Chapter Three

Statistical Tables and Diagrams

Exercise
1. What are the purposes of statistical table? List its advantages and disadvantages
Answer:
The purpose of Statistical Table
Statistical tables are used for the following purposes.
1. To present raw figures in an orderly manner
2. To show distinct pattern in the figures.
3. To summarize some information.
4. To publish prominent figures which other people may use in future
statistical data.
5. To make comparison very easy

Advantages of Statistical Table

The advantages of statistical table are:
 It enables required figures to be located easily.
 It enables comparisons to be made easily
 It reveals patterns within the figures which cannot be seen in the narrative
 form.
 It covers little space.
 It is used to store statistical data.

Disadvantages of Statistical Table

The following are the disadvantages of Statistical Table.
 Some important information may be eliminated.
 Some tables cannot well explain statistical information like in the case of
narrative form.

2. State the desirable properties or characteristics of statistical table.

Answer:
Desirable Properties of Statistical Table
Any good statistical table must have the following features
 A well-defined title, heading or caption should be provided
 The source of data should be stated
 The table should employ manageable units
 Totals of all categories should be provided
 Categories of information should be clearly written in an orderly and
simplified
manner.

3. Describe any four statistical diagrams and state their relative advantages and
disadvantages
Answer:
1. Pictogram (Picture Diagram)
This is any simple diagram which uses pictures to denote numerical values.
Advantages of Pictogram
 It gives a quick and a rough idea of relative size
 It can be easily understood by the layman
  It is, in one way or the other, very informative
Disadvantages of Pictogram
 The precise figures cannot be easily deduced
 It occupies an unnecessary large space
 There is waste of time in drawing diagrams

2. Pie Charts
A pie chart consists of a circle split into sectors. The circle is divided by
radial lines into sectors so that the area of each sector is proportional to the
size of the figure corresponding to that sector. The overall total of values
representing all categories is equivalent to 3600.
Advantages of Pie Chart
 It makes comparisons easy
 It is simple to understand
Disadvantages of a Pie Chart
 It is not applicable to more than 8 and less than 3 categories
 It cannot be used for categories of more than one component
 It shows angles rather than actual figures.
 It cannot be used for categories of more than one characteristic.

3. Simple Bar Chart

This chart consists of series of bars in non-overlapping manner each
indicating the size of figure of district it represents. The gaps between the
bars are of the same width.
Advantages of simple bar chart
 It is simple to construct
 It is easily understood and interpreted
 Comparison among item totals can be made easily
 It is applicable to any discrete single data
Disadvantages of simple bar chart
 It cannot be used for items with more than one component each.
 It is not applicable to a continuous data.

4. Actual component bar Chart

In this chart bars are subdivided into components parts.
Advantages of Actual Component Bar Chart
 The size for each component figure can easily be deduced
 Differences in total components can be known
 It covers relatively less space
Disadvantages of Actual Component Bar Chart
 When the components for each item are many subdivision becomes
complex
 Time is wasted in deducing the size of each component and the figure it
represents.

4. Discuss any four main types of bar chart.

Answer:
1. Simple Bar Chart
 This chart consists of series of bars in non-overlapping manner each
indicating the size of figure of district it represents. The gaps between the
bars are of the same width. A simple bar chart is used where changes in total
of distinct items only (e.g. amount) are required.
2. Actual component bar Chart
In this chart bars are subdivided into components parts. Each total figure is
built up from two or more component. This bar chart is used where changes
in totals and indication of the size of each component figure are required.
3. Percentage Component Bar Chart
The individual components represent the percentage each component forms
with respect to the overall total in the chart. A series of such bars will all be
of the same height which is equivalent to 100%. Percentage component bar
chart is used where differences in actual values of the component figures are
not required, but rather, the proportion of the totals of the component figures
for any different periods. Thus, the percentage each component contributes
is what matters.
4. Multiple Bar Chart
In this chart, each component figure is represented by a bar adjoining each
either vertically or horizontally for each given period. The height of each
bar is equivalent to the value of the component. The chart is used where
differences in actual values of the component figures are required, and the
overall totals are of no importance.

