خواص واختبارات PDF

.

................................................
2 11! /,0 . * + ,!- )'!( !" #$ % !&

)1:11" )1"1;"1< )110= 78 9 7! ,8 56 $. 314
A )B< )1
1C D'8 < .4 >. ? @0+ )1< >0!9
KLM N )C1C .11! /,0 E F!
. < G#$ )148 D6HI
. !" #$ * + OL E )!" E OP' Q0 RA )
,A #-
2
R7 = 2B# ,-#-
V1W RA BC! " ST C!; ,;U
; QB6 2 )1 )0!"< ZU KL" E+ X 3Y0 R7'; 0$
BW `1P; N ^_ K; R$=9 ,;U \ #$ E )F!< ]!"
E 7!148 b!0c ! )LB /,0 . a E )LB 1? ,"! 2
!4 gh )1 $ !" )i N "- N ;ce f .)1 )B 7d
'iB N l; .)1 ,!C=, E jIk #1',!
,7< ; N "B
Nn1 E o N ,1
,7 ,6 !" #m V',B N ;l=9 ,h ,
./ ]1a ]Bf ;U ,-,4
C / 2
@@
^ _ / . U . _/ ...
)1;< )
,A RC s< )1:;k )
,A RC h!
q
1? ,"! )
,7 Z 7 @ @ ,< )? - )
,A )1M
,<
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ @

.

/ :

/ - /.

Contents
:

:

-
& %# ! -
) ! ,
* )

(' -
! -

)
)
--/
--%1# !
0
,2 -- /

3%
4
5 -- !
# ! ,6 78 -
: #: !
4
9
)
)
-
: -- #: @? ! =
: -- #:
=%!
: -- #: !
& !"# $% :

D:,1 '4?(S) E -
(P, Q)
H -
, ( V , W ) ,9# -
I19?, ) ( T -
?= ,=
, )( L , LL -
K @
( D ) )
3 -
)
8N/ 3
LM
#, )@

8N/

(')**+ :
-
P
6, -
-- P
6#4
P
6 --, 4&*
Q
, ?
3# H -
--, '4
9
--, '%6
,3
4
9 -
I)W --@

2 U9 V ,
--@
6#H ?
,
, --
2 YZ , X
=4!
#
-- ,3 '%
--)[ 8) )
3 ?= (7,1K ^
Z,
#? -- 78 Z5,,
--Q ?=
,3 _%
--# ?
' ,3
)

(
,3
-- M 78, -
` -- _=2,
-- I%1#3 ,3

)
)
,3
-- , -
# --,
& -- ,
I? --, X^Q
?, ,3
--# ?, ,3 -
--?,
%&
3?, ,3
#: ,
,5 -- :
4 -
--#: ,3 I:Z I
3?#
--#: ^
4@ 6# L ,3

--#: ^
4 '%a, ,3

/ - /.

--#: ^
4 ?= 7@ ,13 LK

--#: I4 ^
4,3 64 )

,
--#: I4 ^
4,3 U931# )

,
--#: ^
4Q ?=
,3 ,
d6
--#: @ ^
4 ^
9 ,Z % Z
--#: @ ^
4 ^
9 _=?Z %
--#: I4,3 _
ef# )
,
--#: ^
4 , ,3 f=Z = g3

--#: I4 ^
46 ,3 )#: #,(

,
`i ^
4 --e( E 73% M4 YdM

--#: ^
4e( E,3 M4

#? ^
4 -- !
: , -. /

-
1
l Y3 -
H4# 78 , -
M 78 Y3 -
#:
n Y3 =4 -
. 6 7 8 345# : 1$2

4,P -
,#WH5 4 % Z39 # 8N/ -
_ ! e( ^ 4N/8 -
--8N p
1 78 _)?#oe
--8N f ?
--8N 1 X ,Z
--8N X,#r ! I41Z
--8N ^3# ,
--8N ,: %#
9- : '(2

-
=
, -

3%,
=3 X
6# -
'15
3%=
,?' -
H4# =
, -
#: =
, -
,#W5 73% %=
, -

,- :

-
,# =g -
& %=g -
=g -
: =g -
H4# =g -
#: =g -
' % $% :

#: ^
4 r,d ^
#
3 -
#: ^
4Q3^
#
3 r -
#: ^
4 r Y
9 -
r4#WH ,#2H -
#: ,9# -
#: W -
>?@ 3=< ;%< : :.

-

% ,
M? - #: ,9 r
-
(,@
,39 r

I
de#3
3Z
61H ?
'
UM
>'
3A%B
*******

/ - /.

@ @RPPWO@SVTT @ @Z@kna@ai@aa@

/ - /.

@@
@ @a@lbja

"
Structure Materials! ) (-'&
:
2 .8 . 8 !) 1
2 345 6 , -./ '+)
= 5 '5 !:!>, =,
<; ' ,= !@
?!:!"
1

%- % - % -
R4) ! CB'

: E + QE
/
C'E / . .5 2WX .B ;Z

,U<
, !5 3>
,
!'+<\ !
, ) ; , <> [ '
2 .?!:
' U2 ?!: ^= 52) ]' !) _ !U
!_ , =F ..E < -B &b ` ;.

).

(-

!" #$ %
-E
2!;, <. ! 1 U !2 d>4,
.5 [ !+< 3! C 35,W U
2 [ g5 ) d>4
n _+
_ j F) k! p
< <
2 Z< 2 d+! p
-2 B m -2 !5 -2 C,5 q -2 -2 5, ! -, m ....(- /) r
&& ?,< -2 U 3,+ 6!h. -!h
2 ;
j 5.!!!! ?,
). ! ! "#$

(-

/ - /.

.&#'( ) &* + ,- ! "#$. /01

(%-)

!" #$ %
,2 )B+ . 'B
! m .X B
n b
).67$8
9! + ;'-<= ! >,
? @ AB* 45
3 (2-

/ - /.

< .5 E 6 R,B< QE , R4) m,/
2
) .(-) (-! !5 /X 6 Z _j .
Composite Sections! E
2 _j ; 6 ,
Composite Materials .! E
2 2W 5:
`
y5 B+ -_,Z;@ l!. F
C U , - .B =5W8- 52
2 -!5F:
C 3 ]2 @ X 6 -!5 ; ,
 h =< <h
, !5 .B=F .- =
[
2 !1
, !5 +,B +W d>W
/ /
E
2 R,B
).$, +

3 ,( D E5- $7$F (C-
! ('&
U
U 4>d
U Ul
!!5
U +}
)3 (J (G-.E5- $7$F=

3 + H

!" #$ %

/ - /.

Cement
1-2

.
.

.

.

.
.

.

.

!" -

.

.

...

! "# 2-2

.

) (Lime stone
) (Chalk % ) (Clay
) (Shale %
. ) (Fe2O3
) (Al2O3
) (
)( )(
.

.

. :

/ - /.

- ) (-

.

)

(-
- ) (Crushing & Milling
),( ) (-

.

) ! "#$ (-
- ) (Blending
) (- .
.
!

)&' () * +,- (%-

!" -
- :
-
.
.
%
% .
.
: % -

. /.

.
.
- :
- ) ( CaCO3
) ( CaO .
-
.
-
:
C3S
C2 S
C3A
C4AF

)(-

/ - /.

)(' &

%
& ( ! 8 ) 4 *
:4
) =;' !
@?%
;' ?% B14 A
12

o o
=;;

o
) !,-
) /01 # (.-
- ) (Clinker
-
.

12
I! :
!
:CD%2
! FEA
)034 56 10- (2-
- ) ( %
)(-
EA
: JK2! CD%2

12 CD%2 =;L2
1! :
).;34 4 # * 034 (': 89$ (7-

!" -
-
.
) (- .
)10- (=- ?#3 .@3A

/ - /.

:%&' ()*
+ ' 3-2

) (- :
5
23 4 /0#1 -)*.
% C3S
% C2 S
% C3A
% - C4AF
:
- - -
-. - ) ( -

:
- :

.

!" -
L2;= 1 ;;= R2(
'B' 2! O 1

; O
Fe Al Ca Si O2
1K=;'
'B':' O QP 2!=' O QP 1

O' O CP O1' O
Fe2O3 AL2O3 SiO2 CaO
L2;S OD A
2! F) 2! QP 1

; CP 1
; QP
O1' B' O1 O1 O1
C4AF C3A C2S C3S
'T4A L2;=
.J)E6F'4 @3A G6 H I'5 CD (B-)

/ - /.

- : ) (X-ray

.

) ( Bogue Equations:
:6 7
) ( AL2O3 )( Fe2O3
,
)(Alumina Iron Ratio AIR ( AL2O3 / Fe2O3) 0.64
)C3S% = 4.07 (CaO) 7.60 (SiO2) 6.72 ( AL2 O3) 1.43 ( FeO3 ) 2.85 (SO3
)C2S% = 2.87 (SiO2) 0.754 (C3S
)C3A% = 2.65 (AL2 O3) 1.69 ( Fe2O3
) C4AF = 3.04 ( Fe2 O3
: 7

) ( AL2O3 )( Fe2O3
, ) .( C4 A + C2 F
(Alumina Iron Ratio) AIR ( AL2O3 / Fe2O3) < 0.64
)C3S% = 4.07 ( CaO) 7.6 ( SiO2) 4.48 ( AL2O3) 2.86 ( Fe2O3) 2.85 ( SO3
)C2S% = 2.87 (SiO2) 0.754 ( C3S

)(C4 A + C2 F) % = 2.1 (AL2 O3) + 1.7 (Fe2 O3

) (Lime Saturation Factor

. ) ( LSF :

!" -
)Ca O 0.7 ( SO3

=LSF
)2.8 (SiO3) + 1.2 ( AL2 O3 ) + 0.65 ( Fe2O3
, ( 0.66 < LSF < 1.02) ,

) ( Silica Ratio :
Si O2
=SR
Al2 O3 + Fe2 O3
)(-
R)E6F'4 @3AQ4 ) PQ4 '50MN4 *O (-) K*L

%
- CaO
- SiO2
AL2O3
, Fe2O3
, MgO
Na2O
, , ) - (
K2 O
SO3

/ - /.

Hydration
9! 4-2

.
:
- :
.
- : .
- : .
:
)(Mechanism of hydration
)( Main hydration reactions
)(Heat oh hydration
)(Physical process of hydration
Mechanism of hydration 9: ' ' 1-4-2

.

.

.
.

% .

.

!" -
Main Hydration Reactions 9; << +"= 2-4-2
:
.
!+ 9
) (C3A .
) ( .
) (
. ) (C3A
) (C4AF

.

.
%
.

.%
:
)C3A + 26 H + 3C SH2 (gypsum )C3A.3CSH32 (Ettringite

. + +
Ettringite
C3A + 10 H + CsH2 )C3A.CSH12 (monosulfate
. + +
C4AF + 10H + 2CH C6AF H12

+ +

/ - /.

!+'>4 9
) (C3S
) (C2S
/ .
.
.
:
/ -
-
-
:
2C3S (Alite) + 6H C3S2H3 (Calcium Silicate Hydrate) + 3CH

+ )( +
2C2S (Belite) + 4H C3S2H3 (Calcium silicate Hydrate + CH

+ )( +
C3S :
% . -
% . -
C2S :
% . -
% . -
) (- . )-
( .

!" -
C3S

C2S
C3A
C4AF

VW&4 XN-*M- Y# @3A H'P0- ZUT6 (S-)
V
C4AF
V
C3A
\!AO
V
C3S
V
V
C2S
R
R
(CKB8 Z!) ! )
\;04 @3A H'P0 ]-^ K- (-)

/ - /.

)

(.

(.
(Heat of Hydration) 9: *? 3-4-2
) (

)-(
.

!" -
C3 S C3 A
C4AF
C2 S
)@3A H'P0- b6 - ]-^ `3U_ a'3 "F0O (_-

)-(
.
) (a
.
.
) (b . )(b
.

) //(
B

)(
)@3A 3e# - "F0O d') K- (c-
R)E6F'4

/ - /.

.

.
(Physical process of hydration)

9! >&" @A 4-4-2

)-( .
)-(.
% %
%
% %
%
% %

%
%

9! %100 9! %50 C DE 9:
)]-^ - bNf 10- 3# N3A 3e4 H) eO g\34 (_-

!" -
! AA ;L2
)
& '() (A=;) L2 ! ^A
;
1 O !
(d) L 4
! ! ) FAc
) ! Ka; '() (B`_
e ) d?B K 2BAA:

)(.%-
14 2 ( L1^ '* 21
d?4 I !Z! %K?Z.
)B '() (C ! `_
_ ^( . B
J4\! SB 8 1

K b! % hZ:4 _b
Z! ?Z.
) (A; '() (DB b
)@3A ]-$ 4 '4 0]h (c-

/ - /.

- :

) (w/c ) (A--
/
. .
- :
)
( ) (
) .(B-- .
.
- : )
(
) .(C--
)
(

).(-
- :

) .(D-- %
.

!" -
_ 8
''O
O
;
1 O
!
L 4
)@3A H'P0 4 3'4 ai (%-

/ - /.

*I 23
! 5-2

.
, .

.

. ) (-
.
. # KE 0j- Y8 @3A +N)$ (-) K*L

KA 1000 JC :
<L . )*M N
>@= : &&I E0

) (

)(
)(

!" -
) (- .

)

( . .
. # KE 04 K*4 k Y8 @3A +N)$ (%-) K*L

KA 1000 JC :

>@= : &&I E0

/ - /.

) (-
.
n-oN* ?* n356 :0j- Y8 eN3 HN3A l)_ (.-) K*L

- %
-
- ,

.,
-

.

- %
.
- %,
- %
% .
-
.
- -

) (

) ( .
-
.
% -
. / .
- -

.

