Deformation

- a process in which rocks change in shape, size,

location, tilt or break due to squeezing, stretching,
or shearing.
- a dominant process in the formation of
mountain belts.

Stress- a force applied per unit area.

Uniform stress- if the forces act uniformly from
all directions.
3 Kinds of Stress
1. Tensional Stress – occurs when the
dominant force is directed away
from each other.
2. Compressional Stress – is formed
when the dominant force is
directed towards each other.
3. Shear Stress - develops when the
two dominant force are directed
towards each other but not along
the same axis.
Types of Faults
Mountain Building

Uplift
- Process by which the Earth’s surface moves
from a lower elevation to a higher elevation.

Orogenesis
- Process of mountain building
- Mountain belts are formed as a result of uplift
and deformation of rocks in the Earth’s
lithosphere.
- Mountains are formed when the deformation is
due to tensional stresses. This creates rift
valleys.
 Igneous, sedimentary and
metamorphic processes occur in areas
where there is active mountain belt
development or orogenic belt which
produces new rocks.
Metamorphism
- Process when a rock changes its form into a new one
without undergoing melting or disintegration.
- The change occur in solid state.
- Processes:
1. Recrystallization
2. Phase Change
3. Neocrystallization
4. Pressure solution
5. Plastic deformation
- Processes:
1. Recrystallization
- refers to the changes in shape and size of minerals
without changing its identity
2. Phase Change
- process that transforms a grain of one mineral into a
grain of another mineral having the same composition but
different crystal structure.
3. Neocrystallization
- the growth of new minerals that differ from those in
original rocks with the aid of hydrothermal fluids
 4. Pressure solution
- refers to the dissolution of mineral grains when a rock is
squeezed dominantly in one direction at relatively low
temperature and pressure and in the presence of water.
5. Plastic deformation
- occurs when some minerals become flattened or
elongated without changing either the composition or crystal
structure when exposed to high temperature and pressure.
Causes of metamorphism
- Occurs at temperature between 200° C to 850° C.
- Rocks formed below 320°C are low-grade metamorphic
rocks, while those formed over 500° C are considered
as high-grade metamorphic rocks.
- It usually occurs in the presence of hydrothermal fluids
(how water, stream, and supercritical fluid)
Types of Metamorphism