5. The following data give the monthly budget (in $) of a family

Food 30 Clothing 5
Rent 25 Fuel and lighting 8
Savings 15
Present the above information in a bar chart.
Answer:
Monthly Budget (in $) of a Family
Categories Budget
Food 30
Clothing 5
Rent 25
Fuel and lighting 8
Savings 15

Monthly Budget
35

30

25

20 Monthly Budget

15

10

0
Food Clothing Rent Fuel and lighting Savings
6. The selling price of firm’s product is made up of the following components of costs as
well as gross profit expressed in percentages:
Wages 40% Fixed expenses 8%
Materials 32% Other expenses 20%
(a) Present the data in the form of a pie chart
(b) If the actual cost of fixed expenses is $20, find the selling price of the product
Answer:
(a) Present the data in the form of a pie chart

Other expenses
20%
Wages
40%
Fixed expenses
8%

Materials
32%

(b) If the actual cost of fixed expenses is $20, find the selling price of the product
fixed expenses 8% is $20, so $20/8= $2.5
Firm’s Product % of Profit Selling Price
Wages 40% 2.5 ¿ 40 = 100
Materials 32% 2.5 ¿ 32 = 80
Fixed expenses 8% 2.5 ¿ 8 = 20
Other expenses 20% 2.5 ¿ 20 = 50

7. Business statistics can mainly be presented in the form of texts, tables or graphs. If you
were the branch manager of a firm, how would you prefer the following to be presented
and why?
(a) Departmental turnover
(b) The main components of production cost
(c) A monthly comparative budget and the actual figures for six months
(d) Comparative weekly or monthly scheduled and actual production figures for one
month.
Answer:
a) Departmental turnover
 To maximize technology and increase efficiency and effectiveness, the
CEO and management restructured and outsourced some specific
organizational activities in order to reduce the number of employees
and make existing works more productive.
 Restructured: include simplification, streamlining, shrinking the
organization by eliminating large amount of work of the top,
middle, first-line managers,, and non-managerial levels.
 Outsourcing: include contract with other company usually to lower
cost country, the work on organizational activities that were
previously carried out with the organization itself.
  The HRD will be able to carry out the role of agent of change
effectively when the leader driving the department has an orientation to
be a business partner of company, so that it has a future departmental
management orientation that e-link with the company business. When
HRD online take care on operational matter that is administrative in
nature, it will be difficult for him to carry out his role effectively.
 Several programs that are HRD can carry out in their capacity as an
agent of change include forming a knowledge management program so
that it allows learning as a mean of making changes.

b) The main components of production cost

 The total cash of production consist of production cost and general cost
or general expenses.
 Production costs have several cost components, namely:
1. Variable cost
2. Fixed cost
3. Overhead cost
 General expense includes expenses:
1. Administrative cost
2. Marketing cost

c) A monthly comparative budget and the actual figures for six months
Month Request
1 220
2 170
3 400
4 600
5 380
6 200
7 130
8 300
Average 300
It is known that to increase the production speed of Rp. 1000/unit of
production and to reduced production speed of Rp. 1.500/unit of production
and the company keeps and inventories of Rp. 50/unit. Another alternative
that the company has for fulfilling the demand is by subcontract at a cost of
Rp. 800/unit and the back order fee is Rp. 100/unit or /month.
Request
700

600

500

400 Request

300

200

100

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
 d) Comparative weekly or monthly scheduled and actual production figures
for one month.
Sub Contract
Months Request Production Total Cost
Size
1 220 130 90 72.000
2 170 130 40 32.000
3 400 130 270 216.000
4 600 130 470 376.000
5 380 130 250 200.000
6 200 130 70 56.000
7 130 130 0 0
8 300 130 170 136.000
Total 1.088.000

8. Draw a Z- chart for the production figures below.

Month J F M A M J J A S O N D
2005 47 52 3 36 36 4 55 59 5 56 53 51
output 8 3 6
2006 50 50 4 49 45 5 57 60 6 62 57 56
output 6 2 0
Answer:

