Contents page

Index No. Title Pages

1 Acknowledgements

2 Objectives

3 Introduction
Introducing
calculus
History of
calculus
Application of
calculus

4 Task specification

5 Questions
PART 1
PART 2
PART 3
Further
Exploration

6 Conclusion

7 Reflection

8 References
Acknowledgements
Firstly, Id like to thank the pioneers of mathematics, from
Pythagoras to Archimedes, Rene Descartes to Isaac Newton and many,
many more, for all the hours they have slaved and contributed to making
new and progressive discoveries in the field of mathematics, thus shaping
the mathematics that we know today and to some extent, shaping our
modern, technology-infused world as well. Without them, I could not even
do this additional mathematics project as the whole project itself is largely
based on mathematical concepts and formula that these brilliant
mathematicians have come up with.

Id also like to thank my father and mother, Lok Eng Wah and Lim
Bee Yan, for all the time and space they have given me to do this add
maths project. If it werent for them, I wouldnt even have the laptop
which I am using now to type out this project. They are the backbone to all
my achievements, and have always been there for me whenever I need
help.

Furthermore, I could not forget to thank my add maths teacher, Pn

Tan Chooi Ping, for all the guidance and teaching she has given my whole
class during her add maths lessons. She is a great teacher who
understands the subject fully and never hesitates to answer any questions
the class should pose. She is open to alternative methods in solving
questions and allows us to think for ourselves so that we can better
understand the subject of additional mathematics. Without her guidance,
many aspects of add maths would still be a blur to me, and I would not be
able to do this project. I have a lot to thank her for.

Last but not least, Id like to thank my friends and classmates for
clearing up any questions I had about this add maths project and taking
the time to explain further details about the project to me. They also
offered me suggestions on how I could carry out the project and helped
me out when I was stuck.

Thanks to all the kind people around the world as well who have
posted an abundance of information on the internet about maths and add
maths. The information helped me in leaps and bounds to carry out my
project and has also deepened my interest towards this subject.
Objectives
I, Lok Huey Ning, from class 5 Orkid, SMK BUD(3) has carried out this form
5 additional mathematics projects with several objectives in mind.

The aims of carrying out this project work are:

1) To apply and adapt a variety of problem-solving strategies to solve

problems;
2) To improve thinking skills;
3) To promote effective mathematical communication;
4) To develop mathematical knowledge through problem solving in a
way that increases students interest and confidence;
5) To use the language of mathematics to express mathematical ideas
precisely;
6) To provide a learning environment that stimulates and enhances
effective learning;
7) To develop a positive attitude towards mathematics;
Introduction to calculus
The idea of calculus had been developed earlier in Egypt, Greece, China,
India, Iraq, Persia and Japan. The use of calculus began in Europe, during the 17 th
century, when Isaac Newton and Gottfried Wilheim Leibniz built on the work of
earlier mathematicians to introduce the basic principles. The development of
calculus was built on earlier concepts of instantaneous motion and area under
the curve.

Application of differential calculus includes computations involving velocity

and acceleration, the slope of curve and optimization. Application of integral
calculus includes computations involving area, volume, arc length, centre of
mass, work and pressure. Calculus is also used to gain a more precise
understanding of the nature of space, time and motion.

Among the core principles of calculus are:

Limits and infinitesimals

Differential calculus
Leibniz notation
Integral calculus
Fundamental theorem

A Brief History of Calculus

Calculus was created by Isaac Newton, a British scientist, as well as Gottfried
Leibniz, a self-taught German mathematician, in the 17th century. It has been
long disputed who should take credit for inventing calculus first, but both
independently made discoveries that led to what we know now as calculus.
Newton discovered the inverse relationship between the derivative (slope of a
curve) and the integral (the area beneath it), which deemed him as the creator of
calculus. Thereafter, calculus was actively used to solve the major scientific
dilemmas of the time, such as:

calculating the slope of the tangent line to a curve at any point along its
length
determining the velocity and acceleration of an object given a function
describing its position, and designing such a position function given the
object's velocity or acceleration
calculating arc lengths and the volume and surface area of solids
calculating the relative and absolute extrema of objects, especially
projectiles

For Newton, the applications for calculus were geometrical and related to the
physical world - such as describing the orbit of the planets around the sun. For
Leibniz, calculus was more about analysis of change in graphs. Leibniz's work
was just as important as Newton's, and many of his notations are used today,
such as the notations for taking the derivative and the integral.