!" -
- -
C3A
. .%,
- - /.
-
.
. -
Fe2O3 : Al2O3 -
. Fe2O3

Al2O3
C4AF C3A
)( - C4AF .
- C3A C4AF .

C2S
.
-
. .
-
%
.
-

.%

/ - /.

-
- C3A C3S

.

- .
- /
- )(CaO

.

.
-
- .
- .% .
-
C3A.
- -

. %%
% % - % .

.
-

.
-

.

!" -
- -
. %
- .
. - %
- - /
. -
)(
-
- )(
- %
- .%
- %
- :
/
/
/

/ - /.

' '. @0

+ P QP 6-2

.
-:
- ) (
- ) (
- ) (
- ) (

.

:
. -
. -
. -
-
. -

.
RS
TU4 + P QP 1-6-2
: ) (
.

!" -
@

.
.
:
.
.
.
.
.

-
- .
170 NE DV WV <C

@ X@ P
Fineness of Cement by the sieve NO. 170
) (

, )(
.
.
% % .

/ - /.

\[V 4. Z
- :
, ) (

. ) (- .
).b\4 3j4* = CM4 o3 (.-
- : .
P1 +0P

:
- , .
-
.
-
.
-
, / .
) .(w1 .
-
).(w2

!" -
:]%
:
w1
R1 = 50 * 100
w2
= R2 * 100
50
: R1 . :
: R2 .
: w1 .
: w2 .
- ) (RC R1 R2 %,
R1 + R2
= RC
2
- % .

/ - /.

X>C ^[\ WV <C

@ X@ P
Determination of Fineness of Cement Using Blaine Apparatus
_ P1 K R

.
\[V 4. Z
- : ):(-
-. - . - .
- . -.
- .
- .
- .
-.
P1 +0P

-
.
-
.
- .
-
.

!" -
- .

.
-

.
-
. .
- ) .
) ( ) .((-
.
- )(
)( )( )( T
, .
- .
-
.
-
:
= K T
:
: K
:T ) (
) ( ) (- ,.

/ - /.

?`3* a b c
:
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/

!" -
@3A -) IN4 I p: "F? (2-)
I ps L t-) @3A -) rM4 I p: CD qF

/ - /.

'(
d " f^)
d " 3

) (
, ., :
- : .
- :
, , .
- :
.
) ( :
Specific Density of Cement

d " 3' hE P
_ P1 K R

.

.
: P1 Z[\a

- :
).(-
- : .
- : .
-

!" -
)@3AQ4 C#34 Gp4 I6 Y8 -oN\ 8a4 33u (7-
P1 +0P

- ,
.
-
.
-
.
-

.
-

.
- .

/ - /.

]%

:
=
:

K=;(I) L2 =

I: ! ( I;) dDO

d 2&L7 f^ X@ P
_ P1 K R

.
.
P1 Z[\a

- .
. - .
P1 +0P

- .
- .
- )( .
- :
)(
=
) (
: /.

!" -

L" + P QP 2-6-2
) (
:
- .
- .

L@ >I iM

.

:
) :(Stiffening
.

.
) :(Setting
.
- ) :(Initial Setting
.
.
- ) :(Final Setting
.

.
.

/ - /.

) :(Hardening .

)(
.
- .
- ) (.
- )
(.
- ) .
(
- )
(.
- )
(.

)(
.
.

!" -
. 4 kl P ^ >@< W +j L

Water Required for Cement Paste of Standard Consistency
_ P1 K R
.
.
.
@* :< W mk

) (
.
\[V 4. Z
- : ) (-

,.
- :
.
.
: . -
. . - .
P1 +0P

%
.

:
-
.

/ - /.

-
) % ( ) (.
- .
-

.
-

) (
.
-

.
-

%, .
%-
.

!" -
).@3AQ4 vw4 -p I6* CM4 M4 IN4 H8 pL (=-

/ - /.

+'3 ^[\ WV <C

d %[ % C1 iM n^ kl P
Initial and Final Setting Times of
Cement Paste Using Vicats Apparatus
_ P1 K R

.

.
- : .
- :
.
- : ,
.
\[V 4. Z
: ).(-
- .
- :
,,.
- :
,,
,.
. -. - .
. .

!" -
P1 +0P

-
-
) (.
- .
-
.
-
-
.
-
.
-

.

.
-
)
( .
-

.

/ - /.

-
- ) (-
.
- ,

.
-
) (-
.
C;Nx vw4 -p H!tx ", qM4 (2-) K*L

)( )/(
,
,
,

!" -
(Soundness)
NL? +o

.
) (

.

.
.

.
.

.
) (SO3 %,
.%
.

.
.
)(
.

/ - /.

(>p k*0C
d (c& ) NL7 +o *k P
Le Chatelier Expansion of Cement
_ P1 K R
.

.
\[V 4. Z
)--(
.
,,
)--( .

.
- . - . .
P1 +0P
- .
.
- %

.
-

.

!" -
- .
- :
- %
, .
- ) (A ,.
-

.
- ) (B
,.
- :
- ) (C ,
- %
) (D ,.
]%
- :
EB = B A
:
: B : A : EB
- :
EC = D C
:
: D : C : EC
?`3* a b c
-
.

/ - /.

X64 g4u (_-B-)
p: )*0- F'N (c-B-)

!" -

+ P QP 3-6-2
) (
.

.

.
.
:
-

.

) (C3S
) (C2S
. ) (- .
!Z! ,-
I II III
C4AF C3A C2S C3S =;L2

I
II
III
V V
( %^ -
)VW&4 -*M- Y# @3A gP06 ZUT6 (S-

/ - /.

) (C4AF, C3A, C2S, C3S

).(-
C3S
C2S
C3A
C4AF

)@3AQ4 H'P04 -*M y (-
-
.
).(-
-
. )(-
.
-
.

.
- /
/ ).(-

!" -
!Z! ,- /
/
/

( B -
)VW&4 -*M- Y# @3A -) ZUT6 (-
: = :
: = :
!Z! ,-
: = :

( B -
) @3A )- -*M- Y# @3A z$ -04 '\) ZUT6 (-

/ - /.

!Z! ,-
V V V V V V /=;V L2
)VW&4 -*M- Y# @3A /` '\) ZUT6 (%-
&> qrs kl P

Compressive Strength of Cement Mortars
_ P1 K R
.
.
.
\[V 4. Z
- . - .
- .
- . - .
- . - .

!" -
P1 -E
, .

.
.
@t V. +
- , , , .
P1 +0P
-
):(-
| }\ H6*bN4* '\34 !04* "F0O H!t :(7-) K*L
)(% )(
%
%
---
%

.
- :
- %.
- ) (
) ( %.
- ) ( ):(-

/ - /.

14 g4 V g\) :(=-) quF K*L

)(

,

,
- .
-
.
-
.
- %
+ , +
.
-
.
-

.
-
) ( , + ) ( + ) ( +
) ( + .
-
.

!" -
-
) (
/ .
- .
]%
-
, / :
! d ;KA(1! PTb Ic%K

=
O( `
d:
- % +
.
- % +
.
?: `3* a b c
- )(-
(q-/6) ) N3A ) H' VW&4 -*M Hb? *1 (B- ) quF K*L

-
-
-
-
-
,
-

/ - /.

!TP ! a *

A(1! m
&T =; K2
=; K2

! 2
,-=; K2

!" -
u1 kl P >&

Flexural Strength of Cement Mortar
_ P1 K R
.

.
.
\[V 4. Z
- .
- .
- :
.
.

.
-. - . - .
- . - . - .
@t V. +
q- 7.. rM- )4 `3~x F'N ? 5Fw3 g4M4

/ - /.

P1 +0P
-
%
.%
- .
) ( ) (- -
.
- ) (.
-
% .
-
.
- .
-

.
.
-
,
.
-
. .
-
.

!" -
-
.
.
-
) (-

.
Pmax
)`3~x Y8 N3A ) 3# M50! (.-

]%
Pmax ) (fm
.
My
= fm
I
:

: -/ fm
Pmax, : -. = M
: Pmax -
: y =
: /() = I
) _ pB(K( Z! * oA?4! @2: )!( B:( O1
fm = 0.28 Pmax kg/cm2

-
% .

/ - /.

J &> M P

Tensile Strength of Cement Mortars
_ P1 K R
.
.
) (/ / .
.
\[V 4. Z
- . - .
- . -.
- :
.
).(-
- . - .
- : )-
.(
P1 +0P
-
, %
+ %
- .
- .
-
.

!" -
-
.
-
.
-
.
- ,
.
.
-
. .
-
.
/ .
.
]%
) (
) /( =

-
% .
?`3* b c
-
).(-

/ - /.

. -34 J R)E6F'4 @3AQ4 w4 -*M )4 qM4 :(S-) quF K*L
(2N/K ) M @&* )(Wk
,
,
,
,
)N3A )4 w4 -*M- F'N 3# g4u (2-
) w4 -*M- F'N 3P- EP (7-

!" -

:
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
*******

/ - /.

.
) (C2S, C3S
.
) (CaO
) (SiO2 %.
- )
(
) (Fe2O3 AL2O2 SiO2 CaO
. :
).(C2S, C3S
.( CaO/ SiO2>2)
) (MgO %.

. ) (/
CEM1

.. %
CEM5, CEM4, CEM3, CEM2
. ) (- .

.
:
- )(P, Q - )(S
- ) ( T - ) ( V , W
- ) ( D - )( L , LL

"! &#$%
) (- !" #$%

/ - /.

:
- )(CEM 2
- )(CEM 3
)(CEM 4 -
)(CEM 5 -
(S) !

-1

) (CaO ) (MgO
) (SiO2 ) (Al2O3

(CaO + MgO) / SiO2 .
(P, Q) #$%& -2

.

) (Ca (OH)2

.
) (SiO2
) (AL2O3 ) (Fe2O3
%

.

"! &#$%
* ! , (P) *!+

.
* ! , (Q) *!" $/

.
( V , W ) () * -3

1:% 456/17 816 012

%

% %
)(
% %
% .
* < =// ( V ) +6

) ( SiO2 ) (Al2O3
) ( Fe2O3
% %

% %,
) ( %

/ - /.

% CEM 1
%.
* < =/ (W ) +6

) (CaO ) (SiO2 ) (Al2O3
) (Fe2O3
% ) % (-
%

% /

) % (-.

%
%
%
CEM 1 .
<: ?2
B7 <62 !6 ) 8: (SO3 <1 1+6 412 81F% /1 81:
K11N4$F O11B: #$1% K11MK11 I11*J11!6F, G$117 411$F #$11% 116 J P11
O$ #$% 8F 62!6 /.

"! &#$%
( T ) -%! ,
) -4

) (

/
.

%

%
% CEM 1 .
( L , LL) 123 /0 -5
:
- ) (CaCO3
%.
- , /
.
/ .
.
- :
LL % ,.
% ,. L
.

/ - /.

( D ) 56 78 -6

%
. Silica Fume

) /( Byproduct
.

).(-
:
% -
.
- /
.

.

)(

).

! "
(-

"! &#$%
<= 9: ;#5
%
.

.

.
@?(; >65

) (CaSO42H2O
) (CaSO4 H2O ) (CaSO4

.
;9A:

% ) (
%,

.
) (-

:

/ - /.

)(CEM 1 -
- )(CEM 2
- )(CEM 3
)(CEM 4 -
)(CEM 5 -

) (-

"! &#$%
4V ) (- #$% !4W7 *

)(

LL L S K
T W V Q P D
- - - - - - - - - - CEM 1 CEM 1
- - - - - - - - - - CEM2/A-S
- - - - - - - - - - CEM2/B-S
- - - - - - - - - -
CEM2/A-D

- - - - - - - - - - CEM2/A-P
- - - - - - - - - - CEM2/B-P
- - - - - - - - - - CEM2/A-Q
CEM 2
- - - - - - - - - - CEM2/B-Q
- - - - - - - - - - CEM2/A-V
- - - - - - - - - - CEM 2/B-V
- - - - - - - - - - CEM 2/A-W
- - - - - - - - - - CEM 2/B-W
- - - - - - - - - - CEM 2/A-T
- - - - - - - - - - CEM 2/B-T

/ - /.

- - - - - - - - - - CEM 2/A-L
- - - - - - - - - - CEM 2/B-L
- - - - - - - - - CEM 2 - CEM 2/A-LL
- - - - - - - - - - CEM 2/B-LL
- - CEM 2/A-M
- - CEM 2/B-M
- - - - - - - - - - CEM 3/A
- - - - - - - - - -

CEM 3/B CEM 3
- - - - - - - - - - CEM 3/C
- - - - - - CEM 4/A
CEM 4
- - - - - - CEM 4/B
- - - - - - - - CEM 5/A
CEM 5
- - - - - - - - CEM 5/B

#$%& !"
/ - /.

Aggregates
1-4
.

) (
.

. )-
(%

) (
.
.
:
- .
-.
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
) (%

.

-

2-4

1-2-4
:
! # $%& '

:

.

.
! )(*
:
:
-
.
- ) (by-product
.
-
.
- .
:+,$ - ./. 0 12 3$%& 4 $5 '67 89
::$ $5 -

.
:;< $5 -
.
.
:

/ - /.

. )
(
. )
(.
) . (

.
; :;=& $5

.
.

.
@A & ?2> 4

2-2-4
C 1 + -B
:
:DE;
- ,
, , .
) (% - % ,.
:D;6
; - ,
, .
) (% ,
.
FG
-
.

-

.
.
HI F6G + -
):(-
- - -
- - -

)( )( )( ) ( )(
) (-
) (-

/ - /.

) ! "# ( -

1)B 2

.
) )--((

) )--((

.
) )--((

) )--((
.

) )--((
.