2005 2006 2006 Cumulative

Months Moving Total
Outputs Outputs Outputs
Jan 47 50 582 + (50-47) = 585 50
Feb 52 50 582 + (50-52) = 580 100
Mar 38 46 582 + (46-38) = 590 146
Apr 36 49 582 + (49-36) = 595 195
May 36 45 582 + (45-36) = 591 240
Jun 43 52 582 + (52-43) = 591 292
Jul 55 57 582 + (57-55) = 584 349
Aug 59 60 582 + (60-59) = 583 409
Sep 56 60 582 + (60-56) = 586 469
Oct 56 62 582 + (62-56) = 588 531
Nov 53 57 582 + (57-53) = 586 588
Dec 51 56 582 + (56-51) = 587 644
Total 582
 700

600

500

400
2005
2006
300 2007

200

100

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

9. Consider the breakdown of salaries and taxes paid given in the table below. Draw a
Lorenz curve of Income against Tax paid.

Pre-tax income % of Total % of Tax Paid

(‘000) Income
Less than 300 14.6 0.1
300 – 500 17.8 7.9
500 – 700 12.8 9.1
700 – 900 12.6 10.8
900 – 1000 10.0 12.8
1000 – 1100 9.7 15.5
1100 – 1300 9.3 13.6
1300 – 1500 6.0 12.9
1500 – 2000 5.3 8.8
2000 – 3000 1.9 6.5
3000 and over 0.2 2.0

Answer:

% of Cumulative
Pre-tax income % of Tax
Total % Income of Total
(‘000) Paid
Income Income
Less than 300 14.6 0.1 14.5709 14.5709
300 – 500 17.8 7.9 17.7645 32.3354
500 – 700 12.8 9.1 12.7745 45.1099
700 – 900 12.6 10.8 12.5749 57.6848
900 – 1000 10.0 12.8 9.98004 67.66484
1000 – 1100 9.7 15.5 9.68064 77.34548
1100 – 1300 9.3 13.6 9.28144 56.62692
1300 – 1500 6.0 12.9 5.98802 92.61494
1500 – 2000 5.3 8.8 5.28942 57.90436
2000 – 3000 1.9 6.5 1.89621 99.80057
3000 and over 0.2 2.0 0.1996 100.0317
Total 100.2
120

100

80

60 Total Income
Tax paid
40

20

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

10. The table shows the age distribution of the 200 members of a chess club.
Age (years) 16 – 19 20 – 29 30 – 39 40 – 49 50 – 59
0ver 50
No. of 12 40 44 47 32
Members 25

(a) Form a table showing the class boundaries and frequency densities.
(b) Draw a histogram of the data.
Answer:
(a) Form a table showing the class boundaries and frequency densities.
Class Class
Frequency Adjust Frequency
Boundaries Width
12
15.5 – 19.5 1 12 /1 = 12
40
19.5 – 29.5 2 40 /2 = 20
44
29.5 – 39.5 2 44 /2 = 22
47
39.5 – 49.5 2 47 /2 = 23.5
32
49.5 – 59.5 2 32 /2 = 16
25
Over 50.5 5 25 /5 = 5

(b) Draw a histogram of the data.

Frequency
25 23.5
22
20
20
16
15 Frequency
12
10

5
5

0
15.5 19.5 29.5 39.5 49.5 59.5
11. The lengths of 250 electronic components were measured very accurately. The results
are summarized in the following table.
Length < 7.00 7.00–7.05 7.05 –7.10 7.10–7.15 7.15–7.20
(cm) >7.20
Frequenc 10 63 77 65 30 5
y
Given that 10% of the components are scrapped because they are too short and 8% are
scrapped because they are too long, use a cumulative frequency graph to estimate limits
for the length of an acceptable components. [ Ans: between 7.012 and 7.175 cm]
Answer:
Cumulative Cumulative
Length Frequency
Frequency < Frequency >
6.95 – 7.00 10 10 250
7.00– 7.05 63 73 240
7.05– 7.10 77 150 177
7.10– 7.15 65 215 100
7.15 – 7.20 30 245 35
7.20– 7.25 5 250 5