Applications of Calculus
With calculus, we have the ability to find the effects of changing conditions on a
system. By studying these, you can learn how to control a system to make it do
what you want it to do. Because of the ability to model and control systems,
calculus gives us extraordinary power over the material world.

Calculus is the language of engineers, scientists, and economists. The work of

these professionals has a huge impact on our daily life - from your microwaves,
cell phones, TV, and car to medicine, economy, and national defence.

Credit card companies use calculus to set the minimum payments due on credit
card statements at the exact time the statement is processed by considering
multiple variables such as changing interest rates and a fluctuating available
balance.

Biologists use differential calculus to determine the exact rate of growth in a

bacterial culture when different variables such as temperature and food source
are changed. This research can help increase the rate of growth of necessary
bacteria, or decrease the rate of growth for harmful and potentially threatening
bacteria.

An electrical engineer uses integration to determine the exact length of power

cable needed to connect two substations that are miles apart. Because the cable
is hung from poles, it is constantly curving. Calculus allows a precise figure to be
determined.

An architect will use integration to determine the amount of materials necessary

to construct a curved dome over a new sports arena, as well as calculate the
weight of that dome and determine the type of support structure required.

Space flight engineers frequently use calculus when planning lengthy missions.
To launch an exploratory probe, they must consider the different orbiting
velocities of the Earth and the planet the probe is targeted for, as well as other
gravitational influences like the sun and the moon. Calculus allows each of those
variables to be accurately taken into account.

Statisticians will use calculus to evaluate survey data to help develop business
plans for different companies. Because a survey involves many different
questions with a range of possible answers, calculus allows a more accurate
prediction for appropriate action.

A physicist uses calculus to find the center of mass of a sports utility vehicle to
design appropriate safety features that must adhere to federal specifications on
different road surfaces and at different speeds.
An operations research analyst will use calculus when observing different
processes at a manufacturing corporation. By considering the value of different
variables, they can help a company improve operating efficiency, increase
production, and raise profits.

A graphics artist uses calculus to determine how different three-dimensional

models will behave when subjected to rapidly changing conditions. This can
create a realistic environment for movies or video games.

Obviously, a wide variety of careers regularly use calculus. Universities, the

military, government agencies, airlines, entertainment studios, software
companies, and construction companies are only a few employers who seek
individuals with a solid knowledge of calculus. Even doctors and lawyers use
calculus to help build the discipline necessary for solving complex problems,
such as diagnosing patients or planning a prosecution case. Despite its mystique
as a more complex branch of mathematics, calculus touches our lives each day,
in ways too numerous to calculate.

Task Specification
The main topic for this additional mathematics project work 2014 is
modern calculus. I, Lok Huey Ning, as a student of 5 Orkid, SMK BUD(3)
have typed and written out a report on modern calculus which includes an
introduction to modern calculus and its history and applications.

There were 3 tasks to complete for this project.

In part 1, I had to choose a pioneer of modern calculus that I like and write
about his background history. Then, I had to present my findings using one
or more i-think maps.

In part 2, I had to solve an add maths question based on a velocity-time

graph using my knowledge and understanding of the concept of calculus
and its formulas. I then had to write a story based on the graph.

In part 3, there was another add maths question to solve based on the
concept of the area and volume under a curve. I had to use either a
scientific calculator or suitable computer software to find the answer.

In a section called Further Exploration, I was required to find the volume of

revolution of a solid gold ring and estimate the cost of gold needed for the
ring.
Questions
PART 1

Choose a pioneer of modern calculus that you like and write about his
background history. Hence, present your findings using one or more i-Think
maps.

English physicist and mathematician Sir Isaac Newton, most famous for his law of
gravitation, was instrumental in the scientific revolution of the 17th century.

