Overview of Pressure Vessel Design
Instructors Personal Notes
Sample Problem 4 - Solution
Identify flange material specification
SA-105
From Figure 4.17, determine Material Group No.
Group 1.1
From Figure 4.18 with design temperature and
Material Group No. determined in Step 3
Intersection of design temperature with Material
Group No. is maximum allowable design pressure for
the flange Class
89
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Overview of Pressure Vessel Design
Instructors Personal Notes
Sample Problem 4 -
Solution, contd
Table 2 of ASME B16.5, design information for all
flange Classes
Select lowest Class whose maximum allowable
design pressure required design pressure.
90
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Overview of Pressure Vessel Design
Instructors Personal Notes
Flange Design
Bolting requirements
During normal operation (based on design
conditions)
During initial flange boltup (based on stress
necessary to seat gasket and form tight seal
W
Am =
S
91
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Overview of Pressure Vessel Design
Instructors Personal Notes
Flange Loads and
Moment Arms
Flange
Ring
Gasket
t h
A hG W
C
hT hD
g1
HT
G
HD B g0
HG
Flange Hub
Figure 4.19
92
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Overview of Pressure Vessel Design
Instructors Personal Notes
Stresses in Flange Ring
and Hub
Calculated using:
Stress factors (from ASME code)
Applied moments
Flange geometry
Calculated for:
Operating case
Gasket seating case
93
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Overview of Pressure Vessel Design
Instructors Personal Notes
Flange Design and
In-Service Performance
Factors affecting design and performance
ASME Code m and y parameters.
Specified gasket widths.
Flange facing and nubbin width, w
Bolt size, number, spacing
94
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Overview of Pressure Vessel Design
Instructors Personal Notes
ASME Code m and y Factors
Min.
Facing Sketch
Gasket Design
and Column in
Gasket Type and Material Factor, Seating
ASME Table 2-5.2
m Stress y,
(Figure 4.21)
psi
Figure 4.20
95
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Overview of Pressure Vessel Design
Instructors Personal Notes
ASME Code Gasket Widths
Facing Sketch Basic Gasket Seating Width bo
(Exaggerated)
Column I Column II
N N
(1a) N N
N 2 2
N
(1b)
w
T
w+ T w+ N
(1c)
N
w N ; max
w + T ; w + N max 2 4
w
T
2 4
N
(1d) w N
HG HG
G hG G hG
O.D. Contact Face
b C Gasket
L Face
Figure 4.21
96
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Overview of Pressure Vessel Design
Instructors Personal Notes
Gasket Materials
and Contact Facings
Gasket Materials and Contact Facings
Gasket Factors m for Operating Conditions and Minimum Design Seating Stress y
Gasket Material Gasket Min. Sketches Facing
Factor Design Sketch and
m Seating Column in
Stress y, Table 2-5.2
psi
Flat metal, jacketed asbestos filled: 3.25 5500 (1a), (1b),
Soft aluminum 3.50 6500 (1c),2, (1d) 2,
Soft copper or brass 3.75 7600 (2)2,
Iron or soft steel 3.50 8000 Column II
Monel 3.75 9000
4% - 6% chrome 3.75 9000
Stainless steels and nickel-base alloys
Figure 4.22
97
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Overview of Pressure Vessel Design
Instructors Personal Notes
Maximum Allowable
Working Pressure (MAWP)
Maximum permitted gauge pressure at top of
vessel in operating position for designated
temperature
MAWP Design Pressure
Designated Temperature = Design Temperature
Vessel MAWP based on weakest component
Originally based on new thickness less corrosion
allowance
Later based on actual thickness less future corrosion
98 allowance needed
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Overview of Pressure Vessel Design
Instructors Personal Notes
Local Loads
Piping system
Support attachment
99
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Instructors Personal Notes
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Overview of Pressure Vessel Design
Instructors Personal Notes
ASME Code and
Vessel Internals
Loads applied from internals on vessel to be
considered in design
101
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Overview of Pressure Vessel Design
Instructors Personal Notes
Corrosion Allowance
For Vessel Internals
Removable internals: CA = CA of shell
Costs less
Easily replaced
102
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Overview of Pressure Vessel Design
Instructors Personal Notes
Head-to-Shell Transitions
th th
Thinner part
Thinner part
l l
Tangent
y Line
y
ts t
s
th th
y Tangent y
Line
Thinner part
l
Thinner part
l
t t
s s
Fillet
Weld
Butt Weld
Figure 6.1
103
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Overview of Pressure Vessel Design
Instructors Personal Notes
CL CL
In all cases, l shall not
be less than 3y.
