Fuel Cells. A fuel cell produces an electric current and heat by converting hydrogen and oxygen into water.

The output of a single cell is 0.6 0.8 V, but when many cells are combined into a stack, enough energy is
produced to power a 50kw engine. The fuel cell has the highest efficiency in power generation, reaching
over 60%, compared to a gasoline-powered car which has 20%. The oxygen required comes from the air, but
hydrogen is not so readily available. Pure hydrogen could be stored on-board the car, but this would use too
much space. Alternatively, car makers could use reformer technology to convert gasoline or methanol into
hydrogen, but this would reduce the efficiency of the cell. For drivers there are many practical
considerations. Fuel cell-powered cars are neither as fast nor as quiet as gasoline or diesel-powered cars. At
present there are very few hydrogen fuelling stations, so refuelling could be a problem. Fuel cell cars have a
shorter range, so drivers will ahve to refuel more often.

Public Water Systems. Public Water Systems (PWSs) come in all shapes and sizes, and no two are exactly
the same. They may be publicly or privately owned and maintained. While their design may vary, they all
share the same goal: providing safe, reliable drinking water to the communities they serve. To do this, most
water system must treat their water. The types of treatment provided by a specific PWS vary depending on
the size of the system, whether they use ground water or surface water, and the quality of the source water.
Disinfection of drinking water is one of the major public health advances of the 21th century. However, the
disinfectants themselves can react with naturally occurring materials in the water to form unintended
byproducts which may pose health risks. A major challenge for water suppliers is balancing the risks from
microbial pathogens and disinfection byproducts.

Migraines. Migraine attacks may be moderate to incapacitating. The attacks may occur once a year or
several times a week, but not daily. The acute attack may last 4 to 24 hours. Prolonged attacks (>24 hr) are
called status migraine. Migraine is often described as a pounding, throbbing pain. Usually unilateral at the
onset, the pain may later radiate to the opposite side. Migraine is frequently associated with nausea,
vomiting, diarrhea, vertigo, tremors, photophobia, phonophobia, sweating and chills. During an acute
migraine attack, the patient appears pale and complains of sweating, cold hands, scalp tenderness, and
pressure pain. The temporal artery may appear dilated and pulsating. Durin the postheadache phase, the skull
may remain tender, and the patient may feel exhausted. Any physical exertion can cause throbbing head pain.
On occasion, the patient may experience euphoria.

Birds. Birds are warm-blooded, and they are the only vertebrates that can fly, apart from bats. They live in a
wide range of habitats, from deserts to polar ice. All birds have a toothless beak and a body covering of
feathers, and lay hard-shelled eggs. Like all birds, the Gouldian finch has a feathered body and scaly legs.
The birds of prey are daytime hunters. They use their long, sharp talons to strike and seize their prey, and a
hooked beak to tear up food before swallowing it. They eat a wide variety of prey, including other birds,
mammals, fish, insects, reptiles and carrion. The imperial eagle has a wingspan of more than 2.4 (8 ft).

Input devices. Input devices allow us to enter raw data into a computer. The computer processes the data
and then produces outputs that we can understand using an output device. Input devices can be manual or
automatic. The processing is mainly handled by the Central Processing Unit (CPU). The most
common manual input devices are the keyboard and mouse. Other manual input devices include:

Digital camera. A digital camera takes pictures and can usually record video too. The pictures it takes and
the videos it records are stored in files. These files can be copied to a computer and later edited.
Microphone. Microphones are used to input sound. In computing they can be used with voice
recognition software and a word processing application to enter text. Webcams commonly have microphones
built-in too.
Touch screen. A touch sensitive visual display unit (VDU) or screen has a grid of light beams or fine wires
criss-crossing the screen that are used to detect touch. Many mobile phones use touch screens and do away
with the keypad entirely. They're often used on cash machines and in shopping centres too. Touch screens are
robust, easy to operate and easy to reprogram.