7.

1 Multiobjective problem formulation

In the multi-objective problem formulation, two, three or four important non

commensurable objectives in an electrical thermal power system are considered. These
are economy and environmental impacts because of NO x, SO2, and CO2 gaseous
pollutants.

7.2 Economy objective

The fuel cost of a thermal unit is regarded as an essential condition for economic
feasibility. The fuel cost curve is assumed to be approximated by a quadratic function of
generator power Pgi as

a i Pg i 2 b i Pg i c i
NG

F1 = i 1 Rs/h (7.1)

where ai, bi and ci are cost coefficients and NG is the number of generators.

7.3 Environmental objectives

The emission curves can be directly related to the cost curve through emission
rate which is a constant factor for a given type of fuel. Therefore, the amount of NO x
emission is given as a quadratic function of generator output Pgi, i.e.

d1i Pg i 2 e1i Pg i f1i

NG

F2 = i 1 kg/h (7.2)

where d1i, e1i, and f1i are NOx emission coefficients[Zahavi and Eisenberg, 1975].

Similarly the amount of SO2 emission is given as a quadratic function of

generator output Pgi, i.e.

d 2i Pg i 2 e 2i Pg i g 2i
NG

F3 = i 1 kg/h (7.3)

where d2i, e2i and f2i are SO2 emission coefficients[Zahavi and Eisenberg, 1975].
 The amount of CO2 emission is also represented as a quadratic function of
generator output Pgi, i.e.

d 3i Pg i 2 e 3i Pg i f 3i
NG

F4 = i 1 kg/h (7.4)

where d3i, e3i and f3i are CO2 emission coefficients[Wong et al., 1995].

7.4 Constraints

To ensure a real power balance, an equality constraint is imposed, i.e.

NG

Pg (P +P ) 0
i 1
i D L

(7.5)

Where PD is the load demand, PL is the transmission losses, which are approximated in
terms of loss-coefficients as

NG NG
PL Pgi Bij Pgj
i 1 j1
MW (7.6)

The inequality constraints imposed on generator output are

Pgimin Pgi Pgimax (i = 1,2,., NG) (7.7)

Where Pimin is the lower limit, and Pimax is the upper limit of generator output.

Aggregating eqs. (5.1) to (5.7), the multi-objective optimization problem is

defined as

Minimize [F1(Pg), F2(Pg), F3(Pg), F4(Pg),]T

NG

Pg (P +P ) 0
i 1
i D L

Subject to
 Pgimin Pgi Pgimax (i = 1,2,., NG)

Where F1(Pg), F2(Pg), F3(Pg), and F4(Pg) are the objective functions to be
minimized over the set of admissible decision vector Pg.

3.3 Case study of emissions from Indian thermal power plants:-

Data were collected from a Thermal Power Plant of Gandhinagar. The plant has
seven units. Three units of 210 MW each and two units of 120 MW. Sampling was done
only at Unit 210MW, 210MW and 120Mw.

Table :-7.1

Data for the generator is as per the given below.

No. of Generator rating inMaximum Value inMinimum Value in

Mw. Mw. Mw.
Generator

1 210 240 90

2 210 238 85

3 120 100 20

Table:-7.2

Sr.No. ai bi ci

1 0.00524 8.664 328.12

2 0.00608 10.05 136.92

3 0.00592 9.75 59.15

Coefficient for the generator is as per the below. From this we can calculate the cost
function for the generation.
Table:-7.3

Loss coefficient for the given plant

Sr.No. di fi gi

1 0.000134 0.0000176 0.000183

2 0.0000176 0.000153 0.000282

3 0.000183 0.000282 0.00162

Table:-7.4

NOx Emission coefficient for the plant

Sr.No. hi ji ki

1 0.006323 0.38128 80.9019

2 0.006483 0.79027 28.8249

3 0.003174 1.36061 324.1775

Table:-7.5

SO2 Emission coefficient for the plant.

Sr.No. li mi ni

1 0.001206 5.05928 51.3778

2 0.002320 3.84624 182.2605

3 0.001284 4.45647 508.5207

Table:-7.6
CO2 Emission coefficient for the plant.

Sr.No. ri si ti

1 0.265110 -61.01945 5080.148

2 0.140053 -29.95221 3824.770

3 0.105929 -9.552794 1342.851