Particulate pollutants

It is the sum of all solid and liquid particles

suspended in air many of which are hazardous. This
complex mixture contains for instance dust, smoke,
.and liquid droplet

Particulate pollutants removal

:technologies

:Cyclones
It is efficient for particle sizes greater than 10 -
.micrometer (coarse dust)
.This is an inertial control with no moving parts -

:Operation-
particulate laden-gas is accelerated through a -1
spiral motion, which imparts a centrifugal force to the
.particles
The particles are hurled out and impact the on the -2
.cylinder wall of the cyclone
.Then they slide to the bottom of the cone -3
They removed through an airtight -4
.valving system

Figure 7-34 + 7-35

The efficiency of collection of particle sizes can

be determined through a graph shown in figure
7-36 and equation 7-56 on page
.617

When the diameter of cyclone is increase, the *

efficiency of collection is increased and the
pressure drop also increase, this increase the
power requirement for moving the gas through the
.collector
The efficiency may increase without increasing the
power consumption by using multiple cyclones in
.parallel (multiclones)
:Applications
Controlling emissions of wood dust, paper fibers, -1
.and buffing fibers

:Filters
It is efficient for particle size smaller than 5 -
.micrometer
:Two types are in use-
The deep bed filter: It is efficient for clean-1
gases and low volume such as air conditioning
.system
The bag house: For dirty industrial gas with-2
.high volumes

The mechanism of collection include: screening -

.or sieving

At some point the pressure drop across the filter

bags reduces the gas flow rate to an
unacceptable level and the filter bags must be
cleaned. The three methods used to clean the
:bags are
.Mechanical shaking -1
.Reverse air flow -2
.Pulse-jet cleaning -3

Mechanical shaking: It is operating by

directing the gas into the inside of the bag. The
bags are hung on a frame that oscillates. They
are shaken at periodic intervals, ranging from 30
minutes to more than 3 hours. The bags are
arranged in groups in separate compartment
.that are taken off line during cleaning
 Reverse air flow: a compartment is isolated
and a large volume of gas flow is forced to
countercurrent to normal operation. The reverse
flow combined with the inward collapse of the
bag causes the collected dust cake to fall into
.the hopper

:Pulse-jet cleaning
It is designed with frame structures, called
cages that support bags. The particulate matter
is collected on the outside of the bag instead of
the inside of the bag. Dust is removed primarily
by inertial forces as the bags reaches maximum
expansion. The pulse of cleaning air is at such
high pressure drop and short duration. Cleaning
occurs at 2- 15 minute intervals. Extra bags
which are normally provided to compensate for
.the bags that is required in other cleaning

:The applications of bughouses are

carbon black, gypsum industries, cement crushing, feed -

and grain handling, lime stone crushing, sanding
.machines, and coal-fired utility fibers

:Liquid scrubbers
It is efficient for particles that are wet, corrosive or very
.hot

:Application

Control of emission of talc dust (clay mineral -1

composed of hydrated magnesium), phosphoric acid
mist, foundry cupola dust, and open hearth steel
.furnace fumes
 For high efficiency removal of fine particles: We use
.combination of a venture
Simple spray chambers are used for relatively coarse
.particle size

Equations (7-58) + (7-59) + (7-60) and

.example (7-12)

:Electrostatic precipitation (ESP)

High efficiency, it is a dry collection of particles from hot
.gas stream

.It is usually constructed of alternating of wires and plates

There is a high potential (30-75 KV) is established -

between the plates and wires. This result in the creation of
ion field between them, when the particles passes
between the wires and plates, ions attach the particles
giving them a negative charge, then the particles migrate
.toward the positive charge plate where they stick

Equations (7-61) + (7-62) and Example (7-13)

Fly ash: It is a term used to describe the particulate

matter carried in the effluent gases from burning fossil
.fuel. ESP is often used to collect fly ash

Fly ash act like a resistor and it resist the flow of current,
.this resistance is called Resistivity of fly ash

If the resistivity is too low, we do not have enough -

.charge and the particles will not stick on the plate

If the resistivity is too high there will be an insulating -

.affect
 Presence of SO2 in the gas stream reduces the resistivity -
.of the fly ash, this make particle collection relatively easy

We can add conditions such as SO3 and NH3 or by

.building larger precipitators, to reduce the resistivity

ESP have been used to control air pollution from -

electric power plants, Portland cement kilns, blast
furnace gas, kilns and roasters, and mist from acid
.production facilities