.
) $% & '() "# (-

1)B @A & HJ

-
.
.

.
.

.

.
HI L#< M+ + -;K
:
- - -
- - -
) (- .

.

.
.

.

NO + -%
:NO P%
- -/

/ .

/ - /.

:NO; ;JQ
- / .
)-/ ( )-/ .(
)-
/ ( ) -/ (

-/.
: NO F.
- / .

/
.

5<T 1U
S( 3-4
. )
(
.
:*#
1-3-4
: F -
)
( .
.

, .

.
:VA - ,

.
.

-
:@ +6& $WX -

.

.
:
: .
) ( ) %
( ) % (
) % : (
) % : ( .
)(

/.
:

:
- .
- ) (
- .

/
:
.
.

.

/ - /.

:
.

) (
.

.
: Z;J> ;WI - .

.
::I HQ -

.
:*
2-3-4
: N [ \Q '

-
.

.
/
.
.

.

-
: (61)% & ]# -

.
.
.
/ . ) (- .
:`1DJ -

.
-
.
-/
. ) (- .
:(;< > : @%0 '
-
.

.
.

.

. .

/ - /.

.-./ 0,12 34 "+ $%, (*-) !
.678 9:# 0);< 34 "+ =%>? $%, ( -) !

-
:
1 # a> 4-4
:
! - .
-)&( '&$% * .
2 - 01 & / (+-..(%+),
- 67) 345+5 ; (345+.
- (<7 ;( )5 * (3)-?> =1 .
5%*& - @ 3< (15.
-EF *; ()- .B4+
-I% *; J.

.

HX L#< M+( F6b 1-4-4

.

.

.

.

.
.

/ .

/ - /.

HI aT +& 2-4-4

.

.

.

.
%
% %,

.

.

) (-

-
! )$% @A 2B 1C & (-

.
.

.

.

. /
.

.
.
.

.

/ - /.

c W
HX V 3-4-4

.

.

.

.

.

:
.

.
.
Specific Gravity
1 * NO 4-4-4

.
.
:

-
(Absolute Specific Gravity) d1#& * NO

.
. ) (
.
(Apparent Specific Gravity) P 3e * NO

) (
.
.

, .,
) (- .
)LE $% FGH I JK @:# 34 (D-

P 3e * NO HDE P (
S
, ,
, ,
, ,
, - ,

/ - /.

HX ] Hg J (* WI NO ) 16 [)6 5-4-4
) (
)/(
.
:
- .
- .
- .
: ij *1

1 16 [)6 h
- )
(
- ) -
(
- .
- ) (
- .

. .

) (-
.

.

) ( .
).(-

-
)$% @N 34 O?P1 9; I> (M-

3

/kW
1 * WI NO
m X (
S
o <n,
-

- -
) (
- - ) (
- -

-
) (
) (
B-?>
<>
* B- ;J
J<K
B-
! )Q I1R S (D-

/ - /.

= +
- =

- =

= -

= -
/
=-
/

= -

=

: =

-

*[ m Pq 6-4-4

) (- :
: N J; ZK
- .
r; Z;K :
.
& G :ZK L#+
.
:F B nm$
.

.

.

.

.
.

.

.
.

/ - /.

k
1 WI @%:A 7-4-4

.

.

.

.
:
N+) (15@; (E5M)5L5 < 3&.
(&5. (L&.
) (- % %
% %

.
. .
(
)

.

-
EF < B- 3& %

& B4
& &05%

& =PQ
?K
?K
( @% &1 (15
! )) JK OTU (M-( .> 9N& @A

1 *I u$ 8-4-4

.

.
.

.

.

/ - /.

=Sieve Analysis FQ& F1

) (-

.
:
: ) , , , , (
: ) , - , (
: ) ,- ,- ,- ,- , - ,(

.
.

) (-
. .

-
G(X >H +# ); ); (W-)
( E&,? K5) (E? K5) (E$)? K5) ) 1 B)1 (*%?
(K51 S - B&
(K51 S (K51 - B&
(K51 S (K51 S - B&
(K51 (K51 - B&
(K51 S (K51S - B&
(K51 - S (K51 - B&
(K51 S (K51 S - B&
B&S
(K51 S (K51S BT
B&S
(K51 S (K51S BT B&S
(K51 - S (K51 - B&S
(K51 / (K51 / BT B&S
(K51 / (K51S BT B&S
(K51 / (K51 / BT B&S
(K51S - - B&S
(K51 / (K51 S - B&S
(K51 / (K51 / BT B&S
(K51 / (K51 / - B&S
(K51 / (K51 S - B&S
S BT - - B&S
BT (K51 / BT B&S
BT - - B&S
BT BT - B&S
BT BT BT B&S
BT BT B&S
BT BT B&S
BT BT - B& S
BT BT BT B& S
BT BT - B& S
BT BT - B& S
BT BT - &
BT BT BT &
BT BT - &
BT BT - &
BT BT - &
BT BT BT &
BT BT - &
BT BT - &
BT BT - &
BT BT BT &
BT BT - &
BT BT - &
BT BT - &
BT BT - &
BT BT - &
BT BT - &
BT BT - &
BT BT - &
BT - &

/ - /.

Grading Curves

.

) .(-
.
)+# Z @: /> (Y-

:w& + *& NO
:w& + :w& +
& F *1 F *1
v F5& C
&@$& x && x
F5 F5

,
, , ,
, ,
, , ,
, ,
,
- -
-- -- %

-
100
90
80
70
%
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0.15 0.3 0.6 1.25 2.5 5 10 20 40

! )$% ] [,1 @#\# /> (W-
Fineness Modulus

) -,-, -,-,-,- -,
,-,( . ) ,
(, ,-, -, ,
. %
.%
) (, , ) .(
:
- .
. -

/ - /.

Surface Area of Aggregate

:
- .
- .
- .
-

) /(
.
) -
/(
.

.

.
) (-
/ .

-
/
/
! )aPb >;> @: $% :# \(^ &^ ?_` (Y-
- :

:
- .
- .
F6G : 6

HI =#+ X+& -B
- =
= .
=
= ) (/ . .

=
.

/ - /.

- = W
.

- =
.

=
.
:
:
:
:
:
:
)( ) (
) ( )( .

.

+ + . + . - =
.
, = ) (
, = ..
- ) ( =

(/ +. ....... + + )
. . .

:
) --( ) -( )-(
( / + + + . =) .
.

-
) ( &F6G J15&
HI =#+ X+

:

(/ + + = ) . +
. .
) --( ) - ( )-(
(/ + + . +. =).
. . .
: : .
:

= =

.

/ - /.

-
:

.
= +

S
Then: Am = AS + AL . L
S+L S+L
:
S Am - AL
L = AS - Am
:
: . Am
: . As
: . AL
: . L
: . S

-
Maximum Nominal Aggregate Size
%

:
- .
- .
- .
- .
:

.

.
.

.
.
.
) (, ) (,
) (- ) (- . ) (-

/ - /.

)(, .

. ; dm
. ) (
/
.
) (
. ) (, ) (,
.
) (
.
) .(

. .

) ( .
) (
(
.

-
100
90
80
%
70
60
C 4
50 B 3
40 A
2
30 1
20
10
0
0.075 0.15 0.3 0.6 1.2 2.4 4.75 9.5 19 38
! ).9> Y X%H I,1:d 0);> $% @ [,1 #\#> (c-
100
90
%
80
70
60
C
50 B 4
A 3
40
2
30
1
20
10
0
0.075 0.15 0.3 0.6 1.2 2.4 4.75 9.5 19

! ).9> cgD X%H I,1:d 0);> $% @ [,1 #\#> (-

/ - /.

100
90
4
80 3
2
70
%
1
60
C
50
B
40 A
30
20
10
0
0.075 0.15 0.3 0.6 1.2 2.4 4.75 9.5

! )9>cgD X%H h,1:i 0);> $% ] [,1 #\#> (-
: & < HJ2 1 4 FG DE D6

u$

DE
)(-
:
:
: .
: .
: .

: D6
)(-

-
)W/c j . $ ); ?P $% [, (c-
(+) (E5M) &= )51 Y+

u$ # u$ # u$ # u$ # *cy z
F5& kh$
)) )( (k) =J1
,
- - - - ,
- - - - ,
- - - - ,
- - - - ,
- - - - ,
- - - - ,
)W/c j.$ ); ? $% [, (-

)6 %4Z , )&;;)(%

)(
- - - - - ,
- - - - - ,
- - - - - ,
- - - - ,
- - - - - ,
-,
- - - - ,

- - ,- - - ,

/ - /.

: FG
)(-
)W/c j.$ ); >7 $% [, (-

)(

)(
- - - - - S
- - - - - S
- - - - - S
- - - - - S
- - - - - S
- - - - - S
- - - - - S
- - - - - S
- - - - - S
- - - - - S
- - - - - S
?K ?K ?K ?K ?K S

-

1 , 6 a> 5-4

.
:
-
.
-
.
- ) (
.
:
- ) - - -
(
- .
- .
Deleterious Substances in Aggregate

*[ @${ %& 1-5-4
:
! : .
! )( : .
! )) : .

.

/ - /.

Impurities and Salt |/ n,G

. .

.
.
.
.
% .
. .

. .

.
Clay and Other Fine Materials

1 J1E& %& ]#
.
.
. ) (
.
.

.

. .

.

-
* # ]# Pq :

% .
% .
% .
% .
.
Unsound Particels ) Dg HI
:
: .
: .
.
:
-] 3;4 3+ .
-= _F- ) =& ^5*%.Y$
-_F- $%&a (;16 )&( .(6TI
-_F- &= ?* B (??Q5.
-_F- ] (?.b.(E
- K+..(E5b.
-) .
- ;5IE.
- %E.
- 3d) c1 I%E*.(IEI
-K fF & Be; 161.
- K+. (E5;6.4?%; (;16
-E5;6 )*.
) (- . . /
.

/ - /.

) . ); G) 8 $%, &. ( *-

J2& H1# (Hmxby S
-

.
-

.
.
- < %.
< % ) (
< % ) (
-
%

.
< % . -
< % ) (
.
< % -
% ) (
.
< % -
) (
)-- -
(--) (--) (
- - - . -

-
Soundness of Aggregate
kWX H. 2-5-4

.
.
. . .
.
.
Alkali - Aggregate Reaction

1 P1 FJ 3-5-4

.

.
) ( :
Alkali - Silica Reaction 61+ P1 FJ -B

)(Na2O

) .(K2O
.
:
-).% )51 c+Ia2 5%*E =& (b?Y+& ( 3;4E5;6 ' -%2
3;4 (15*& %S (M5K I5E ).(Na2O

/ - /.

5%*& IEI*2 - E5;6 ) <3 , I5$5E ) 3< (Na2O (;Y(Y

S 3;4 IEFE' )1/.
-a FL &= 3< c+), (;Y5)1 (Y 51'( I.1 f5L
$& 3 & IEI*% ($$Y%)( 5' &I <.k%;4
-? ;62 3;4 ). ) 3IY%l1 (Y > (P > &e?+
;).
Alkali - Carbonate Reaction H( 6 P1 FJ -
) (Dolomitic limestone
- -
.
.%,

.

-

1 6(6& a> 6-4

.
:

Strength of Aggregate
1-6-4

.

. .

. ) (-/
) (- .
.

.
.
) (-

:
% .
%
.

/ - /.

)G) C $% % >C1^ ,C 6> :l aPb >;> (-
{(2k</kW) #<& VE ($5 S
4000
3000
/
2000
1000
0
0 10 20 30 40
! )97n1 >> L))H C aPb >;> S2 m. ( -
. C oG 6> p# $%

-
Toughness of Aggregates
( 2-6-4
.

.

:
% .
% .
Hardness of Aggregates
@%/2 3-6-4

. ) (-
.
),C q>r s ,1+. ()1 9; (D-

% /
%
, , , ,
, , , ,
, , , ,

, , , ,

/ - /.

Durability of Aggregates 'A

F } 4-6-4
::v F

.
; :d;: I
.
.
;~ :P
.

1 :$ I a> 7-4

:
- .
- .
- .
:
1 P$ I % 1-7-4

.
.
- , / -
- / - .
/ - ,

-

.
) (- .
),C 6> :l I, T1 .>> (M-

/ -
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
,
:
1 :$ I 12& @$ I 2-7-4

.

.
.2 Specific Heat (Cp) @% 1 @$ I

. / .
/ .
& Thermal Conductivity (k) ;:$ I 12& n

.
/
.

/ - /.

H$Q 8-4

.

.
.

)
( ) ( .
:
:6(6& # H$QT :T4 B
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
-
) (.
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
- ) (.
- .

-
:,% , 6 H$QT (.
-
- ) (
Aggregate Sampling H 9QB m 1-8-4
$QT ' Zr -B

.
@~5& H -
-

.
-

.
$QT H#Q -;K

-
)(-
:

/ - /.

* k+ : m

.

) (-

.
)# 34 $% #: n#> t+u @1 a;# T: (W-
NO &< FQ
NO NO % &C

&@Q z
$QT 16 ( 9QB kh$ $T
#( F icT
)(
K 1 ) (
K 1
&F5 (k)
1
)(
K 1 (k) =J1
,

-
$% L2 9^;1 (-) 9m, !

/ - /.

1 FQ& F1= $Q 2-8-4
Test Method For The Determination of Sieve Analysis of Aggregates
- .

.
-
.
$QT ' Zr -B
:
-
.
- .
- .
:
:I u$ -

.
:DE;
; - ) (%-
.
:D;6
; - ) (%
.
-
FG .
:DE;
1 : -

.
:
; 1 ~ P$T C& - %
.