300

250

200

150 Cumulative Frequency <

Cumulative Frequency >

100

50

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
 Chapter Four
Measures of Central Tendency

Exercises
1. The annual salary paid to all employees in a company was ¢1.500. The mean annual
salaries paid to male and female employers of the company were ¢1,560 and ¢1,260
respectively. Determine the percentages of males and females employed by the
company.
Answer:
Employees in a company was ¢1.500
The mean annual salaries paid to male and female were ¢1,560 and ¢1,260
Male ¢1,560
Female ¢1,260
+
Total ¢2,820
 The percentages of males 1,560 × 100 = 55,32 %
2,820

 The percentages of females 1,260 × 100 = 44,68 %

2,820

2. In the following table are weights in kg of 40 cows in university farm.

138 164 150 132 144 125 149 157
116 158 110 117 136 118 152 111
168 126 138 176 163 119 154 165
146 173 142 147 135 153 140 135
161 145 135 142 150 156 145 128
a. Construct a frequency distribution table taking the first class as 118–126. Find the
mean.
b. Construct a histogram indicating the position of the med
c. Construct the ogive and find the median from the graph.
[Ans: (a) Mean = 146.98 (b) Median = 146.3]
Answer:
a. Construct a frequency distribution table taking the first class as 118–126. Find
the mean.
Weights (kg) Frequency
109-117 4
118-126 4
127-135 5 Normal Class Width = 9

136-144 7
145-153 9
154-162 5
163-171 4
172-180 2
  Find the mean

 109-117 = 116 + 110 + 117 + 111 = 454 = 113,5

4 4
 118-126 = 126 + 125 + 118 + 119 = 488 = 122
4 4
 127-135 = 135 + 132 + 135 + 135 + 128 = 665 = 133
5 5
 136-144 = 138 + 144+ 136 + 138 + 140 + 142 + 142 = 980 = 140
7 7
 145-153 =150+149+152+153+147+146+145+150+145=1337=148,55
9 9
 154-162 = 157 + 158 + 154 + 161 + 156 = 786 = 157,2
5 5
 163-171 = 164 + 168 + 163 + 165 = 660 = 165
4 4
 172-180 = 176 + 173 = 349 = 174,5
2 2

Weights (kg) Frequency Mean

109-117 4 113,5
118-126 4 122
127-135 5 133 Mean = 1.173,75
136-144 7 140 8
= 146,718
145-153 9 148,55
154-162 5 157,2
163-171 4 165
172-180 2 174,5
40 1.173,75

b. Construct a histogram indicating the position of the med

Weight of Class
Class Width Frequency
Boundaries
108,5-117,5 1 4
117,5-126,5 1 4
126,5-135,5 1 5
135,5-144,5 1 7
144,5-153,5 1 9
153,5-162,5 1 5
162,5-171,5 1 4
171,5-180,5 1 2
 Frequency
10
9
9
8
7
7
Median = 146,3
6
Frequency
5 5
5
4 4 4
4
3
2
2
1
0
108,5 117,5 126,5 135,5 144,5 153,5 162,5 171,5

c. Construct the ogive and find the median from the graph. [Ans: (a) Mean =
146.98 (b) Median = 146.3]

Cumulative Cumulative
Weights (kg) Frequency
Frequency < Frequency >
109-117 4 4 40
118-126 4 8 36
127-135 5 13 32
136-144 7 20 27
145-153 9 29 20
154-162 5 34 11
163-171 4 38 6
172-180 2 40 2

45

40

35

30

25
Cumulative Frequency <
20 Cumulative Frequency >

15

10

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

3. Find the mean, median and mode of 51.6, 48.7, 50.3 and 48.9
 [Ans: (i) mean = 49.8, (ii) median = 49.5, (iii) no mode]
Answer:
∑ X =51 ,6 +48 , 7+50 , 3+48 , 9 =199 =49 , 8
 Mean = X̄ = n 4 4

 Median = The data are 51.6, 48.7, 50.3 and 48.9

The arrange data will be : 48.7, 48.9, 50.3, 51.6.
Median = 48,9 +50,3 = 99,2 = 49,6
2 2
 Mode = There is no mode, because no numbers or values are represented. As
we know that mode is the number or value that appear most in data.

