Pavement and Materials Design Manual - 1999 Gravel Roads Project appraisal 2 Foose r | 3 Sis Oinge A tate 1 B sire I Ch 6 rans a i ifn setae 9 FereBiion ‘Comparison of alternatives and selection of design + Refinement of dasign, if required DESIGN ELEMENTS. STRUCTURAL DESIGN Ministry of Workscomments design of gravel reads a6 constuction ‘secoomy usualy ofa mporance or ‘hese projects, The gravel wearing course needs tobe ‘regularly shapec and also replaced ‘petoscaly throughout the sence ie of ‘Favel ess. An anu ise of 100 30 Frm of grave! wearing course mate at snAADT af 10018 corsman, Pavement and Matetials Design Manual - 1299 11.0 General Gravel road pavemente are designed for roads where AASV ie lege than 300 atthe time of construction, unless otherwise directed by the Ministry of Works, ‘nis chapter sets our standards ror pavement design and selection of saterials for fully engineered gravel roads. In addition, guidelines are given for design of gravel roads whore budgetary or other constraints do rot allow constuction ofa fully cugincered gravel road 11.1 Design Principles 44.1.0 General All-weather access ‘The most essential consideration in the design of gravel roads is to ensure atlewveather aeurss, This ioyuitcucut places paitivulas camplasis ou die need for sufficient bearing capacity of the pavement structure and prov ion of drainage and sufficient earthworks in flood areas, Surface performance ‘The performance ofthe gravel surface depends on material quality, the location of the road and the traffic volume using the road, Gravel roads passing through populated areas in particular require materials that do not generate excessive dust in dry weather. Steep gradients places particular demands for gravel wearing course materials that do not become slippery in wet weather, or erode easily Maintenance ‘The material requirements for the gravel wearing course include provision ‘ofa gravel surface that is effectively maintainable. Adherence to the limits se oversize particles in the materials of particular naportanesin tio regard. 11.1.1. Pavement and materials Depending on the CBR,,,., of the subgrade, improved subgrade layers shall be constructed as required. on which the gravel wearing course is placed. 14.1.2 Crossfall and drainage ‘The crossfall of carriageway and shoulders for gravel roads shall be 4~ (6%, depending on local eonltions, to prevent potholes developing by ‘ensuring rapid removal of water from the surface and to ensure that excessive crossfall does not cause erosion of the surface, Provision of drainage is equally important for the performance of gravel roads as for ‘bitumen surficed roads, Ministry of WorksPavernent and Materials Design Manual - 1909 411.2 Material Requirements 11.2.0 General Experience with focal materials Knowledge about past performance af lacally nerwrring materiale for gravel roads is essential. One may divert from the material standards to take advantage of available gravel sources provided they have proved to sive satistactory performance under similar conditions Marginal materials Figure 11./ illustrates the performance characteristics to be expected of ‘materials that do not meet the requirements for gravel wearing course 41174 Earthworke Materials for improved subgrade lavers and fill shall meet the requirements in ‘Chapter 5.5/ for class G1S and G7 and ‘Chapter 5.6/ fo clace G3 and avimp rack: (DR). 11.2.2 Gravel wearing course (GW) Major gravel roads Materials for gravel wearing course shall comply with the requirements «given in Table 11.1. The given material requirements are valid for fully ‘engineered gravel roads. Table 11.1 Material requirements ~ gravel wearing course (GI) [Material propertios Requirements: [ome test Climatic zones mata Wet Moderate or dry Joan (x) at 05% of MoD (as | TIN 25 afer i Heavy compaction) gaye 0 Jin 26 at owe |1.11 56 passing 37.5 mm min 96) 12 [Shrinkage product, SP a 1.4 and SP =LS x (Ohpass, 0.426mm) danas 7 [Grading Coettcient CO” 10-34 Field dry density (% of WDD] aes fa [(BS-Heavy compaction) > hn but wp aroas 2 maximum Shrekage Prodct of 270 8 desirable to reduce dust posters SC=T0¢ pabsing 23m) -(% passing 