-
5+& @AK -
-
- + .
- ).(-
)(. -
- .
- .
@~5& H -;K

-
).(-
- %, +
+ .
$QT H#Q -%
- .
-
.
).(-
%Q (+4 ( 3< Q+)1 ;*% I1 >

- %, )(.
-
.
-
%, .

.

/ - /.

-

.
-

,
.
- W2 W1
W3
).(-
%Q (+4 ( 3< Q+)1 ;*% )](5

-
. ,
. .
- , ,
.
- .
, ,
.
- +
.Wm
, .W Wm : -
- .
M, -;3
-
).(-

-
- ) (W - Wm
, .
-

.
- .
- .
[ %X -

-
).(-) (- ) (-
)@ [,1 ,1+i ); +# (Y-

) (
) ( ) (
,
,
,
, ,
,
,
,

,
, ,
, ,
, ,
*, ,
* ,

/ - /.

)+#2 \1 ,1+ # 34 mv (c-

)( )(

,

,
,
, ,
, > ,
)] [,1 ,1+ @A +# @: O4NE $% 34 X%v (*-
-

,
, ,
,
, ,
,
, ,
, ,
, , ,
, , ,
,
,
,

-
),1+ @A O, w ^# O4NE w ^# x^& ; B (*-
+#2 \1

)(
W1
- W x100 W1 W1 ,
W1 + W2
- W x 100 W1 + W2 W2 ,
W1 + W2 +W3
- W x100 W1+W2+W3 W3 ,
,
W1 + W2 + W3 + W4 x100 W1+W2+W3+W4 - W4
W
W = W1+W2+W3+W4
)?P $% sA ; T& (**-
F5& ' $ 1 :w& +

=[ C
u$1 [y %I
I
&F5
(k <V 'GQ u$1
- - - ,
- - - - ,
- - - - ,
- - - - ,
- - - - ,
- - - - ,
- - - ,

/ - /.

)? $% sA ; T& (* -

NO @$& :w& +
=[ C
(k) % J C
$ (k) u$
$
&(k) F5
10 14 20 40 5-10 5-20 5-40
- - - - - ,
- - - - - ,
- - - - - ,
- - - - - - - ,
- - - - - - ,
- - - - - - ,
- - - - - - - ,
)>7 $% sA ; T& (*-

)(
- -
- - ,
- - - ,
- - ,
- - - ,
- - - ,
- - - ,
- - - ,
- - - ,
- - - ,
- - - ,

-

1 a/ :w& + ] $Q 3-8-4
Determination of the Percentage of Absorpaion for Aggregate
Coarse Aggregate D6

:T4 B
:
.
$QT ' Zr -B

- ) ( .
5+& @AK -
- ) (
- ) -(.
- .
-
- .
- .
- .
$QT H#Q -;K

- .
;
v ) (
.x &11
-
)- (

-
.
- .

/ - /.

-

.
-

. ).(m1
- 5 +
) .(m2
M, -%
) ( :
= (m1-m2) / m2 * 100
:
: m1
: m2
[ B %X -;3

:
(NO) a/ :w& + &@%

% ,
%
%,

-
Fine Aggregate DE

:4(.
) ( .
:
.
$QT ' Zr -B
:5+& @AK -
- .
- +
+ + ,.
- .
:$QT H#Q -;K

-
.
- +
. + .
- ) (

. .
-
:
- .
- .
-
. .
-

.

/ - /.

-
).(m1
- +

).(m2
:M, -%
) ( :
= 100 * (m1 m2) / m2
:
:m1
: m2
[ B %X -;3

% .

-

1 3e i NO ] $Q 4-8-4
Apparent Specific Gravity of Aggregate

. 3e i NO
) (.
$QT ' Zr -B

-
.
- ) (
.
:5+& @AK -
-
-
- : .
$QT H#Q -;K
- ) ( -

).(W1
- -
)( ) (V1

/ - /.

) (W1

) (V2 ).(V
V = V1 V2
- ) ( ) (-
.
- ) (V3

).(V4
- -

).(W2
:M, -%
W1
- =
V
W2
- =
V3 V4
[ %X -;3

) (- .
)$% I JK @:# 34 (*D-
3e i NO %X (

S
, ,
, ,
, ,

-

1 Hg J1 :w& + * WI NO ] $Q 5-8-4
Determination of Bulk Density (Volumeteric Weight) And

Percentage of Voids for Aggregate
* . WI NO
Hg J1 :w& +
.
$QT ' Zr -B

- .
-
.
5+& @AK -
-
.
- .
- .
$QT H#Q -;K

-

.
- .V1
- .W1
- :
- )5&In :

.

/ - /.

-n > n)5&In :

.
- .
- .W2
- .
M, -%
- :
W2 - W1
=
V1
:
. =
= W1 .
= W2 .
= V1 .
- :
*w -
= V%
*w
:
= V%
= .

= W = /
=
[ %X ;3

.

-
D6
1 : F ] $Q 6-8-4
Elongation Index Of Coarse Aggregate
:: F ,
.
:$QT ' Zr -B

.
:5+& @AK -
- )(-
- ) , , (
- .
- .
. -
$QT H#Q -;K

-
) (-
,.
-
. .
- .
-
.
- ) (M1
%
. ).(M2

/ - /.

-
) ) .(- .
.
- ).(M3
M, -%
) (E1 :
E1 = 100* M3/M2
:
: M2 % .
: M3 .
.
[ B %X -;3
%
) (-

)(
)(

,

-
)$% >> S G2 (*Y-

)( * )( )(
% %
, + , , ,
, + , ,
, + , , ,
, + , , ,
, + , , ,
, , + , , ,
* ,
! ). y;> (D-

/ - /.

D6
1 L#1J F ] $Q 7-8-4
Flakiness Index of Coarse Aggregate
L#1J F ,
.
$QT ' Zr -B

.
:5+& @AK -
- )(-
- ) (, - - - - - , - - .
-
-
- .
:$QT H#Q -;K

-
) .(-
-
. .
-
.
-
. .
- ) (M1
%
. ).(M2

-
-
) ) .(- .
.
- ).(M3
M, -%
) (FI :
FI = 100 * M3/M2
:
:M2 % .
:M3 .
.
[ %X -;3

%
),1+i #: 34 @GTH (*c-

)(
)(

,

/ - /.

)$% '(1 >> S G2 ( -

)(
)( )(
% %
, + , , ,
, + , , ,
, + , , ,
, + , , ,
, + , , ,
, + , , ,
, , + , , ,
! )'(1 y;> (M-

-
DE k 1 WI @%:A ] $Q 8-8-4
Determination of the Bulking of Fine Aggregates
:@DE
1 WI @%:A

.
:$QT ' Zr -B

- .
- .
- .
:5+& @AK -
. -
. -
. -
. -
:$QT H#Q -;K

- .
- .
- %
.
- .
-
.
- :
.
- .

/ - /.

:M, -%
-
.
-
)( -
40
35

30
25
20
15
10

5
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
! )> N OTU @: z ?_` (W-

-
NO
%& ]# +( ] $Q 9-8-4
Determination of Clay and other Fine Materials in

Aggregates by Weight
: %& ]# .
$QT ' Zr

.
:5+& @AK -
- .
- .
-
-
$QT H#Q -;K

-
)(-
- ) ( A
- .
-
.
- .
- .
- ) ( B

/ - /.

: M, -%
) (F% .
A-B
= F% * 100
A
[ %X -;3
).(-
).C# ; (2 I +H :# T S( ^G ,1+ #: 34v ( -
$QT NO FhB &(k)

1 ~ P$T C
, ,
, ,
, ,
< ,
)$% 2 :# T w ^# T& ( *-
% NO %& ]# + *h I (

S

-
kWI DE
%& ]# +( ] $Q 10-8-4
Determination of Clay and other Fine Materials in

Fine Aggregates by Volume
$QT ' Zr -B

.
.
5+& @AK -
.
$QT H#Q -;K

- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
-
.
M, -%

.
[ %X -;3

%
.%
.

/ - /.

D6
1 kG F $Q 11-8-4
Determination of Crushing Value of Coarse Aggregate
; kG; F ,
) (.
$QT ' Zr -B

.
.
5+& @AK -
-
.
- .
- )-
.(
- , .
- .
- . - .
- .
- . - .
:@~5& $QT -;K

:
- .
-

-

.
- -
.
- .
$QT H#Q -%
- .
-

.
-
.
-
) (M1
,
) (M2 ) (M3 ) (M2 )(M3
) (M1
.
- .
M, -;3
- ) (ACV :
ACV = (M3 x 100) / M1

:
= ACV .
= M3 ,.
= M1 .

/ - /.

- %
%
.
[ %X -
(%) kG F
5<T
! ).o O:; G G()H (Y-

-
1B C O P~1 D6

] $Q 12-8-4
Determination of Abrasion Resistance of Coarse Aggregates in Los

Angeles Machine
P~ F .
$QT ' Zr -B

.
:5+& @AK -
- )(-
- ,.
-
.
- . - .
:@~5& H -;K

- ) (- -
.
- ).(-
-
).(-
$QT H#Q -%
- ) (W1
).(-
- ).(-

/ - /.

- -

.
-
,.
-
- ).(W2
M, -;3
).(Ab
W1 W2
= Ab x 100
W1
[ B %X -
% % .

-
)C# 2 ,1+i #: q{ ( -
(
K) u$ S $QT NO
*1 OWU &' $
-- -- -- -- -- -- , ,
-- -- -- -- -- -- , ,
-- -- -- -- -- , ,
-- -- -- -- , ,
-- -- -- -- -- , ,
-- -- -- -- -- , ,
-- -- -- -- -- , ,
-- -- -- -- -- -- , ,
-- -- -- -- -- -- , ,
-- -- -- -- -- -- , ,
)hX % T: Z ( -
H 6 % (d+ W1 m u$ S

/ - /.

! )hX o|v y #%> (c-

-
(
( $Q) D6
1
F ] $Q 13-8-4
Determinaion of Aggregate Impact Value

HX ( - .

; F - ,
.
$QT ' Zr -B

.
5+& @AK -
- ).(-
- , .
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
@~5& H -;K

. ).(-

/ - /.

+4 - '%Q < 3*( (<-
-
.

.
- +
.
- .

.
.
.
+4 - '%Q < 3*( @(
-
.

.
- .
$QT H#Q -%
-
-
.

.
- .
"."M1

-
- ,
. " "M2 " " M3
" "M2 + M3 " "M1
.
-
-
%
.
-
.
" ." M1
,.
M, -;3

[* [v X
:
M2
= AIV x 100
M1 :
= AIV
= M1 )(
= M2 , )(.

[* m I
m :
M2
=m x 100
M1 :
= M1 )(
= M2 , )(

/ - /.

:
15 m
= AIV
n :
n .
[ %X -

- %
.
- %
.
).$ >: Z ,1+i $% # 34 mH hT!}) T ( D-
(kW) 16 $QT NO FhB (k)

C

-
) ,(
)(
! )$% $ ,1+ #%> (**-

/ - /.

VE{ *1 DE

*[ :{ n,G D. ] 14-8-4
Determination of the Effect of Organic Impurities on The strength of
Mortar
$QT ' Zr -B

.
.

.
5+& @AK -
- .
- )( .
- .
:@~5& H -;K

- .
- %
.
-
.
.
% .
.
:$QT H#Q -%
-

. .

-
-
% . -

, -
.
-

.
-
) ( .

.
- :
. -
.
. .
. -
, . -

.
-
.%
-
.
-
-
.
-
.
- .

/ - /.

M, -;3
- .
- .
-
.
- .

-

1 :{ n,G ] $Q 15-8-4
Determination of Organic Imurites
$QT ' Zr -B

.
5+& @AK -
-
- .
@~5& H -;K

.
$QT H#Q -%
- % % .
- % .
- %

.
- , ,
% .
M, -;3

.
[ %X -

-
.
-

.

/ - /.

|/ Pq ] 16-8-4

Determination of Salts Content
-
Chlorides (Cl ) Content H:$16 Pq
) (Cl- .
) (Cl-
.
$QT ' Zr -B

.
5+& @AK -
- - . - .
- . -
@~5& H -;K
)
,( 105.
$QT H#Q -%
- , .
- -
.
-
.%

-
-
) (.
M, -;3
) (Cl-:
V x N x 0.0355 x 100
= C1- %
W :
= C1- %
= V )(
= N
= W )(
[ %X -

) (C1- %,
% , .
Sulphates (SO3) Content H:~6 Pq
) (SO3
.
$QT ' Zr -B

.
5+& @AK -
- . - . - .
- . - .

/ - /.

@~5& H -;K

.
$QT H#Q -%
- .
-
.
- .
- .
.
- 900 .
M, -;3
W1 x 0.343
= SO3% x 100
W
= SO3%
= W )(
= W1 )(
= , .
[ %X -

) (SO3 % ,
.
*******

-
/ - /.

1-5

.
.
) (Hydration .
) %(- )% (-
) % ( - ) % ( - .
.
.

. /
.
.
% :
% :
% :
% :

.

.

.
.
.
.

/ - /.

2-5

:
:

.
, - ,
. .

.
)
( .

.

$% !"# 3-5
- - . - .
&

+,
- )( '& $%,4 5-6- # 12 ):(% ./
, ).(T.D.S
, .CL
, .SO3
, .
, .
, .
, .
) (pH ) (
.

.
:
) (

.
) (
% .
.

/ - /.

) (
.
:

% % :
) ( )
(.
) (
.
) ( .
) (
.
) ( .
.
) ( .
+,'( )*#

) ( .
) ( ) (Bleeding
).(Laitance
) ( .
) ( )(.
) ( .

-. /01

.
-#

$%
:

.
.
) :
(.

.
.

$%= <5/
$%=
; ; 789' '( 2
.
*+ ,-, ((/) !" #$%

/ - /.