Philosopher,
Mathematician, Astronomer,
NAME Physicist, Scientist
Isaac Newton
BIRTH DATE
OCCUPATION January 4, 1643
 DEATH DATE PLACE OF BIRTH
March 31, 1727 Woolsthorpe, Lincolnshire,
England, United Kingdom

PLACE OF DEATH
London, England, United
Kingdom

EDUCATION
University of Cambridge, Trinity
College, The King's School
Synopsis
Born on January 4, 1643, in Woolsthorpe, England, Isaac Newton was an
established physicist and mathematician, and is credited as one of the great
minds of the 17th century Scientific Revolution. With discoveries in optics,
motion and mathematics, Newton developed the principles of modern physics. In
1687, he published his most acclaimed work, Philosophiae, Natrualis, Principia
Mathematica (Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy), which has been
called the single-most influential book on physics. Newton died in London on
March 31, 1727.

Early Life
On January 4, 1643, Isaac Newton was born in the hamlet of Woolsthorpe,
Lincolnshire, England. He was the only son of a prosperous local farmer, also
named Isaac Newton, who died three months before he was born. A premature
baby born tiny and weak, Newton was not expected to survive. When he was 3
years old, his mother, Hannah Ayscough Newton, remarried a well-to-do minister,
Barnabas Smith, and went to live with him, leaving young Newton with his
maternal grandmother. The experience left an indelible imprint on Newton, later
manifesting itself as an acute sense of insecurity. He anxiously obsessed over his
published work, defending its merits with irrational behavior.

At age 12, Newton was reunited with his mother after her second husband died.
She brought along her three small children from her second marriage. Newton
had been enrolled at the King's School in Grantham, a town in Lincolnshire,
where he lodged with a local apothecary and was introduced to the fascinating
world of chemistry. His mother pulled him out of school, for her plan was to make
him a farmer and have him tend the farm. Newton failed miserably for he found
farming monotonous.

He soon was returned to King's School to finish his basic education. Perhaps
sensing his innate intellectual abilities, his uncle, a graduate of the University of
Cambridge's Trinity College, persuaded Newton's mother to have him enter the
university. Newton enrolled in a program similar to a work study in 1661, and
subsequently waited on tables and took care of wealthier students' rooms.

When Newton arrived at Cambridge, the Scientific Revolution of the 17th century
was already in full force. The heliocentric view of the universetheorized by
astronomers Nicolaus Copernicus and Johannes Kepler, and later refined by
Galileowas well known in most European academic circles. Philosopher Ren
Descartes had begun to formulate a new conception of nature as an intricate,
impersonal, and inert machine. Yet, as with most universities in Europe,
Cambridge was steeped in Aristotelian philosophy and view of nature resting on
a geocentric view of the universe and dealing with nature in qualitative rather
than quantitative terms.
During his first three years at Cambridge, Newton was taught the standard
curriculum, but was fascinated with the more advanced science. All his spare
time was spent reading from the modern philosophers. The result was a less-
than-stellar performance, but one that is understandable given his dual course of
study. It was during this time that Newton kept a second set of notes, entitled
"Quaestiones Quaedam Philosophicae" ("Certain Philosophical Questions"). The
"Quaestiones" reveal that Newton had discovered the new conception of nature
that provided the framework for the Scientific Revolution.

Though Newton graduated with no honors or distinctions, his efforts won him the
title of scholar and four years of financial support for future education.
Unfortunately, in 1665, the Great Plague that was ravaging Europe had come to
Cambridge, forcing the university to close. Newton returned home to pursue his
private study. It was during this 18-month hiatus that he conceived the method
of infinitesimal calculus, set foundations for his theory of light and color, and
gained significant insight into the laws of planetary motioninsights that
eventually led to the publication of his Principia in 1687. Legend has it that, at
this time, Newton experienced his famous inspiration of gravity with the falling
apple.

With the threat of plague subsided in 1667, Newton returned to Cambridge and
was elected a minor fellow at Trinity College, still not considered a standout
scholar. However, in the ensuing years, his fortune improved. Newton received
his Master of Arts degree in 1669, before he was 27. During this time, he came
across Nicholas Mercator's published book on methods for dealing with infinite
series. Newton quickly wrote a treatise, De Analysi, expounding his own wider
ranging results. He shared this with friend and mentor Isaac Barrow, but didn't
include his name as author.

In June 1669, Barrow shared the unaccredited manuscript with British

mathematician John Collins. In August 1669, Barrow identified its author to
Collins as "Mr. Newton ... a very young ... but of an extraordinary genius and
proficiency in these things." Newton's work was brought to the attention of the
mathematics community for the first time. Shortly afterward, Barrow resigned his
Lucasian Professorship at Cambridge, and Newton assumed the chair.