4. Twelve large banks reported the following operations for a given year.
(a) Net Profit as a percentage of total capital employed was: 6.2, 6.6, 6.3, 7.7, 7.8,
8.4, 8.0, 7.9, 8.7, 8.0, 7.9, 9.4
(b) Salaries and wages as a percentage of total earnings were: 31.7, 29.9, 26.2, 27.0,
28.1, 31.2, 31.0, 30.8, 30.6, 35.2, 35.1, 32.1
Find in each case, the mean, the median and the mode.
[Ans: (a) 7.74; 7.9 and 8.0 (Bi-modal); (b) 30.77; 30.9; no mode]
Answer:
a. Net Profit as a percentage of total capital employed
 Mean of total capital
∑ X = 6,2+6,6+6,3+7,7+7,8+ 8,4+8,0+7,9+8,7+8,0+7,9+ 9,4 = 92, 9 =7 , 74
X̄ = n 12 12
 Median of total capital
The data are: 6.2,6.6,6.3,7.7,7.8,8.4,8.0,7.9,8.7,8.0,7.9,9.4.
There arrange data will be: 6.2,6.3,6.6,7.7,7.8,7.9,7.9,8.0,8.0,8.4,8.7,9.4.
The median is 7.9 because 7.9 reside in the middle.
 Mode of total capital employed are 7.7 and 8.0. this is because 7.9 and 8.0 appear
in equal number of times which is more frequently than any other number, the
name of these two values is bi-modal.

b. Salaries and wages as a percentage of total earnings

 Mean of total earnings
X̄ =
∑ X =31 ,7+29 , 9+26 , 2+27 , 0+28 ,1+31 , 2+31 ,0+30 ,8+30 ,6 +35 ,2+35 , 1+32 ,1 =368 , 9 =30 ,74
n 12 12
 Median of total earnings
The data are: 31.7, 29.9, 26.2, 27.0, 28.1, 31.2, 31.0, 30.8, 30.6, 35.2, 35.1, 32.1
There arrange data will be:
26.2,27.0,28.1,29.9,30.6,30.8,31.0,31.2,31.7,32.1,35.1,35.2.
Since 30.8 and 31.0 reside in the middle, so the median is given by
Median = 30.8 + 31.0 = 61.8 = 30.9
2 2
 Mode of total earnings: There is no mode, because no numbers or values are
represented.
 15 40
∑ mi =3900 ∑ ( z i −240 ) =−60
5. (a) Find m̄ given that i=1 (b) Find z̄ given that i=1

[Ans: (a) 260; (b) 238.5]

Answer:
15
∑ mi =3900
 Find m̄ given that i=1
since n = 15, m̄ = 3900/15 = 260
40
∑ ( z i −240 ) =−60
 Find z̄ given that i=1

x̄=
∑ ( x−t ) +t
For any constant t; n . Therefore, the required mean, z is
z=
∑ ( z−240 ) +240= −60 +240=238 , 5
given by 40 40

6. The price of a CD is denoted by $x. For 60 CDs bought in different stores it is found
that
∑ ( x−12 ) =53.40. Calculate the mean price of the CDs. The mean price of a further 40
CDs is found to be $11.64. Find the mean price of the 100 CDs. [Ans: $12.89; $12.39]
Answer:
x̄=
∑ ( x−t ) +t
 Mean price of CDs = n

x̄=
∑ ( x−12 ) +53 , 40
60 .
53 , 40
x̄= +12
60
x̄=12,89
So the mean price of CDs is $12,89
x̄=
∑ ( x−t ) +t
 Mean price of 100 CDs = n

x̄=
∑ ( x−12 ) +11, 64
40 .
11 , 64
x̄= +12
40
x̄=12,29
So the mean price of 100 CDs is $12,29

7. A mental arithmetic test of 8 questions was given to a class of 32 pupils. The results
are summarised in the following table.