B'C+,9 7
5' 7B'C -

5' 7B'C -
5E ()) 7B'C'G 'B(

'C-) +(
. ,-,
/ 0% 123
3 $% +634 ,53 4-5

953 ,53 837

)(

.

.

'54 ,5

.

.
;<33 :

.

. .

.

.
'5 =>:

) ( .
.
?

6#& 5-5

:
- .
- .

/ - /.

- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
&
*@ ;< : 8A 6#
6#&! B CD
)/( .

#0 +EFG:
- - -
!&6# &57
- .
- .
- .
- .
- :
W1 - W
=S x 1000
v
= S /
= W )(
= W1 )(
= V )(
H% I5 ,J

/.

&'65K 8A 6#
6#&! B CD
,
-
) (Cl
+EFG:
- - -
!&6# &57
- .
- .
- , )( :
/.
- - ) (.
- ),( .
- :
35.5 x V x N
= Cl- x 1000 g/L
V1
= Cl- ) (Cl-/.
= V .
= N .
= V1 )(
H% I5 ,J

) (Cl- ,/.

/ - /.

&#'LK 8A 6#
6#&! B CD
)(SO3

#0 +EFG:
- - -
!&6# &57
- .
- .
- - ) ( :
.
- % .
- .
- .
-
.
- .
- :
W
SO3 = 343 x g/L
V

/. )(SO3 = SO3
= W )(
= V )(
H% I5 ,J

) (SO3 , .

59 K &59 K 8A 6#

6#&! B CD

#0 +EFG:
- - -
!&6# &57
- .
- .
- .
-
, )
, (.
- ,
.
- ,
.
- )
(.
- :

/=

) ( /=
= /
H% I5 ,J
/

/ - /.

&
'54 ,5 'A 6#
6#&! B CD
)/(

#0 +EFG:
- - . -
!&6# &57
-
-
.
- .
-
.
- :
) (
/ =

H% I5 ,J

,/.
*********

/ - /.

Admixtures
$( % &'"$$ "!

$- &.!/ %+*) ! & .&'"$ 64 1 " 1
)*> = % &.!/'; 8: 8).9 8*.*7)& ") .8
1-6
; $B -$ "! !G - &D &'"$ C &!:

!/ $-L I $- D: &'"$D &I &'"$!* ;7 &
:>M & ;D
+ - % &'"$ >-O & PD &I R .

- >U $7T.SO
>P - P;18 .&'"$
%+ -P W :.&'"$
- % + ')* .11+
-R !P& !$/1 .&'"$

-;*+ &: &'"$7 :!P&.
+ -;7 % &'"$!* P >M& $1.
-;*+ 4) $B &'"$7 : ! &R;7 &'"$7 &'"$7 )L .&L7

! -

! "# $%&'() $*
2-6
(UR - _ ^$CT $C : &'"$ R].

- "( ); . % &U" cRb .a/
: (UR - & ; R;/ "" % 8;/R
&'"$! &+ &P " &'"$ 8I &'"$ 8 ;'&.
(UR -T % &!.f &: % ;"D7 &D .&1R$U
- " '; %: % $M ') g &Db &'"$ ;I
; & 1 !87T % ;.!8P
$R - : "; c"! !; &h &:!P& R$1/ aR
& j :"! ;1'f (UR S4 . ;; $ & %: &.
!& l c'; !)& %"! .
bR - ; R T1 $ >7> &!/+ &: o-;1D 8: "n
U WR ' * &f8q S4 ; & !;
;! 8P D)L &"P *& .! %Rb (UR % 8!+ &PR$D
& ;h$ % &q g!O$+.

,* $-. /&01 234 3-6
I;R % R &.!/ c &'"$ 8!P %/!R

!:;!U :&r
- ) ! n/+ &1") SO';(.
- ;8 !;1+.
- ! )' c ! .&'"$
- !P& $I "! )> !
- ; %R.&'"$
- $7 ;.&:

/ - /.

9. : 2;<= )5678

! 1-3-6
Water Reducing and Set Controlling Admixtures (ASTM C494)
_______________________________________________________
"'& $ U :;q '; " $M n v4

.>U $7T &'"$ *( n/+( j )I> ) P w
ASTM C494 &/R$) L !;b!& '; )& 1" & :;!U! v4 nP
:R ! G A % $+
ASTM C494 - Type A &'"$ 7 ) -

ASTM C494 - Type B SO $7T -
ASTM C494 - Type C SO> U -
ASTM C494 - Type D SO $7T ) -
ASTM C494 - Type E SO> U ) -
ASTM C494 - Type F &: &I"'& $ 7 ) -
ASTM C494 - Type G SO $7T& : &I"'& $ 7 ) -
$M $CT $*+ R % &:;!U! v48 &P & 1 '; x $' !
:&r& .$ fM $CT %
ASTM Type A, F (&P.) ) )!' !' -
ASTM Type B (fI^! )SO $7T -
ASTM Type C (fU! )SO> U -
.A , B %:; % yRb %: 1: D ;f

M U
.A , C %:; % yRb %: 1: E ;
.F , B %:; % yRb %: 1: G ;U' %+
&:;!U! v4 % &.$'; z bI; $q 6R !

! -
_G) : ! )!' !' )Plasticizers and Superplasticizers (&P.

______________________________________________________
___________
ASTM ______
C494 Type A&F
; I!' )b"f1( !' )) &P.; b"f $( ;L ;!: "&.

G &D$ &1 &'"$ % % % % "! $M
n'; " .:;q I ' % % &1!' )D &P.
>G .y.; I!' ; +"! UR: &R 8 - R$;'- "f1
" ! - / .W)$ % ; F , A %:; ) &I
; &1 ) A!'( $ % 1C : % ; &D .&'"$
; &1 ) F!' )x (&P. ! 8G) &I % %: Rb *>
; g)' : % &D.&'"$
8)9
;7 %+ - &'"$D &IRb S >-O & PR ;& 1C c

') &1/( ! .(-) >/q
-;*+ &'"$7 :& .S
;7 %+ - &'"$!* ) &1' ) S/( 1C c &D

&I >-O & P ;*+ &: &'"$7 :!P& ).(- >/q
-;*+ &'"$7 : P& $/1 .(- >/q) &:
-;*+ &: &'"$7 : & ).&R
-;*+ &'"$7 : ')* 11 '.]G

/ - /.

& !'1h
&:; &.! 1$ 47T &R$!; ;%:1: (F) &P.)( !' A) !'
:8! %
A "#$ %&''( )* -

Ligno-Sulfonate ';)"; U -
Hydroxycarboxylic Acids S ;$/8 ! -
Carbohydrates ;$ -
F "#$ %&''( )* -

Modified Ligno-Sulfonate ;");' U -
Melamine Formaldehyde ;%f -
Naphthaline Formaldehyde ;%M)' -
Phenol Formaldehyde ; ;-
Beta-naphthaline Sulfonate ';)" %M)' aM/ y' -
U . ;c'* % ';C y ! ;");'(U) ; : *;+ %/!R

% &)/ > $1 ; R$1/ %f! %M) b &'/ q
n ;R$1; I;! $/ & !& %f! %M)
&I n/+& R;h $) 8-O &'"$ ) R ! SO &D1 ;/ _+
oh !" l (" ; Control of Slump Loss ;18 P &
&'"$ ; : &P.) !' $CT q U .(Type D or G) +
!v4> P &'"$ j& + % &P % _ !$!R_
&P.) !' : &R;+!"'& $; 18 P = $+& I) x
.$+& I Rx bR
&P.) !' !' 7 g"
:&r g" : '; !7; /R 6-1 R
>-O & P P - ) -

"! !c o ;- SO % : $CT -
.a/ %!M - &'"$ &U & P! -

! -

) ( +

' +
' +

) (
' +
D7
'
-
- +
).

(-
" ! /
1000 0.5
900
800 0.4
' )/(
" ! -/
700
600 0.3
500
400 0.2
300 /y ;+ "! =
200 18; = n 0.1
100
0 0
0 0.5 1 2 3 4

).!"#$ %& '

( )*+
, , -, . /0
1234 ( -

/ - /.

>! a!'
)& >!:!' !' ) > &P. 47TR &'"$ % $M*;

:&r
11 O - "! ! &/fh ! v!.8 &";1+
- $$8/" % /RbU.
-!> : n+O &P1D11 % &P$ "! .
&!: >IT - & 11+ &+D "! $ c ! % Rb! > v"! .
>P - O.v! +D
$- - & 1$U &1 )f: &.
.bI "! ;1'f ! 8! b c : >/ RO! 4

!> ; *& )f: >M j:; &7)f: _$/" % &/ +O
!G f:) S4 &!: & ! ; .&: &!:;P >/ % &/1q >/O
RbU ! ; ;] --) >/O( = ;P v4 % &1' bU+ &/1O! =
;/R 4 ! ;D &!: & $; S4 &-O! & ;D .&'"$($R
: S R b &I &R$ "! . !' !' )&P.
; !> 11 >* : "! ! 8G %: &/ nC %;*+ ; :cR
v! g'U* % M! v11 "! ! ; ;] --) >/O(.
17 !:
%/!R;;L >!: &1h!' !' ) = % &P.P )*> 11
"! ! 8G %: &/$Ix S 47^ = &D ("$ & $U!& % j C
"! c! I D7 $R 1 o " f RbI
"! / D1 P f7 >*R 1' $-L ; P &P
! ' f nU v411+ ]1L ! $1 j: ]GR % S) nU+
!;-O !1 ! "! U P :' !" j ! .(h$ "
'; % %!' !' ) g)' c &P.!& "! fR &P'G j
') g %b o RbI "! b &P! _ 81"$ nR _
$R &:" % &:" v4RbI /q &+ "! &P1hg)' 8 &)M
nU"! U v4;; $O & $U !' !' );/ &P.
& I )RbI S/ "! 8O %/!R"f- v4 & $U&1' R+ GR
& !. !"z & ;D

! -
1200
1059
1010
1000
" ! -/
; 843
804 814
800
647
600
608
495
412
400 358
200 /y ;+ "! =

' % = &P.
0
1 3 7 28 56
- + - +,
).
0 :(,
, , /0 ;<=
6789 (5-
)( )( )( )(
).
88 !"#$ ((? !8@4 <A /A
BC (>-

/ - /.

Retarders (fI^! )SO $7T : 'C

________________________________
______________
ASTM C494 Type B
8)9
!"z & $ &I> P"'& $ * Sq % Rb "! Sq $7^
!/' R fI^!( 1 Rate of Strength Gain &P! R> P
&'"$ &/'/!& 1D ; : $4R $CT 8 g %/"'& $
.!*
8 8
.I R$" !"z . SO +R = +; I"'& $7 >!: -

.&R;h & !." > !;'& "! & '& I bR& 1L &'"$( L $9 ' -
.I $-L Sq % "! % &" ' -
.8+D $9 "'& $7 : *;+ -
&! 1$! n
Sugar $/ Carbohydrates & ;$/!;

.Phosphates );")Zink S'b f
Accelerators (fU! )SO> U : MC

__________________________________
______________
ASTM C494 Type C
8)9
* bR "'& $ * Sq %> P "! Sq % $ > U

.$/1!& M1 ! $+ b S4

! -
8 8
:+', -.* % / 012 3'45 6782 9 -

-& $7T $CT SO % yI $+ ! ).&G
-& $7T $CT SO % y" & $7.
-!: ;D >M a ]q! vb'.
:+. % / +
; <7( +=)7 %$> -?@ 6782 9 -
-& )$ $/1.
- %b >U" ! TO.'"$
>P -! !.&U! & ;D
.<7( +C5# <7@ +4'= 0D
E';?
; +=)7 %$> -A?@ 67A82 9 -AB
n!$1 !&
!$1 !& !fU SO &'"$ 8 &R;Pf

'; $/ 4 &1./ '$ ;/ ; R;/ ; $8q $M '$
v$" w7$ ) j.& c!P& !$/1 >P % SOf '; $/
4 &1. ( % +* % % "! .;: % %/
" ; R;/ &'"$! &+; &'/ > L R
] '; &U I';R ;/ ;I & ;h$: (UR S4 .%U "
; R;/ &'"$! .] R : &R;+$ I;R1 $7 &R8 /
> ) R$' >M !C B;/ f $ $1 );R
'; $/ /.
h
: - R ' &1 v4 %: +* & S SO.Flash Set ah

-" 8;I + + 4 f $q _'!/.

/ - /.

&@
! 2-3-6 ?& Air Entraining Admixtures
8 8
>P &'"$R !'& Durability &L7!P& *Frost Resistance cP

nR oR$h %: S :P Bubbles; &.; (&* $B) &P; &:! R
f7 &/ &'"$ P1 * S4 &'"$! .(-) >/q
%/!R nR%PR$D S
-& ; + B Foaming S C 7 >M &'"$!$1

&R;G!L Resins &1O;Rb ! ) * .&:
-" ; c >:) &1L"! B y 8 : %I& :P
&P$M ;+ >M ; ! ; ; S'b!; B.
v4!; ( $ % % % % "! +

; ;1+ $R % % nU % % .&'"$_ ^ $C v4 :
%^ ! &'"$ SO R '!/ )U >P!P& P I
&1' % &/: &f:;8 !;1+ &DP& >P = &'"$ -G
!P& ! ; &1' >/ 1R$P %; ;1+ P .%
).E<

, , FG /A H(I 'J A K& 1234 (D-

! -
) B70 C")

! 3-3-6 Permeability-Reducing Admixtures $0 A%
8 8
P : :& ') ! &'"$)' c ! _ 8 / ! ! .;;L &I
P % &:& ) -1 R &R n!* &R &D nC &'"$ ! &RS
!.&U
&R4) %+ %/!Rf7 % &'"$ !+ &CfM&r
$ <H Water Proofing Agents -1

!> c : % &'"$* ! $D! v &+D! &f%
8M;R $1 Wax c!OG $ &1 % % % %
"! . !; &R$!;148 GR $- ;L S ' "]D
&'"$);U ;8 &.$O &R$O!;;I .]D
Superplasticizers +;&J =$ -5) -2
) $q1 $B &PR$D = ' >P : >! 8 ;*+
:> '$ &1B ! &D & / &R4) %+ nC %.&'"$
)Pozzolanic Materials (Filling Effect L7J$ +M +'=N

O2 -5) -3
!; ;1_'& !; ) c >: ;/ $+ >:) % y

"! c! $ &';/1 4 & $B /" >M ; ;/
!> " :);U &7! &R$O % 8M 1B Silica Fume /
;/ 11 % I &P 8D; &+ & &!7M
!& D"z &+! ) (nI/n" ';'C y &: L Byproduct
" S.1;/ )$";/ .) >: 1B c / ;/
/" &';/ ;/ !!& _4 ^ >P);U &7!
&R$O! ; ;] .(-) >/q

/ - /.

