The Challenge of

Technology
NEW
CONSTRUCTION
It is necessary, in the outset of all
inquiries, to distinguish carefully
between Architecture and Building
[which separates architecture from a
wasps nests, a rat hole or a railway
station]

John Ruskin, The Seven Lamps of

Architecture, 1849
 New Construction

Perkembangan teknologi dan

industrialisasi berdampak langsung pada
ketersediaan material baru (khususnya
besi, baja dan kaca) serta metoda
membangun yang baru. Ke arah mana
arsitektur harus berubah dalam
menanggapi dan bahkan mengantisipasi
kemajuan teknologi ini?
Para teorisi telah bergumul untuk
merumuskan bentuk baru dengan
estetika dan simbolisme yang lebih
rasional bagi era baru ini. Perlukah
arsitektur dirumuskan ulang seturut
perkembangan teknologi ini?
Architecture in the Age of Reason

MARC ANTOIN LAUGIER (171369)

Structural Rationalism

It is the same in architecture as in all other

arts; its principles are founded on simple
nature, and natures process clearly
indicates its rules . . . his primitive state
without any aid or guidance other than his
natural instinct.

by imitating the natural process, art was

born. All the splendours of architecture
ever conceived have been modelled on the
little rustic hut I have just described. It is by
approaching the simplicity of the first
model that fundamental mistakes are
avoided and true perfection is achieved

Semua arsitektur berpangkal pada asal

muasal yang sama yang harus dirujuk
elemen struktural = elemen arsitektural

yang utama adalah kolom, gelagar dan

segitiga atap (entablature)
 Architecture in the Age of Reason

E.E. VIOLLET LE DUC (1814-1875)

Truth in Architecture

Menentang rumusan-rumusan baku yang

dikembangkan kalangan Academie yang
berusaha menafsirkan warisan klasik untuk masa
modern, Viollet le Duc mendorong arsitek untuk
menemukan kebenaran (truth) yang dinamik
berdasarkan pada program dan metoda
konstruksi:
In architecture ther are two nescessary ways of
being true. It must be true according to the
program and troe according to the methods of
construction. To be true according to the
program is to fulfill exactly and simply the
conditions imposed by need; to be true
according to the methods of construction is to
employ materials according to their materials
according to their qualities and properties . . .
purely artistic question of symmetry and
apparent form are only secondary conditions in
the presence of our dominant principles
Viollet le Duc: Truth

Dengan menjadi ahli pemugaran bangunan

Viollet le Duc mengkaji prinsip dasar
konstruksi dan bentuk arsitektur.
Viollet le Duc: Truth

Gagasan Viollet le Duc untuk Auditorium dan Market Hall

Architecture in the Age of Reason

Gottfried Semper (1803 - 1879)

Polygenetic Origin and
Tectonic Principles
Sebagaimana Laugier, Semper menekankan
pentingnya merujuk kepada asal-muasal:

Any discourse should first go back to the simple

origin of the subject under review, trace its
gradual development, and explain exceptions and
variations by comparing them with the original
state.

Namun asal-muasal baginya bukanlah untuk ditiru

(imitated) tapi untuk diterjemahkan prinsip
tektonikanya ke dalam arsitektur baru:

Tectonics is an art that takes nature as a model

not natures concrete phenomena but the
uniformity and the rules by which she exists and
creates. . To be in harmony with the law of nature
makes the adornment of an art object; where man
adorns, all he does more or less consciously is to
make the law of nature evident in the object he
adorns
Gottfried Semper

Semper menekankan pada asal muasal

yang beragam, namun yang paling
memukau dia adalah gubug Karibia
yang darinya dia merumuskan 4 elemen
asali arsitektur:

Elements Materials

Ceramics -
Hearth
metal works

Earthwork/ masonry
mound works

Framework/roof Carpentry

Enclosing
Weavings
Membrane
The Pantheon/Ste Genevieve,
PARIS, J.G. SOUFFLOT 1757-1800
PROPORTION ACCORDING TO THE STRENGTH OF
CONSTRUCTION RATHER THAN TO AESTHETIC PRINCIPLES
Crystal Palace JOHN PAXTON, LONDON, 1851
Crystal Palace JOHN PAXTON, LONDON, 1851
Crystal Palace JOHN PAXTON, LONDON, 1851
Galerie des Machines, 1889
Galerie des Machines, 1889
Bibliotheque de Ste Genevieve HENRY LABROUSSE, PARIS, 1868
Bibliotheque de Ste Genevieve HENRY LABROUSSE, PARIS, 1868
Bibliotheque Nationale de Paris HENRY LABROUSSE, PARIS 1860-67
Bibliotheque Nationale de Paris HENRY LABROUSSE, PARIS 1860-67
Eiffel
Tower,
1889,
Gustave
Eiffel
Eiffel Tower, 1889, Gustave Eiffel
Eiffel Tower, 1889, Gustave Eiffel
 The Legacies of Structural Rationalism

Tiga warisan terpenting dari pendekatan

Rasionalisme Struktural adalah:

1. Arti penting tektonika sebagai hakekat penciptaan dan ungkapan

arsitektur yang menyatukan antara struktur, estetika dan kegunaan
dengan bersikap jujur pada material dan konstruksi.
2. Pencapaian teknologi berperan penting dalam mendorong inovasi
arsitektur.
3. Efisiensi struktur tidak harus merendahkan kualitas arsitektur melainkan
dapat menjadi ungkapan terpenting arsitektur yang rasional.
Taliesin West, Frank Lloyd Wright, Arizona
Tijbaou Cultural Center, Renzo Piano, Noumea
Foster vs Rogers