y
C
L
Figure 6.2
104
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Overview of Pressure Vessel Design
Instructors Personal Notes
Nozzle Neck
Thickness Tapers
Figure 6.3
105
117
Overview of Pressure Vessel Design
Instructors Personal Notes
Stiffener Rings
Figure 6.4
106
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Overview of Pressure Vessel Design
Instructors Personal Notes
Post Weld Heat Treatment
Restores material properties
Relieves residual stresses
ASME Code PWHT requirements
Minimum temperature and hold time
Adequate stress relief
Heatup and cooldown rates
107
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Overview of Pressure Vessel Design
Instructors Personal Notes
Welds
Dimensional requirements
Equipment documentation
108
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Overview of Pressure Vessel Design
Instructors Personal Notes
Common Weld Defects
Lack of Fusion
Incomplete Penetration
ExternalUndercut
Internal Undercut
Undercut
Figure 7.1
109
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Overview of Pressure Vessel Design
Instructors Personal Notes
Weld Defects
Presence of defects:
110
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Overview of Pressure Vessel Design
Instructors Personal Notes
Types of NDE
NDE TYPE DEFECTS ADVANTAGES LIMITATIONS
DETECTED
Radiographic Gas pockets, slag Produces Expensive.
inclusions, permanent record. Not practical for
incomplete Detects small flaws. complex shapes.
penetration, cracks Most effective for
butt-welded joints.
Visual Porosity holes, slag Helps pinpoint Can only detect
inclusions, weld areas for additional what is clearly
undercuts, NDE. visible.
overlapping
Liquid Penetrant Weld surface-type Used for ferrous Can only detect
defects: cracks, and nonferrous surface
seams, porosity, materials. Simple imperfections.
folds, pits, and less expensive
inclusions, than RT, MT, or UT.
shrinkage
Magnetic Particle Cracks, porosity, Flaws up to in. Cannot be used on
lack of fusion beneath surface can nonferrous
be detected. materials.
Ultrasonic Subsurface flaws: Can be used for Equipment must be
laminations, slag thick plates, welds, constantly
inclusions castings, forgings. calibrated.
May be used for
welds where RT not
practical.
Figure 7.2
111
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Overview of Pressure Vessel Design
Instructors Personal Notes
Typical RT Setup
X-Ray Tube
X-Ray
Film
Test Specimen
Figure 7.3
112
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Overview of Pressure Vessel Design
Instructors Personal Notes
Pulse Echo UT System
Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)
A C
B Read Out
BaseLine
Input-Output Cable
Generator
Transducer
Couplant
Test Specimen
Flaw
Figure 7.4
113
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Overview of Pressure Vessel Design
Instructors Personal Notes
Pressure Testing
Typically use water as test medium
Demonstrates structural and mechanical
integrity after fabrication and inspection
Higher test pressure provides safety margin
PT = 1.5 P (Ratio)
114
S( test temperatur e)
S ( design temperatur e)
126
Overview of Pressure Vessel Design
Instructors Personal Notes
127
Overview of Pressure Vessel Design
Instructors Personal Notes
Summary
Overview of pressure vessel mechanical design
ASME Section VIII, Division 1
Covered
Materials Design
Fabrication Inspection
Testing
116
128
Appendix A
Reproducible Overheads
Appendix B
Course & Instructor Evaluation Form
ASME Career Development Series Course Evaluation
A. Course Evaluation
Please record your overall reaction to the program by placing a circle around the appropriate
number on the scale.
Please evaluate the course by circling E (excellent), G (good), F (fair), or P (poor) in the appropriate location.
3. What changes, if any, would you make in the program content and/or format?
4. Can you share with us any comments about this program that we coul use as a quote on our course
literature?
Optional Information:
Name: _______________________________ Title: _______________________________
Company: ____________________________ City, State: __________________________
131
B. Instructors Evaluation
Please evaluate the instructor(s) by circling E (excellent), G (good), F (fair), or P (poor) in the
appropriate location
C. Facilities
6. How would you rate the meeting site?
8. In what other cities would you like to see this course held?
9. Additional Comments:
11. What educational products would you like to see sponsored by ASME and in what medium?
132
Appendix C
133
ASME Career Development Series
Continuing Education Unit (CEU) Request Form
Each 4-hour ASME Career Development Series Course earns 0.4 CEUs
Please send this form, along with a check made out to ASME
for the standard fee of $15.00 to:
ASME Continuing Education Institute
Three Park Avenue
New York, NY 10016-5990
Your Certificate will be prepared and sent to the address you indicated above.
134
ASME Career Development Series
Course Improvement Form
Important Note: Submission of this form is optional. However, we would like to solicit the comments of the
Instructor so that we may continuing improve on the Career Development Series. Any instructors
who would like to write a course should indicate so on this form and an authors package will be
forwarded to you.
Name: _________________________________________________________
Address: _______________________________________________________
City/State/Zip: __________________________________________________
Telephone: ______________________________
Fax: ____________________________________
Email: __________________________________
Comments:
135
ASME Career Development Series
Instructors Biography Form
Important Note: Submission of this form is required every time a Career Development
Series Course is taught. ASME cannot process attendees CEU requests without
this form.
Course: ____________________________________________________
Location: ___________________________________________________
Instructor: __________________________________________________
136
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