)(

).
9L
MN", FG /A B (O BC (-
) E7% F"G1 HI! C")

! 4-3-6 Antiwashout Admixtures
(L : + &'"$! >!R! :$I "! % &'"$ %: y RS
'P wP 8 $/! v! .8 &D+48 R (1 4 ; %
% $1 '; !;;I ; . !> v4 :
>I %R;/! !11+ + "! % j!+ $I )> ! ! !> :
R b &I !".bI % S &'"$ P % %+*)'l 8 .R 4
; % GR' &: &'"$;& &'"$& ;P = S
v4 !P& ')* 11+R !" .&'"$ S;/ v4 %
;!$ &/R$ $1 ";; : &R& ; & 4 ! G
% % &1R$P &1 &D "! .
nP) v4 !P& $I &'"$ "! )> ! nR$I 17
";P &'"$! = nR c!& %nC &1PM &" $ 8!U &'"$
8h;P ]!R$ g!7 8 f7 ! !;;I : n" v$D) j:
" nR .n wP &U' &'"$$I "! P &I/ !
= -1 R _ $/nU %: Rb! PR 8! pH I 4 (UR
. %: >PRP S4 P& &'"$ -G$7 % 8I! bR =
;/ P % &1& &'"$ -G!* + & ;1! P& &'"$ -G
!! &C!* & ;1;8 .% % $1

! -
$CT w %/!R4 ; % ! :R

%+ - P : &'"$& ')* .8';/
P %+ -& aRb &'"$ &I$1.
- &'"$! : &R;+ v4 ;/R 8P : ' ; &R4&.
- ; ;; % v4 $7T : >!R SO . = .8
>*R SO . RbR ! &:" % $M SO .8 $PR %
".&:
^ - v4 'P wP& &'"$ -G!* + & ;1! &1
*> % ;' !P& &'"$ -G!! &C !* & ;1;8.
Coloring Admixtures $0 A ,&'

! 5-3-6
1: %:" '& Metallic Oxide ;$ ;L ; &1h

&: L$OR 8 ;/ &7! . _ % % %: 81' Rb
.&'"$ % n!; !& :S
; LL$ "; R+"; ; $/

; 'C ';
; $G7 $/
; !$ R+!$
; nR$/ ; " %)> R+$)L
; 1 R+6 1

/ - /.

Miscellaneous Admixtures $#&"* KL4

! 6-3-6
I;R % R $7 c4' &'"$ 8 $:r

- %P.&'"$
- !: W.&'"$
- ! ;/ c .&'"$ & ;h$
- ! ;/ c )R$D : R$/1" ]DO ! &'"$ !.&.
- ! c> * R].
- >P) >:;P %$ "! .
- %R;/- >7.&'"$
- %+!" R % S] .&'"$
***************

! -
/ - /.

Lime
1-7

.
) ( ) (
.
:

.

) (
.

.
) (

.

:
: .%
: .%

-

2-7
:
) (
)(

:

) ( .
:
- :

* ) ( ) ( + .
Ca CO3 900 1000 oC Ca O + CO2
- :
.
+ * ) ( +
CaO + H2O Ca ( OH)2 + 15.6 K.Cal

.
+ * +
Ca (OH)2 + CO2 Ca CO3 + H2O

:

.
.

/ - /.

.

.
) (
.
:
) ( .
+ +
2(2CaO.SiO2) + 4H2O 3CaO. 2SiO2.3H2O+ Ca(OH)2

.
+ +
Ca(OH)2 + CO2 CaCO3 + H2O

-

3-7

.
.
) (

.
. :
.
.
.
%&
"#$ 4 -7

.
) ( +
)CaO (75%) + H2O (25% )Ca(OH)2 (100%
,
,

.

.

/ - /.

.
:
.
.
.
%3
2 + 1
2 +3
) ( ) ('(-
) (
) (

) (+0
)#$/ ('(

%#*
2
) (
('
) ! ( & + )! ( ! +
*# ('
) (! + ( *+ ) ! ( ( +
(+
+ , ) ( & + ( *+ ( ,
*)( '1%2
3/ ./) (4- !"# $%&% )+,-)
./

-

5678 5-7

. :
, : : .

.
.

.
.

5:; 6 -7
;(%&
) %>( <= :

.
;#$/ 7 #A? ( @7- :

&%
,
, , .

/ - /.

;(%#*?
) 7 :
)( ,
, .
;(%#*?
) <BC :

) (Flow Table

.
.

.
;(%&
)
%#$ D7 +8 :

.

.

.

-
;
E F+7 #0 :
,
.
) ( .
. )(
.

" 5$GH 7-7

.
)(
- .

.
.
.
.
) (
CaO
CaO
. CaO .
*********

/ - /.

Gypsum
1-8
) .(

.

% -
.
)
(

.

2-8

.

, ,
, .

.

-

3-8

.

.

4-8
:

&#
#$%
"!

"! :
.

.

:#$%
% .

& :#
) .(

) , .(.

)
(
.
.

/ - /.

(&'
&: *)* +, #
- :
, , %.
) .
,( %
% %
% %
- .
- :
%
- .
- : .

%
- .
- .

-

-
4256
0 12&3
0 ./
0

, , ,
% % %
, , ,
- - -

:/ :/ :/

:/ / : / :
% % %
% % %
%- %- %-
% % %

89 5-8
- .
- .
- .
- :
: .
: .
: .
: .

/ - /.

::(; /< 22 =>?@ AB

C@ 2D 8"E
- :
.
- : , ,
% % % .
- : .
- : /
/ .
/ / /
.
- : -/
:
.
.
.
%
.
.

=G?A 6-8
:
- :
.
- .
- .
- .
-
.
- .

-

=$9 7-8

.

. .
:

) (

C@ A $9
@ @bjna@@a

.
@ @bjna@pa
-
.
- , ,.
.
- ,.

/ - /.

3 2?J K2AB $9

L6 M) 22
@ @m

.
@ @bjna@@a

.

!"#"$ %& !"'( )"*+ ,"- .
@ @
@ @

-
@ @na@ua
.
@ @
@ @bjna@pa
- %-
.
-
.
-
.
-
.
-
.
-
.

/ - /.

C@ L6 M KAB $9
@ @@m

.
@ @@bjna@@a
.
@ @na@ua
.
@ @@bjna@
-
.
- .
-

.
-
.
-
.
- .

-
NG OP Q5 (A K2AB $9 @

C
@ @bjna@@a
.
@ @@na@ua
- .
- .
@ @bjna@pa
-

.
- .
.%
-
.
- Pmax ) (fm
Pmax .
y
My
= fm
I

:

: -/ fm
Pmax, : -. = M
: Pmax -
: y =
: /() = I
! "#:
fm = 0.234 Pmax kg/cm2

********

/ - /.

@ @bna@lbja
Bituminous Materials
-
.
- Vacuum Distillation
:
. Solid Bitumen

:
Rc
Mc
Sc
. Cut-Back Bitumen
.
. Bituminous Emulsions .
. Blown Bitumen
.
-
-
-
-
-
-

-
-1

Penetration Test

.

.
, .

-
.
- :
.
-
.
-
.
- ) (
.
-
) (.

/

) (/
).(/

Flux Oil .

/ - /.

-
"# -2

Viscosity Test
$
'& %

.
.

"#!

/ - /.

+ "* ) -3

Ductility Test
:

)/( ) (.
:
- )
(
.
- .
- .
-
.
- /
.
-
.

.

-
&& ,
) ('&
'+

"#!

/ - /.

0 12 " ./ -4

Flash Point Test
: " 345

.

.
.
:
-
.
-

.
-
. .
- .

-
/
".
"#!

/ - /.

& -5
Volatility Test
) ( .

. % ,.
./ -5
Marshall Test
:
- .
- Stability .
- Flow .
Plastic
Deformation
.
-:
.Density Voids Analysis -
- Stability Flow test
Stability
.
Flow
,
.

-

.
.
:
-
) , ( . , .

.
- ) %
(%, % %, % %,
.
-
.
-

/.
-
) (
-

Stability

:

=

- .
-
.

/ - /.

-:
- .
- .
- .%

-
/ - /.

ba@lbja

Properties and Testing of Fresh Concrete
Introduction 1-10
! "# $%
:
Fresh Concrete -
$% (/ ! "# ,-# $%* ! )(

"# 12( .0 >= (7 : : 9:% 78.56
- Green Concrete
$% ,-)C ( ")#?) 1)B @8)$A) (?) ) (:6 )$% )

))( .))$ )) ))>= 9:%)) ))$%: HI))? K )): ))78)),))- ))A 56 ())F
@-B ,7 K ! : , "#L.
Hardened Concrete !"#$ -
(/ (:6) $% ($ (8 ? ) ) )>=
( Q :? ? 7 )#7#) )$%: I) 0 )#) (9RS()F 7# ):)#
A ."#T
,X VF, : $% 5 08/> (= ?, : VF, , ,-
$%: > 1 8 5I8?(# S *[ >= , ,? Z -)$ ) C
S))Z ^))#))>,))X V))F, 1 ))$%?)) )): S )) )) ))\ )) (:6)) )) :
.$% ,L VF, $%?,X `Z : S )_:% )$%) *):Z
R2: :F) -2) 56)( .")-# ()L )FQ 1#)a) )# C6 ,)X )$%
_ L(:6 ?* 5 ! d7,Cb )2 ,) )- )b% ")#
.=( : $%

!" #$% -

&'( )* 2-10
?* 5 ,- 8 Z :-,XQ "# )$%_ )_:%: )# ):# )L) ?*) 5 K

? (5)Z-# )# h) ) " * 7,)- )>= ")# )8 Z ) ,XQ)# ")#)#"
"# FC# ._:%! S "# 8 Z _:%*T ^F, 9:%) Job site Z )(
"# )_:%*)T ) % - - )-) !) A) *)^ T)L )8 Z")# ) :-
#" ,# )FC#) ,? ) ) 8# )Z) 5)8* ^)# )_:% , )!? k) )_:%()L
6))C ! .Segregation ))$%: ))/ / )) )) ))# ))$%)) - - # )_:X ))l,:%
C % :Z I#? /?7! STL "# 8 Z ):>)Xn )FA
8 o?C.l %
78 (Z 8 Z 1 -# /X ): >)C8# p H_)$ ): )# _:X 9:% *)
S r:?# * I>,- 1 (Z# 8 Z /Xq )B/# .?*)# 5) ?) )8
))/X "))#)) Q * ))# ))?,)) [2?)) ))_#A ))A ) )) 1))C )) "
! S 8 ZL /X ?* 5 ") (?T K )7 F?) ) ^)# *I)
8 / :
/X.
? u @F8 >X
_? 7 9:X #(%I.$%
,-# 5I , _:% ,-.$%
-# .9:%
L! *.?,
? v ,X $%_ L_()! " )Z# )$X Q2)8 ,: )Z /_ )7/lQ2)8
> 1Z _7 $% $ ) H :I ^ 86) ) L,,8-k) ")# )$%
7?l 9:% 78 56( 1#.*Z
," '-'. 3-10
$%:_ L,X Z I 0:
Consistency ' " /0 -1

Workability 2'34 '"1 0 -2
Segregation 8'
9 5 #67 -3
Bleeding (?&) ;<=& -4

/ - /.

___/
Consistency
_________ _______ -1
V?Z7,:
?7
,F /Z? - $%_ " L : L Degree of Wetness $%
L $X,7 Dry /:b,7 Stiff ( ,7 Plastic :/#,7 Wet
,X ,7 .Sloppy
-? "-,7 Q ,F " /Z? $% , I Relative Fluidity $%: /I8
" /? r " /I8 # 9:% , * .$%
R (?(! "#,7:

, !,6 $X : , $ L ( V:%# ^# 5$8A
. 02 "# r\ 9I,% : (IQ( "# _:X #
$%_ L* I,L 9/ /F 1B/# 56.
,Z # : n,7:
,-# /I - $%# "# : # 9T? k @8$ ,/ ?T ,!#
._:% ?T /I .@8$A /I R6 # ) 9T .(- -B
#,Z -) @8$A IT? k (@8$| !_I ,/ ?T I !_I

| @8$ , (Z 7 \ \L/\$ 2 1 ,/ ^ L,Z #XA
_:% $% .(-) -B 8!8 " /# ,
-7 / A: / T? k ,/ ?T 17 ? 7\* Rb :
!/ /.
- " "#T 9:X "# $% " L /X ,/ 7? k,/ ?T 1
"#T .(-) -2
- * 7? k :,,/ : *TL %/ * ) , # "# .(9:%
- Z : ,F " I! : ( $%L C# r\ >=
(: Superplasticizers ,# S :0$ "# % - /I8 _:%
.@8$A

!" #$% -
,/ Slump
,/ Slump

)/( /I # 9T

,/ Slump
,/ Slump
L/\$
I@8$| !_I 7 / A/

,/ Slump
,/ Slump
L! -
)
(- .