Professional Life
As professor, Newton was exempted from tutoring but required to deliver an
annual course of lectures. He chose to deliver his work on optics as his initial
topic. Part of Newton's study of optics was aided with the use of a reflecting
telescope that he designed and constructed in 1668his first major public
scientific achievement. This invention helped prove his theory of light and color.
The Royal Society asked for a demonstration of his reflecting telescope in 1671,
and the organization's interest encouraged Newton to publish his notes on light,
optics and color in 1672; these notes were later published as part of Newton's
Opticks: Or, A treatise of the Reflections, Refractions, Inflexions and Colours of
Light.
However, not everyone at the Royal Academy was enthusiastic about Newton's
discoveries in optics. Among some of the dissenters was Robert Hooke, one of
the original members of the Royal Academy and a scientist who was
accomplished in a number of areas, including mechanics and optics. In his paper,
Newton theorized that white light was a composite of all colors of the spectrum,
and that light was composed of particles. Hooke believed that light was
composed of waves. Hooke quickly condemned Newton's paper in
condescending terms, and attacked Newton's methodology and conclusions.

Hooke was not the only one to question Newton's work in optics. Renowned
Dutch scientist Christian Huygens and a number of French Jesuits also raised
objections. But because of Hooke's association with the Royal Society and his
own work in optics, his criticism stung Newton the worst. Unable to handle the
critique, he went into a ragea reaction to criticism that was to continue
throughout his life.

Newton denied Hooke's charge that his theories had any shortcomings, and
argued the importance of his discoveries to all of science. In the ensuing months,
exchange between the two men grew more acrimonious and soon Newton
threatened to quit the Society altogether. He remained only when several other
members assured him that the Fellows held him in high esteem.

However, the rivalry between Newton and Hooke would continue for several
years thereafter. Then, in 1678, Newton suffered a complete nervous breakdown
and the correspondence abruptly ended. The death of his mother the following
year caused him to become even more isolated, and for six years he withdrew
from intellectual exchange except when others initiated correspondence, which
he always kept short.

During his hiatus from public life, Newton returned to his study of gravitation and
its effects on the orbits of planets. Ironically, the impetus that put Newton on the
right direction in this study came from Robert Hooke. In a 1679 letter of general
correspondence to Royal Society members for contributions, Hooke wrote to
Newton and brought up the question of planetary motion suggesting that a
formula involving the inverse squares might explain the attraction between
planets and the shape of their orbits.

Subsequent exchanges transpired before Newton quickly broke off the

correspondence once again. But Hooke's idea was soon incorporated into
Newton's work on planetary motion and from his notes it appears he had quickly
drawn his own conclusions by 1680, though he kept his discoveries to himself.

In early 1684, in a conversation with fellow Royal Society members Christopher

Wren and Edmond Halley, Hooke made is case on the proof for planetary motion.
Both Wren and Halley thought he was on to something, but pointed out that a
mathematical demonstration was needed. In August 1684, Halley traveled to
Cambridge to visit with Newton, who was coming out of his seclusion. Halley idly
asked him what shape the orbit of a planet would take if its attraction to the sun
followed the inverse square of the distance between them (Hooke's theory).
Newton knew the answer due to his concentrated work for the past six years and
replied "an ellipse." Newton claimed to have solved the problem some eighteen
years ago during his hiatus from Cambridge and the plague, but he was unable
to find his notes. Halley persuaded him to work out the problem mathematically
and offered to pay all costs so that the ideas might be published.

Publishing 'Principia'
In 1687, after 18 months of intense and effectively non-stop work, Newton
published Philosophiae, Natrualis, Principia Mathematica (Mathematical Principles
of Natural Philosophy). Said to be the single-most influential book on physics and
possibly all of science, it is most often known as Principia and contains
information on nearly all of the essential concepts of physics, except energy.

The work offers an exact quantitative description of bodies in motion in three

basic laws: 1) A stationary body will stay stationary unless an external force is
applied to it; 2) Force is equal to mass times acceleration, and a change in
motion is proportional to the force applied; and 3) For every action, there is an
equal and opposite reaction. These three laws not only helped explain elliptical
planetary orbits but nearly every other motion in the universe: how the planets
are kept in orbit by the pull of the suns gravity; how the moon revolves around
earth and the moons of Jupiter revolve around it; how comets revolve in elliptical
orbits around the sun.

