Professional Documents
Culture Documents
LITERATURE REVIEW
In the past Salt Ranghas attracted many geologists from all over the world. They
studied Cambrian stratigraphy, the Permian-Triassic boundary, and lower Tertiary
foraminiferal biostratigraphy in the Salt Range. In the proceeding chapter we will briefly
discuss previous work on Salt Range in 19th, 20th and 21st century respectively.
3.2 Introduction
The name SaltRange was first time used by Stuart Elphisnton a British envoy to
the court of Kabul. He traveled from 1808-1815 across this province and noted the
mining of salt from the salt deposits of salt range. The recorded history of geological
research dates back to the middle of the 19 th century when the first geological survey
was undertaken by LaMessurier (1844) for antimony and lead in Baluchistan.
Earliest mentioned of the coal was prepared by Dr.Jameson in 1844; Dr. Fleming,
a physician in British army wrote a broad report on the geology of the area and created
a geological map when he became incharge of the Geological Survey of Salt Range,
Punjab in 1853.
16
PREVIOUS WORK
Wynne (1878)
Gee (1948)
Gee (1948) described the mineral resources of the North western India and
recorded the occurrences of Siliceous Laterite in Jurassic sequence. He described
them as A possible source of Iron and Aluminum but declared that the deposits have
17
PREVIOUS WORK
so far proved too impure. Given the details of coal, Gee (1948) mention the occurrence
of the Jurassic coals in the WesternSaltRange and described the Paleocene coals of
Dandot and Makarwal areas. This was followed by the work of Khan (1949), Powell and
Duffryn (1948).
The first systematic geologic study of coal fields, in region, was started in early
1960 by W.Danilchik and S.M.I.Shah in which regional mapping of SurgharRange and
detailed investigation of the Makarwal coal field was taken up. This work was extended
eastward by Geological Survey of Pakistan to cover the SaltRange coal fields.
Accordingly, Bhatti (1967, unpublished) studied the Permian coal fields of Western Salt
Range; Abbas (1968, unpublished) carried out study in Eastern Salt Range coal fields;
whereas investigations carried out in the Central Salt Range coal fields by the
S.M.I.Shah (1961-1963).
N.Fatmi published his work in 1966 and 1968 on other neighbouring areas in
SaltRange. R.E.Grant published his paper on the Late Permian Trilobites from the
SaltRange. He wrote another paper on the Brachiopodes from Permian-Triassic
boundery beds and age of Chhidru Formation in 1970. B.R.Hussain published a paper
giving the new name, Saidwali member to the lower part of the Amb Formation of
Permian. In 1970 W.C.Sweet did work on the uppermost Permian and lower Triassic
contacts of SaltRange.
18
PREVIOUS WORK
1970 in which they gave the measurement of Permo-Triassic sections and concluded on
the laboratory work about fossils. Paraconformity between Permian and Triassic is
equivalent to a gap as much as or more than a stratigraphic range.
Ashraf (1972)
Gardezi (1974)
Ghazanfar (1975)
Tahirkhaili (1979)
19
PREVIOUS WORK
Yeats (1984)
Baker (1988)
Lawerence (1988)
Burbank, M.S. and Lawerence, R.D. in 1988 worked on evidences for late
Precambrian to Early Cambrian orogeny in northwestern Himalaya. Burbank in 1989
gave the comments on the development of the Himalaya Frontal Thrust Zone, Salt
Rage, Pakistan.
Qayyum (1991)
Chaudhry (1992)
20
PREVIOUS WORK
i.e. sub, lower and higher Himalayas of northwestern Himalaya were the main
emphasis.
Burbank (1993)
Muldar, T.J. and Burbank in 1993 did work on the impact of uplift pattern of fluvial
deposition, an example of SaltRange, NW Himalayan Foreland, and Pakistan.
A brief summary of work in 20th century is:
i). Pilgrim, G.E. (1910, 1911, 1913, 1926).
ii). Pinfold, E.S. (1918, 1938).
iii). Gee, E.R (1944, 1945, 1947), The age of the saline series of Punjab and
the Kohat, Pakistan.
iv). Lehner, E. (1945), The age of saline series Pakistan.
v). Gansser, A. (1964), Geology of Himalaya.
vi). Kummel, B., Teichert, C. (1966), Relation between Permian and Triassic
Formations in the SaltRange and TransIndusRanges, Western Pakistan.
vii). Balme, B.E. (1970), Palynology of Permian-Triassic strata of SaltRange
and Surghar range, Western Pakistan.
viii). Kummel, B., Teichert, C. (1970) Stratigraphy and paleontology of
Permian-Triassic boundery beds, SaltRange and TransIndusRanges,
Western Pakistan.
ix). Crawfold, A., R., (1974),The Salt Range, The Kashmir Syntaxis and
Pamir arc.
x). Chappell, W.M. (1978), Mechanics of thin skin fold and thrust belt.
xi). Gee, E. R. (1980), PakistanSaltRange series, Geological Maps.
1:50,000, 6 sheets.
xii). Yeats, R. S., Khan, S.H. and Akhter, M. (1984), Late Quaternary
deformation of Salt Range of Pakistan.
xiii). Fatmi, A.M., Akhter, M., Alam, G.S. Hussain, I. (1984) Guide book of
Geology of Salt Range, Pakistan.
21
PREVIOUS WORK
xiv). Burbank, D.W. and Beek, R.A. (1999) Early Pliocene uplift of Salt Range,
Pakistan.
Ghazi, S. (2002)
22
PREVIOUS WORK
Ghazi, S. (2004)
Shakeel, A. (2005)
Lithostructural Mapping of part of the Central Salt Range with special emphasis on
Sedimentology and Petrography of Nagri Formation.
23