/ - /.

l Z " 7,:
: ?l (L, ,F " Z I 0 $%

* ,/ (Z $% 5F.Slump Test R2
* I $%_ Z (Z LT ? .Flow Test
* X IL\ ! $%: (Z#@ Q .Ball Penetration Test
Slump Test C

D
:7A
______________________________
-R "#/XK,F (?(! : _:%(# " Z $% : : -2 (Z l,/
%# F 1 # Z ^F,# .> C8Q: 1( ,-# 5I "#
_:% k $% /I R @8$A ?: n
F,/ .? /Z> /XK "# 9I S 9/S 0$,*, _!# 9:%
,# ^F.> C8
5F -/X/ : " %# F,86# (Z# "# : \# h 1I " #FA
,C# "# : "# r! _F C$ \$ :Z \$ :CI\$ rC
.(-) -2
5 SF -( :1# "# u $ , \# _7 5:6,l .\$
).*+ !%&' (#) "#$ ! ( -

!" #$% -
?l - 7L /XK:
? V 8 H_I( r (L, K k ! 57: :X 7 = # . $X

? ^, H_$ : 57 7: >C8# p [:# : ?( L @/.
?| : 57 7/l C I? 8# k:C : /?7 57 (1#
, 7/l 5 SF _$(# 1# ,# : /?7 r H_I2 ? >C85 S7
_ 7/ !.
(ZK "# 1#_ 7/,I? 57: :Z ^# !_$.57

?^ B/# :# (Z 57 *= $9/ ?8 .(-) -2
?7 (7# ,/ (Z Slump^ B/# 57 ,C " C 57C
# 8 T $%_ L V b, \? .(-) -2,7 L # 5:b
( /# ,X 7 7/l 1,/ (* H,# , ).(-
(L # ) \ F H, (-B$? ,7: L( `Z 1#2 .C:%
: #
5*? - (?T? K7 / A: / (%I " .\#
5*? - (?T KC " 9:%(? L /X " ." 7 F
(! - -B ! C:%#,/ ,-? (7 True Slump 7 7 l,/ ,/
Shear SlumpF Collapse (-) :-2 ).(-
? /X 8 :X ! ( KT Slipping 5L -
8 Z Collapse. - 1 /X 7 ,/ ^#
*I ^# 1.* 8
../0 1-"+ 2340 (#) 5% (-) ,'+-
- - - - -Cb /, )(\#

,X /# ( 5:b L F, _:% $%
Sloppy Wet Plastic Stiff Dry Consistency

/ - /.

).7" 89: ; <= +

> !? @;" (6-
,/

, >C8# p
).-BC +D+E (#) F% (A-

!" #$% -
\$h
\$
\$
\$ : \$ "#
Flow Slump I Shear Slump True Slump
../0 (#) ,7 (G-)
.?%?I (#J KLM (H-)

/ - /.

.1TUV W ./0 XY !40 N F?' O4PQ RS' ? ( -) ,'+-
,/ )(\# L(1# , 68Z02
-Cb - - # 1# $X. :
,7( C CX $% H :I _$,#.H :I

: - - # 1#
_F C CX $X.H :I
- - # 1# _F _$,# $X .H :I

:
(? 1# _F C CX $X.H :I
: V CX 1# _F $X C.H :I
))$$ ))7 ^))# uS)): )):F ))$X(%))$

: V CX 1#
(:#) 0 (:# (70
*( B r $% L , I ) Z ) ? ) ()?T,)/ )"
# \$ $% ( F \? ra 1# I ,/ , _7)$%: 9)$,
(Z I8^ %# ,/ . $% (2) 1# )7? K) I ,)/
" \$ : .(-) -2
_F IK
).*+ %L ; (#) [%\ (Z-

!" #$% -
Flow Test '-7

: ' E
_________________________
? %> /XK " Z /I8 IK ?, $% " /Z,7 1
La T % "# F,,# $% , : (Z#(# *I
2 I $% "# ?,# /I8 _7(7 :bA %.
\$
\$
\# h
).? +D+E [%\V BJ- (]-

LAT :
5F -/X :/ , " %# -B : (Z# 5F F?,- > 57
"# ,C# : "#, " ?,I C$? " ,!# : %.
F - I ) (Flow Table? @/7 (F : a $LC \$ - "#
, :.FA
7?lL /X:
V 8? -7 ( L \ ?* r 7/? K k ?8Z VC .V 8

^,? - /# 57 9$7 .( S/7# : 9RS 1
|? - " 7/l : 57C ) I)? )8# ) V6)C ): )/?7 )( 1#)
, 7/l 5 SF _$)( 1#)# )$ 7 ,#) I) )/?7 H_)$ ):^)_7
ZI 2 57: ? >C8 5 S7 _ 7/ ?) : ?,- () V6
( 1#*= 0# % V68 *= .($

/ - /.

(Z -K "# 1# 7/_: $%,I? 57: :Z ^# !_$57

# ^# "?_I # .# 57
T - $%T(0 F : @_7I /X ?,I (8( L V 8? \ H_I
, 5F/X.
^? - 57B/# r:# (Z (Z "# a $% *= .$
^? -7 ?(Z `C% (b, /) \# h I \ 8## 1 (#
, .
7 - (F $% * I8^ `C%>, ?,- 7 _7(7
* 9$,# >Xn? \ C:%#>= 7 _F I (7 %
(Z $% I .$%
5I! - /I8 I ?, FA) $% /a (\# /I8?T ?,
_F I " _F(7 :bA?::
_F I ) - (\$
_________________
/I8 Iq ?, =

) k _F(7 %: :bA I? $% (\$
? /Z X I /X \ Z# :Z#!K (Z , ,$ (L*

^F,# .Z? *(
5I8 Iq ?, (8L ,7 .C:%
.[%\V' C ^> _

(6-) ,'+-
%- %- %- %- /I8 I ?, %-Cb
X, /# ( 5:b L ,F _:% $%

Sloppy Wet Plastic Stiff Dry Consistency

!" #$% -
Ball Penetration Test (M"'K) HIJ !K

L : AG E
____________________________________________
>= _?(!? 7 ,F I $% F " ,/X 9: r2# K r$
r8#$ .r8# ?,- * V6 -B : 7 "# $$ _F V6 \$
h ? 7# : (? 6 (# ! "# dT8? - Xl
(-) -B? "-^ > l H_$ : $% F ,F # >
l ? H:6 [C8(%$ @F, r#,I @ 7: @F/X ? v ^ L
TL * "# ^86 5:6 (Z# .r2#
/X: ?l 7L
? "-^ $% ? "-L /X -# $% XC (Z

B/# /b ! " ?* 5 1$ 7? K \$ " $% ?,- !_$
I? (Z FQ ?,I# .\$ ?* H_$ ZL 5 ?,I# $%.
? ^,* , ?8Z H_$ ^# $%^ ( : ZLl ?, d T-

\ H_I ( dT8 Xl7 . I#X 7 XB/# $% :
( (FA L ( 9$,# >Xn? .\# F #" .FC# ( C>= _? 7
7# ,F B/# /b (8 $% XC.
).? F%? %N 2N BJ- (`-

/ - /.

"Workability 2'34

____________ ______ '"1
______ -2
Z?:V
R2: :7 bX $%_ L " / ,I ? 5b "-8#
_:% $% " / I* L7#6Cq # !./ /
,Z # : n:$%: R2: :7
:ba MQ
7# :? /I "# (?T #- b (?T.(- -B) _:%
/ / -B :!/ / ( 8 R2: :F!/ / T? !_:C R

/Zb 8#. R2
7 :H_I L ,2X 5/I R2 # H_I*A I-.
:7 : #I? "# #I !/ / "# (?T- ( 8 :X7
. : R2
7 / A :/? *\ !/ / ? "# :7 R2: :7 "-#,-? 1 (Z#
: 5b C $% Z /l) .Q287# S $%: !:I , \#
$X_ .(\#
:o;a @MR
l n k :r, 8b : @8$A R * : R2 L \ !2 ,.
:r#,Z? #,Z "# (?T? @8$A R2 L $% "!l V - "- \ Z8@8$A
(L C:-# ! , K k 5I-? L. R2
,X /I :8 *Z n k @8$A>= : /I8( R2: :7L

C#( : (Z r , # C:%# # I !_I _F V6 !*\.

!" #$% -

%#
%#
%#
).%cU %>? U N ; acd N #\ ab (-
Zb;a@@MS
_:% 7C a @8$A ? Q n? K / : R2: :7 #
_:% a 8R ? Q /I :. R2: :7
:o;;a@Ob;a@j; @MT
/I Rb/ L $X _Z? >= ( /I8 $X 8 8? 8 Z# L
R2 L S "-?T /- /I ? $X 8 8 : R2?
, I .(-) -2
:pb;;b;;a @MU
Z " I! : L( $%: R2L C# r\ >= :
-(: Superplasticizers ,# S :0$ "# % : 5I8 _:%
.@8$A
,# - F,!I# \ !2 : Z, # _:% !* * .
,# - S 8 L ._:%
:;;ja@a;;a @MV
? Z, !,/ " I! : $% R2: :7 1 @ /I
% "# .%

/ - /.

(:# +
Superplasticizer

(:# +
Superplasticizer _:X
( (:#
_:X ( _:X :/# _:X

Dry L
Plastic Wet
( $X
:F R2 :F R2 :F R2

SC%8# SC%8#
, , /

).%cU %>? C ; T0 #\' 1;eV ab (-

!" #$% -
l Z " 7: R2: :
?( (L, l :F " Z R2: $% "#\ >= _:

Compacting Factor Test * /X #(1#
Vebe (VB) Test * 7?l
Compacting Factor Test N 2 (

L :7A
_____________________________________
?* > /X !(?( R2 :F L $%_ L> /X 8/#$
*( ( 1#(# " /Z? $% . R2: :7? " / -2 H,*
(%I > /X.
7?lL /X:
^, _:% $%% ,:Z , _$* ?,I ^# !_$ -

%.
? HC/ ,L, C$Q% ,:Z ! ,/ HI? k Q @! $% -
97 % .:CI
- [C,_% %: /I8 :CI $% ,_$. -
(Z # "# ,_$ ?,I !_$,L V 8 /, %, \ L -
? " Z $% ,_$q , $%(,# = 0TL r.
?Z # ,_$ [C "# _:%7/l : $% : ( 1# (? 7/l? -
, \ $% # | - - # ? " Z $% ,_$q ,
$%(,# = :.
$%(,# * ) 0TL(l,/

#(____ = __________________________ = 1#
$%(,# : ) * (-#
# Z( (?(! "-? 1# L R2: :7 (L ) .(-? /Z/X

#( 1#/X :Z# ^F, 5$8# p Z K28 /- .(%I >=
_? 7 7 :F ^ * R2_:% 8$a $% _:% SC%8# :7
R2:_:% >Z 82% !,6 0 : => 7 F_:%.

/ - /.

).*+ BJ- ( -
.*+
> J4 g
%cU %>? (A-) ,'+-
Z$ .$%: 5$8 #( 1#,/ )(\$ L : R2
h-Cb_ (%I T 8 Z? (? h (L SC%8#

_ (%I T 8 (? T
( ?(I# ? .$%
-h h SC%8#
:-$$A ( T $%
!:I ? , V CX H :I _$(.T 1#
V7$A(,# ( $% !:I

- h _$,#
H :I 7(,# ( T.
_7: h- H :I(L (?(2 p. T: 5$8 h

!" #$% -
Vebe (VB) Test M1_MO

_______________ /XK /XK ?(Z k ! -2 @ R,_$ ( r :X\ (T 1#

( "# K H,? (-) -2> $ * .?C (F -2@:
_R? #(8,: LLT # $% B #(8 Cp $%?!(
> 8> ? /Z( , L /X .?\ (, 1#(S8# _$ T
# p T?( C I( 7 F(F :*Z k *:
* A .C _ F # ( 1# L9 :%: : R2
/Z# "#T 8 -2 .#- `Z/ A ?(F H !6 Z=
V2 k V2/ V1 \* , (Z $%T V1 /F * ,T .> *
L "# T # #( `Z d6: (F k 1# $%* ,7?[ (L 5$8# ,
/X $%* $% . (%I? (F ?" /Z: S
,7.
^F
, LL
%# ,/
).> ; BJ- (A-

/ - /.