The laws also allowed Newton to calculate the mass of each planet, calculate the
flattening of the Earth at the polls and the bulge at the equator, and how
gravitational pull of the sun and moon create the Earths tides. In Newton's
account, gravity kept the universe balanced, made it work, and brought heaven
and earth together in one great equation.

Upon the publication of the first edition of Principia, Robert Hooke immediately
accused Newton of plagiarism, claiming that he had discovered the theory of
inverse squares and that Newton had stolen his work. The charge was
unfounded, as most scientists knew, for Hooke had only theorized on the idea
and had never brought it to any level of proof. However, Newton was furious and
strongly defended his discoveries.

He withdrew all references to Hooke in his notes and threatened to withdraw

from publishing the subsequent edition of Principia altogether. Halley, who had
invested much of himself in Newton's work, tried to make peace between the two
men. While Newton begrudgingly agreed to insert a joint acknowledgement of
Hooke's work (shared with Wren and Halley) in his discussion of the law of
inverse squares, it did nothing to placate Hooke.

As the years went on, Hooke's life began to unravel. His beloved niece and
companion died the same year that Principia was published, in 1687. As
Newton's reputation and fame grew, Hooke's declined, causing him to become
even more bitter and loathsome toward his rival. To the bitter end, Hooke took
every opportunity he could to offend Newton. Knowing that his rival would soon
be elected president of the society, Hooke refused to retire until the year of his
death, in 1703.

International Prominence
Principia immediately raised Newton to international prominence, and he
thereafter became more involved in public affairs. Consciously or unconsciously,
he was ready for a new direction in life. He no longer found contentment in his
position at Cambridge and he was becoming more involved in other issues. He
helped lead the resistance to King James II's attempts to reinstitute Catholic
teaching at Cambridge and in 1689, he was elected to represent Cambridge in
Parliament.

While in London, Newton acquainted himself with a broader group of intellectuals

and became acquainted with political philosopher John Locke. Though many of
the scientists on the continent continued to teach the mechanical world
according to Aristotle, a young generation of British scientists became captivated
with Newton's new view of the physical world and recognized him as their leader.
One of these admirers was Nicolas Fatio de Duillier, a Swiss mathematician who
Newton befriended while in London.

However, within a few years, Newton fell into another nervous breakdown in
1693. The cause is open to speculation: his disappointment over not being
appointed to a higher position by England's new monarchs, William III and Mary
II, or the subsequent loss of his friendship with Duillier; exhaustion from being
overworked; or perhaps chronic mercury poisoning after decades of alchemical
research. It's difficult to know the exact cause, but evidence suggests that letters
written by Newton to several of his London acquaintances and friends, including
Duillier, seemed deranged and paranoiac, and accused them of betrayal and
conspiracy.

Oddly enough, Newton recovered quickly, wrote letters of apology to friends, and
was back to work within a few months. He emerged with all his intellectual
facilities intact, but seemed to have lost interest in scientific problems and now
favored pursuing prophecy and scripture and the study of alchemy. While some
might see this as work beneath the man who had revolutionized science, it might
be more attributed to Newton responding to the issues of the time in turbulent
17th century Britain. Many intellectuals were grappling with the meaning of
many different subjects, not least of which were religion, politics and the very
purpose of life. Modern science was still so new, no one knew for sure how it
measured up against older philosophies.

In 1696, Newton was able to attain the governmental position he had long
sought: warden of the Mint; after acquiring this new title, he permanently moved
to London and lived with his niece, Catherine Barton. She was the mistress of
Lord Halifax, a high-ranking government official who was instrumental in having
Newton promoted, in 1699, to master of the Minta position that he would hold
until his death. Not to be considered a mere honorary position, Newton
approached the job with earnest, reforming the currency and severely punishing
counterfeiters. As Master of the Mint, Newton moved the British currency, the
Pound Sterling, from the silver to the gold standard.

In 1703, Newton was elected president of the Royal Society upon Robert Hooke's
death. In 1705, he was knighted by Queen Anne of England. At this point in his
life, Newton's career in science and discovery had given way to a career of
political power and influence.