No. of correct answers 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

No. of pupils 1 2 1 4 4 6 7 4 3

 Find the mean, median and mode of the number of correct answers. Interpret the
median and mode in the context of this arithmetic test.
  Describe the shape of the distribution [Ans: mean=4.875; median=5; mode = 6].
The data set is too small for the mode to give a reliable estimate of location. The
median, however, gives a better idea of a typical mark, the distribution is skewed to
the left (i.e. low frequencies on the left side]
Answer:
a. Based on the data of arithmetic test
0,1,1,2,3,3,3,3,4,4,4,4,5,5,5,5,5,5,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,7,7,7,7,8,8,8.
 Mean
(1 x 2)+(2)+(3 x 4 )+( 4 x 4 )+(5 x 6 )+(6 x7 )+(7 x 4 )+(8 x 3)
Mean=
32
2+2+12+16+30+42+28+24
Mean=
32
156
Mean=
32
Mean=4 ,87
 Median
Since 5 and 5 reside in the middle based on the data In table context, the
median is given by:
Median = 5 + 5 = 10 = 5
2 2
 The mode of these data is 6, because based on the table context, number 6
from the correct answer with 7 numbers of pupils. So, if we arrange the data, 6
will appear in equal number of time which is more frequently.
b. Shape of the distribution

Frequency
8
7
7
6
6

5
Frequency
4 4 4
4
3
3
2
2
1 1
1

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

8. A commuter who travels to work by a car has a choice of two different routes, A and B.
He decides to compare his journey times for each route. So he records the journey times,
in minutes, for 10 consecutive working days, for each route. The results are:

Route A 53 52 48 51 49 47 42 48 57 53
Route B 43 41 39 108 52 42 38 45 39 51

Calculate the (a) mean and median for Route A

 (b) mean and median for route B.
Which average do you think is more suitable for comparing the time taken on each
route?
[Ans: (a) 50; 50 (b) 49.8; 42.5] An outlier is involved in B, so median is better.
Answer:
(a) Mean and median for Route A

=
∑ X =53+52+ 48+51+49+ 47+42+48+57+53 =500 =50
 Mean X̄ = n 10 10
 Median: The data are 53,52,48,51,49,47,42,48,57,53.
The arrange data will be 42,47,48,48,49,51,52,53,57. Since 49 and 51 reside in the
middle, so the median is given by:
Median 49 + 51 = 50
2
(b) Mean and median for route B
=
∑ X = 43+41+39+108+52+ 42+38+45+39+51 = 498 =49 . 8
 Mean X̄ = n 10 10
 Median: The data are 43,41,39,108,52,42,38,45,39,51.
The arrange data will be 38,39,39,41,42,43,45,51,52,108. Since 42 and 43 reside in
the middle, so the median is given by:
Median 42 + 43 = 42.5
2

9. State, giving a reason, which of the mean, median or mode would be most useful in the
following situations.
(a) The manager of a shoe shop whishes to stock shoes of various sizes.
(b) A city council wishes to plan for a school to serve a new housing development. In order
to estimate the number of pupils, it studies family sizes on similar developments.
(c) A person makes a particular car journey regularly and has kept a record of the times
taken. She wishes to make an estimate of the time that her next journey will take.
Answer:
(a) When we talk about various size automatically what will come to our mean is a
collection of numbers and regarding from the tittle ” the manager of a shoe shop
wishes to stock shoes of various size”, it can be seen that the shoe size will never
below the number of 35 and above the number 42. So, in this case, it can be
conclude that, from shoe sizes 35-42 the company will be undoubtedly lead to
many shoe sizes being the same.
(b) It will e useful if using mean in this case, based on the tittle about serving a new
housing development to a school. It needs to measure the central tendency to get
the data, because the data will typical by a group.
(c) Median will most useful in this case, because to know the differences types from
the route that she has through, it must be known the median to make and create
the comparative between the journey one and another, and after that, by the data
estimated will describe and it makes median to know it.