Segregation 8'
9 5 #67 -3
________________________
6CK ! / / ,6C ,-# #) [*# p 9 :XH/6? k ! ($%

,?^ >= ,- .\ 8# p?, (L, "#6C !:$%: / /
-6C !/ / /- "# * ,- ./$,-? 1
_:% * (L bX 7C .@8$A
-6C @8$A /:?!( 1_:% (L :/.
@@:ja@ba@ty@lbjc
-% (8 :9:? "# " 9:% "#T (!? (7 5$8 6C * ,F
_ :! ?T % > ? r8 8 (* d6:? R6 /-
? 9/ .C$ ( 5*? 1 ? "# " 9:% "#T!( > .1>1
?* o?C (8 5 % I# (?T K.# h " o?C
-8 7 (8 7 $% ^,#( "-? 56 6C * QHL
Z 78 bX_:% .:/
-6# 5*? :5 ( "# 56C .
-(# :1( 1#T 5/I? (F (0. / / K 6C
@@:jja@ba@b
R/8? - \ 6 ?8Z _:% $% d?l " ,-# 9/? , # 8
@8$A R6> /I :7 1/ n? # 1$_:%: /
. $%
-(%$ # :7 .Superplasticizers 9:%
# - : 9:X "# 86 7 5b .rB d/$
-(%$ ! " IT:.Viscosity Enhancing Admixtures L

!" #$% -
Bleeding
_____ &?
_____ -4
______
HS8,- , "# 7/l H_$ : $% (Z ?( ,/6 -# .?,I
@@@ @Z|a@ty@lbjc
( 1#> ?n ,/ ,- ) : 7( C$,Zb 8 *Z 8$A

> 1? # .9:% %: HS8
:
-, _ 7/ "# /I : :Z 5/I? #,L p 1:_7/
* %/ 7# VZ #.$%
,Zb (8 - ?TL rZ# !? (F "#,- @8$A 7/l2
: %/ (Z H_I rCL>T:? 1 >= _ /F 7/$
.56
-\ 7/l "# 7 F !@ ,_$ /-!(?( n? # p
,F VZ " 1$ $% (?( .H :I
@@:|a@b@b
?* 5Z$ # /$8# 9:X( Z$ _:X (L :/# "# : :F /I

, # 8 @8$A .# (%$ "# /I(: n? _:%
!,X " I $%?# :7 : Z 9:% B .HS8
********

/ - /.

References
"

- "
"( &#$% -
*+%
) " - (-12 - 6
4
9

@ -? > 6 % ; :
DE .A
"@ C

>.
" "
"( & #$%*+%
)" - (- C1F -
- 6
49

@ -? > 6 % ;:

DE .A
"@ C
>.
"$2 G"
C /- (- :L% M> 2
Q
PO -
@
C;> L% T G "RS+ VD"
C@ 1U A G ".W%
"$2 G"
C / (-
> 2
@ Y" -
;" VD"
C@ 1U A G ".W%
1W
9@ YU 1" 1U 1%D (" AS+6& #$%*+%
" &) -
?E (-1C6 /
(-1@ ;@ 977-19-7723-7 A > a.
1U
C 1W
E% &" ;W (C
" (W :
P% QG
- -
?9 M $2 ?9 .$2 F
>
( FW1 FW dC>
( 1" dC
@ - DW%2 E :e&D -
&
@ "D
P :
P% f9 ; gfg - W?E.
@
> AW 1 "@ % & D " G @E 1%D1% 6- C -
@+%
& Q.$2 @9
hC
P>
W 19
%@ @f P C>6 "&"1 *+%

O -
"DUf2 @9
+% "
- CG
.$2 -
-@" CDO 1@ 1U
" @E 1%D"%
.$2
@ - @ 1W 1U
W (U G@

" &P@
% F4O%
"
1 "C %
F4 O%"
C@+ % > l9@ D
6

@E 1
> nPM @ 6 ) C

C
> )
4 C 19 "$ .-
@ - @ "
9 "
P% W; A>
n
+%
"% ;
> (-1C6 >1 Q"
/ C
(-
1.977-17-4179-9 :ISBN A
@ - @ "
> G" "Q
P% W; A>
n
+%"% (-
1C6 >1 Q"
./ C

14- Ken W. Day Concrete Mix Design, Quality Control and Specifications 1995,
Chapman & Hall, London, UK, 350 pp.
15- Portland Cement Association Principles of Quality Concrete 1975, John Wiley
& Sons, Inc., USA, 312 pp.
16- M.R. Rixom and N.P. Mailvaganam Chemical Admixtures for Concrete Second
Edition 1986, Published by E. & F.N. Spon Ltd., USA, 306 pp.
17- ASTM 169 A Tests and Properties of Concrete and Concrete -Making
Materials1966, American Society For Testing And Materials, USA, 571 pp.
18- A. M. Neville Properties of concrete Third Edition 1981, The English Language
Book Society and Pitman Publishing, London, 779 pp.
19- A. Megahid Concrete for Engineers 1988, Assiut Press, Assiut University,
Egypt, 440 pp.
20- R. H. Elvery Concrete Practice Volume Two, 1963, C.R. Books Ltd., London,
UK, 331 pp.
21- George Troxell, Harmer Davis, and Joe Kelly Composition and Properties of
Concrete 1968, McGraw Hill, New York, 529 pp.
22- John L. Clarke Structural Lightweight Aggregate Concrete 1993, Chapman &
Hall, Glsgow, UK, 240 pp.
23- J. Singleton-Green Concrete Engineering Volume 2, 1935, Charles Griffin And

Company, London, 261 pp.
24- M. Imam, L. Vandewalle, and F. Mortelmans "Proportioning and Properties of

Very High Strength Concrete With and Without Steel Fibres" 1993, Proceedings
of the International Conference "Concrete 2000", Dundee, Scotland, pp. 1693-
1705.
25- M. Imam, L. Vandewalle, and F. Mortelmans "Shear Capacity of Steel Fiber High
Strength Concrete Beams" 1994, ACI, SP 149-13, USA, pp 227-241.
26- M. Imam, L. Vandewalle, and F. Mortelmans "Are Current Concrete Strength

Tests Suitable for High Strength Concrete?" 1995, Materials and Structures,
Rilem, No. 28, pp 384-39.
27- M. Imam, L. Vandewalle, F. Mortelmans, and D. Van Gemert "Shear Domain of

Fibre Reinforced High Strength Concrete Beams" 1997, Journal of Engineering
Structures, Vol. 19, No. 9, pp 738-747.
28- M. Imam "How to Improve the Tensile Capability of High Strength Concrete?"
1996, International conference "Concrete in the Service of Mankind", Scotland,
UK, pp323-330.

/ - /.

29- M. Imam It is a Time to Utilize High Strength Concrete in Egypt 1996, Third
International Conference for Building & Construction, Inter-Build 96, Cairo,
pp973-982.
30- M. Amin High Strength Concrete in Egypt .. How and Why? Master Thesis -
Structural Engineering Dept., Mansoura University, Sept. 1999, 156 pp.
31- M. Imam Mixing Water or Reinforcing Bars? 1997, 7th Arab Structural
Engineering Conference, Kuwait, pp 191-199.
32- M. Imam, A. Abdel-Reheem, and M. Amin High Performance Concrete With

Local Materials in Egypt 1998, Structural Engineering World Congress SEWC,
San Francisco, USA, T209-6
33- M. Imam, A. Abdel-Reheem, and M. Amin Utilization of Silica Fume in Egypt

1997, 7th Arab Structural Engineering Conference, Kuwait, pp 99-108.
34- M. Imam, M. Amin, and A. Abdel-Reheem Benefits of Superplasticizers 1997,

7th Arab Structural Engineering Conference, Kuwait, pp 109-118..
35- M. Imam, A. Abdel-Reheem, Y. Abou-Mosallam, and A. Shihata, Acoustic and

Thermal Insulation of Lightweight Concrete Eighth Arab Structural
Engineering Conference, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, 2000, pp 1559-
1569.
36- M. Imam Self-Compacting Concrete; How to Produce it? Mansoura

Engineering Journal (MEJ), Vol. 26, No. 3, September 2001, pp C19-C34.
37- M. Imam, A. Abdel-Reheem, and A. Elmenshawi One Day Instead of 28 Days

for Achieving Concrete Strength International Conference on Performance of
Construction Materials in the New Millennium, Organized by the University of
Calgary, Canada, and the University of Ain Shams, February 2003, Cairo, Egypt,
Vol. 1, pp 319-328.
38- M. Imam, "Evaluation of Antiwashout Admixtures for Use in Underwater

Concrete" Journal of Engineering and Applied Science, Faculty of Engineering,
Cairo University, Vol. 51, No. 1, Feb. 2004, pp. 67-83.
39 M. Amin Properties and Durability of Self-compacting Concrete PhD Thesis -

Structural Engineering Dept., Mansoura University, Feb. 2006, 359 pp.
40 M., Attia "Improving the Efficiency of Cement in Concrete Mix by Mechanical

Means" Master Thesis - Structural Engineering Dept., Mansoura University,
Feb. 2006, 181 pp.
41 M., Imam, "Properties of Underwater Concrete Containing Antiwashout

Admixtures" The 5th International Engineering Conference (5th IEC), Faculty
of Engineering, Mansoura University, Sharm El-Sheikh, March 27-31, 2006.
**********

خواص واختبارات PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

خواص واختبارات PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

2 11! /,0 .  * +  ,!- )'!(    !" #$ % !&

     &  !"# $% :

4@ 6# L ,3

4  '%a, ,3

4 ?= 7@ ,13 LK

4,3 64 )

4,3 U931# )

4 , ,3 f=Z  = g3

46 ,3 )#:  #,(

4 --e( E 73% M4 YdM

4e( E,3 M4

   : ,    -. /

   . 6 7 8  345# : 1$2

   9- : '(2

    ,- :

   >?@    3=< ;%< : :.

2F ' ?!:  ) .(>1

  R4)   ! CB'

C'E / .  .5 2WX .B ;Z

).   !  ! "#$

.&# '( )  &* + ,- ! "#$. /0 1

,2  )B + . 'B

).$,   +

)3 ( J (G-.E5- $7$F=

 / -  / .   

   1-2

   

)   

)     ! "#$ (-

  )(' &

)  /01   # (.-

)034 56 10- (2-

). ;34  4   # * 034 (': 89$ (7-

)10- (=- ?#3 .@3A

L2;= 1 ;;= R2(

'B' 2! O 1

'B':' O QP 2!=' O QP 1

L2;S OD  A

2! F) 2! QP 1

.J)E6F'4 @3A G6 H I'5 C D (B-)

:  7

) (Lime Saturation Factor

)Ca O 0.7 ( SO3

, ( 0.66 < LSF < 1.02) ,

R)E6F'4 @3AQ4 )  PQ4  '50MN4 *O (-) K*L

Mechanism of hydration 9: ' ' 1-4-2

Main Hydration Reactions 9; <<  +"=  2-4-2

)C3A + 26 H + 3C SH2 (gypsum )C3A.3CSH32 (Ettringite

C4AF + 10H + 2CH C6AF H12

2C3S (Alite) + 6H C3S2H3 (Calcium Silicate Hydrate) + 3CH

2C2S (Belite) + 4H C3S2H3 (Calcium silicate Hydrate + CH

VW&4 XN-*M- Y# @3A H'P0- ZUT6 (S-)

 \ ;04 @3A H'P0 ]-^ K- (-)

(Heat of Hydration) 9: *? 3-4-2

)@3A H'P0- b6 - ]-^ `3U_ a'3 "F0O (_-

(Physical process of hydration)

9! %100 9! %50 C DE 9:

) ! Ka; '() (B`_ 

e ) d?B K 2BAA:

)B '() (C ! `_ 

) (A; '() (DB b

)@3A ]-$   4   '4 0]h (c-

)@3A H'P0  4  3'4 ai (%-

2 11! /,0 . * + ,!- )'!( !" #$ % !&

& !"# $% :

4@ 6# L ,3

4 '%a, ,3

4 ?= 7@ ,13 LK

4,3 64 )

4,3 U931# )

4 , ,3 f=Z = g3

46 ,3 )#: #,(

4 --e( E 73% M4 YdM

4e( E,3 M4

: , -. /

. 6 7 8 345# : 1$2

9- : '(2

,- :

>?@ 3=< ;%< : :.

2F ' ?!: ) .(>1

R4) ! CB'

C'E / . .5 2WX .B ;Z

). ! ! "#$

.&#'( ) &* + ,- ! "#$. /01

,2 )B+ . 'B

).$, +

)3 (J (G-.E5- $7$F=

/ - /.

1-2

)

) ! "#$ (-

)(' &

) /01 # (.-

)034 56 10- (2-

).;34 4 # * 034 (': 89$ (7-

)10- (=- ?#3 .@3A

L2;= 1 ;;= R2(

'B' 2! O 1

'B':' O QP 2!=' O QP 1

L2;S OD A

2! F) 2! QP 1

.J)E6F'4 @3A G6 H I'5 CD (B-)

: 7

R)E6F'4 @3AQ4 ) PQ4 '50MN4 O (-) KL

Mechanism of hydration 9: ' ' 1-4-2

Main Hydration Reactions 9; << +"= 2-4-2

VW&4 XN-*M- Y# @3A H'P0- ZUT6 (S-)

\;04 @3A H'P0 ]-^ K- (-)

(Heat of Hydration) 9: *? 3-4-2

)@3A H'P0- b6 - ]-^ `3U_ a'3 "F0O (_-

9! %100 9! %50 C DE 9:

) ! Ka; '() (B`_

e ) d?B K 2BAA:

)B '() (C ! `_

) (A; '() (DB b

)@3A ]-$ 4 '4 0]h (c-

)@3A H'P0 4 3'4 ai (%-

. # KE 0j- Y8 @3A +N)$ (-) K*L

. # KE 04 K4 k Y8 @3A +N)$ (%-) KL

n-oN* ?* n356 :0j- Y8 eN3 HN3A l)_ (.-) K*L

' '. @0

170 NE DV WV <C

).b\4 3j4* = CM4 o3 (.-

P1 +0P

X>C ^[\ WV <C

P1 +0P

@3A -) IN4 I p: "F? (2-)

I ps L t-) @3A -) rM4 I p: CD qF

Specific Density of Cement

: P1 Z[\a

)@3AQ4 C#34 Gp4 I6 Y8 -oN\ 8a4 33u (7-

P1 +0P

P1 Z[\a

P1 +0P

. 4 kl P ^ >@< W +j L

@* :< W mk

P1 +0P

+'3 ^[\ WV <C

P1 +0P

C;Nx vw4 -p H!tx ", qM4 (2-) K*L

P1 +0P

X64 g4u (_-B-)

p: )*0- F'N (c-B-)