Newton never seemed to understand the notion of science as a cooperative

venture, and his ambition and fierce defense of his own discoveries continued to
lead him from one conflict to another with other scientists. By most accounts,
Newton's tenure at the society was tyrannical and autocratic; he was able to
control the lives and careers of younger scientists with absolute power.

In 1705, in a controversy that had been brewing for several years, German
mathematician Gottfried Liebniz publically accused Newton of plagiarizing his
research, claiming he had discovered infinitesimal calculus several years before
the publication of Principia. In 1712, the Royal Society appointed a committee to
investigate the matter. Of course, with Newton as president, he was able to
appoint the committee members and oversee its investigation. Not surprisingly,
the committee concluded Newton's priority over the discovery.

That same year, in another of Newton's more flagrant episodes of tyranny, he

published without permission the notes of astronomer John Flamsteed. It seems
the astronomer had collected a massive body of data from his years at the Royal
Observatory at Greenwich, England. Newton had requested a large volume of
Flamsteed's notes for his revisions to Principia. Annoyed when Flamsteed
wouldn't provide him more information as quickly as he wanted it, Newton used
his influence as president of the Royal Society to be named the chairman of the
body of "visitors" responsible for the Royal Observatory.

He then tried to force the immediate publication of Flamsteed's catalogue of the

stars, as well as all of Flamsteed's notes, edited and unedited. To add insult to
injury, Newton arranged for Flamsteed's mortal enemy, Edmund Halley, to
prepare the notes for press. Flamsteed was finally able to get a court order
forcing Newton to cease his plans for publication and return the notesone of
the few times that Newton was bested by one of his rivals.

Final Years
Toward the end of this life, Newton lived at Cranbury Park, near Winchester,
England, with his niece, Catherine (Bancroft) Conduitt, and her husband, John
Conduitt. By this time, Newton had become one of the most famous men in
Europe. His scientific discoveries were uchallenged. He also had become
wealthy, investing his sizeable income wisely and bestowing sizeable gifts to
charity. Despite his fame, Newton's life was far from perfect: He never married or
made many friends, and in his later years, a combination of pride, insecurity and
side-trips on peculiar scientific inquiries led even some of his few friends to worry
about his mental stability.
By the time he reached 80 years of age, Newton was experiencing digestion
problems, and had to drastically change his diet and mobility. Then, in March
1727, Newton experienced severe pain in his abdomen and blacked out, never to
regain consciousness. He died the next day, on March 31, 1727, at the age of 85.

Isaac Newton's fame grew even more after his death, as many of his
contemporaries proclaimed him the greatest genius that ever lived. Maybe a
slight exaggeration, but his discoveries had a large impact on Western thought,
leading to comparisons to the likes of Plato, Aristotle and Galileo.

Although his discoveries were among many made during the Scientific
Revolution, Isaac Newton's universal principles of gravity found no parallels in
science at the time. Of course, Newton was proven wrong on some of his key
assumptions. In the 20th century, Albert Einstein would overturn Newton's
concept of the universe, stating that space, distance and motion were not
absolute but relative, and that the universe was more fantastic than Newton had
ever conceived.

Newton may not have been surprised: In his later life, when asked for an
assessment of his achievements, he replied, "I do not know what I may appear to
the world; but to myself I seem to have been only like a boy playing on the
seashore, and diverting myself now and then in finding a smoother pebble or
prettier shell than ordinary, while the great ocean of truth lay all undiscovered
before me."
 Bubble map: Isaac Newtons achievements in the
world of science

Discovered
Calculus

Developed three
Invented the Laws of Motion
reflecting
telescope

Devised Law of
Isaac Newtons Universal
Proposed new Gravitation
theory of light achievements in the
and colour world of Science

Advanced early
Father of
modern
Modern Science
chemistry
Flow map: Isaac Newtons Timeline

1642 1653 1661

Isaac Newton is Newton attends Newton enrols at

born in Kings School in Trinity College in
Woolsthorpe, Grantham. His Cambridge.
Lincolnshire, creativity blossoms.

1667 1666 1665

Newton returns to Newton returns to Newton receives
Cambridge. He Woolsthorpe. Bachelors of Arts
becomes a Experiments with degree.
professor of colours and gravity.
mathematics. Invents calculus.