0425re) 1% passing Sem) (100 Minor gravel roads ‘The CBR requirements in Zable 11.1 can be reduced to 15% for minor gravel roads, however the given material standards shall be aimed for wherever itis economically possible ‘imate zones: gure 2.1 Ministy of Works:comments Methods to prevent excessive oversize bavicles nt oratlwearna couree may ‘luge remors at soiree) eoreenng Use of specll compaction eauipment, suchas grdrolers Is oflen cost eect ation wih conventional removal ‘Treatment of unfavourable subgrade ondttons sich as exoarsie sai, sate sols of cispersive sols are normally fst soope nthe constustion of grav Should bo ton as issussedin Copter {Probar Sale Performance characteristics of gravel wearing courses Figure 11.1 shows the effect of the Shrinkage Product and Grading Coofficiont on the expected performance of gravel wearing conrse materi- als. Excessive oversize material in the gravel wearing course affects the riding quality in service and makes effective shaping of the surfuce difficult at the time of maintenance, Shrinkage Fr, 8? 2. SP = (Linear Shrinkage) x (e passing 0.425 mm) GC =[(% passing 28 mm) (%e passing 2 mm] x(% passing 6 mn) 100 Figure ILL Expected performance of gravel wearing course materials 11.3 Improved Subgrade and Pavement Design 11.3.1. Subgrade CBR ‘The CBR... forthe subsrade shall be determined according to /Chapter 5 — Subgraile"and classified into subgrade classes S15, $7 and $3 ‘Treatment of unfavourable subgrade conditions shall be caried out according to {Chapter 6 ~ Problem Soils in respect of issues directly related to bearing capacity of the subgrade 11.3.2 Major gravel roads Pavement and improved subgrade for major gravel roads shall be constructed in accordance with Figure 11.2 Ministry of Works:Pavement and Materials Design Manual - 1968 s3” rama 138 ear so feed sso feta vest vo bead 7 Gassontonssbgans anise 53, 67 Set Gle ara aqTaTaTs OGY ans GIs me ae gue Chapter S = Subgade™ 2 Mawr eso ua ea wea ay tg hen nade wt area Figure 11.2 Pavement and improved subgrade — major gravel roads Clint zones: igure 2.17 14.9.9 Minor gravel roads General ‘This chapter provides guidelines for design of pavement and improved subgrade for minor gravel roads where budgetary constraints or other reasons do not allow construction of a fully engineered gravel road. This design shall be limited to roads with AADT maximum 50, Improved subgrade and pavement design ~ minor gravel roads Pavement and improved subgrade for minor gravel roads shall be constructed im accordance with Figure 11 3 “Subgrade classes S15 0S7 | wosgaiesray | Wat | ‘limits zones: gure 2.1/ lpr i isver ae} TT Gacitaron Ste SY and Sard omalereis GF natnvas wn pee hapter = Sunoaae™ Figure 11.3 Pavement and improved subgrade — minor gravel roads The desired properties ofthe gravel wearing course, GW, are given in Jable 11.1, however the CK can be reduced f0 13% tor minor roads, Ministy of Works =Pavement and Materials Design Manual - 1909 References Wea 2 AUSTRALIAN ROAD RESEARCH BOARD LIMITED (Mav 1993) Trsealed roads manual COMMITTEE OF STATE ROAD AUTHORITIES. Draft TRH 12 1997): Bitmincus pavement rehabilitation design. CSRA, Pretoria, Republic of South Me * COMMITTEE OF STATE ROAD AUTHORITIES. Draft TRH 13 (0986): Cementions stabilisers m road consrucion,CSRA, Pretoria, Repubie ar South Aca COMMITTEE OF STATE ROAD AUTHORITIES. Draft TRH 20 (199%: Siructrel design, consructon and maintenance of gravel Jeon CBI, Patni Reuc of South Nea CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY RESEARCH AND INFORMATION ‘ASSOCIATION (1988). Zatriten road Pavements. Special Babliaton 19. DIA, London, UE. JONES TE, R ROBINSON and MS. SNAITH (1988). 4 eld say ‘on the deterioration of unpaved roa and te effec of eifferent mart sume sirens Pre Sih Regional Conference for fica on Soil ‘Mechanics snd Foundation Enginering, Harare, Zab ROAD DESIGN MANUAL (1987). Part Il. Materials and Pavement asian for New Roads. Minis of Tanspar and Comm, Roads Deparioat. Republic of Kenya WEINERT, HH (1980), The natural rad consrction materials of Southern Africa Academica, Pretoria, Republic of South Ain Ministry of Works