1671 1687 1689

Newton invents Newton publishes Newton is elected

reflecting his major work, to Parliament.
telescope. Joins Principia.
Royal Society of
London.

1703 1696 1693

Newton is elected Newton is Newton falls sick.

President of the appointed Warden Some think he is
Royal Society. of the Mint. having a nervous
breakdown, others
believe it is mercury
poisoning.

1727
1705
Newton dies at age
Newton is knighted 84. He is buried at
and now known as Westminster Abbey.
Sir Isaac Newton.
Conclusion
 From carrying out this project, its clear to see that add maths is
very important in our lives. Calculus covers the fields of differentiation,
integration, volume of a solid in revolution and many others. Calculus
enables us to build rocket ships, telescopes and other modern marvels,
and thus we should learn it well and give it highest regards as an
important subject.

Calculus is not only important from an academic point of view, it

also helps us to practice and develop your logic/reasoning skills. Calculus
throws us challenging problems which make us think. Life after school and
college will likewise undoubtedly throw us problems which we will have to
learn to solve. Although we may never use calculus ever again in our
lifetime or career, we will definitely hold on to the lessons that calculus
taught us, like time management, how to be organized and neat, how to
hand in things on time, how to perform under pressure when tested, how
to be responsible for our future boss and how to be amongst people in
your class (who are analogous to your future clients and co-workers).

Even so, we should remember not to divulge ourselves too deeply

into maths until we forget the world around us. Human relations and soft
skills are equally important in our daily lives, if not even more so. Isaac
Newton was quite infamous for having a temper, and reacting badly to
criticism. Though we should learn from Newtons diligence and passion,
we must take care not to have a temperament such as his and always be
open to criticism on our work.

Overall, this additional mathematics project has deepened my

interest in maths and also shown me that maths is all around us, it builds
the world around us, and we should not look upon it lightly. Maths is
essential to our daily lives, especially in a modern technology-based
society such as ours. It also trains us to be disciplined, hard-working, and
to come up with numerous solutions to a single problem. We should all
recognize maths as a very important subject and do our best to increase
our knowledge in maths so as to lead to even greater creations and
innovations in the future, not to mention a more disciplined and intelligent
society in terms of academia and also real life.
Reflection
Through carrying out this add maths project on modern calculus, I have
learnt a great deal of things.

In part 1 of the project, I did research on father of modern calculus, Isaac

Newton, and gained insight on his history. I felt grateful towards his
contributions to the world of maths and by extension to modern society.
By compiling my research into the form of i-think maps, I learned how to
display data creatively.

Through solving the problems based on calculus in the other parts of the
project, I was able to brush up on my calculus mathematical skills and
learn how to apply different methods of calculation to solve different
problems. I learnt that one problem can be solved using several different
methods, such as how integration can be a much more efficient method
for counting the sum of areas of a graph.

Through this project, I was also able to learn how to be responsible in

order to complete this project with the best quality possible. I also learnt
how to be careful in my calculations, and to think out of the box to come
up with various methods to solve one problem. Most importantly, I learned
how to be disciplined, both with my time-management skills and with my
attention span. I made sure to pour all my focus into doing this project
and carried it out with utmost meticulousness.
References
Form 5 Additional Mathematics Textbook, written by Chew Su Lian, Khoo Ee Sin,
Moy Wah Goon, Ooi Soo Huat and Kohaiza binti Ramli

http://www.biography.com/people/isaac-newton-9422656

http://www.softschools.com/timelines/sir_isaac_newton_timeline/139/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculus

http://www.math.cornell.edu/m/Courses/lifeaftercalc.html#analysis
 Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan
Bandar Utama Damansara (3)

Additional Mathematics Project Work

Year 2014

Name: Lok Huey Ning

Class: 5 Orkid
IC Number: 970426-14-5002
Teacher: Puan Tan Chooi Peng
Part 3: Flowchart

Identify the problem

Determine the methods of solving the

problem:

1) Completing the square

2) Comparing and substitution

Collect the relevant data from the

equation

y=a x 2 +bx +c

x+ p 2+ q
y=a (After completing the square)

Solve the equation by substituting the

numbers given into the graph.

Check the answers using a scientific

calculator.