VALVES

1 BALL VALVES
A ball valve is a form of quarter-turn valve which uses a hollow, perforated and
pivoting ball (called a "floating ball") to control flow through it. It is open
when the ball's hole is in line with the flow and closed when it is pivoted 90-
degrees by the valve handle.[1] The handle lies flat in alignment with the flow
when open, and is perpendicular to it when closed, making for easy visual confir
mation of the valve's status.Ball valves are durable, performing well after many
cycles, and reliable, closing securely even after long periods of disuse. These
qualities make them an excellent choice for shutoff applications, where they ar
e often preferred to gates and globe valves, but they lack their fine control in
throttling applications.
Applications:Mainly used for shutoff applications.

2 BUTTERFLY VALVE
A butterfly valve is a valve which can be used for isolating or regulating flow.
The closing mechanism takes the form of a disk. Operation is similar to that of
a ball valve, which allows for quick shut off. Butterfly valves are generally f
avored because they are lower in cost to other valve designs as well as being li
ghter in weight, meaning less support is required. The disc is positioned in the
center of the pipe, passing through the disc is a rod connected to an actuator
on the outside of the valve. Rotating the actuator turns the disc either paralle
l or perpendicular to the flow. Unlike a ball valve, the disc is always present
within the flow, therefore a pressure drop is always induced in the flow, regard
less of valve position.
A butterfly valve is from a family of valves called quarter-turn valves. In oper
ation, the valve is fully open or closed when the disc is rotated a quarter turn
. The "butterfly" is a metal disc mounted on a rod.
When the valve is closed, the disc is turned so that it completely blocks off t
he passageway. When the valve is fully open, the disc is rotated a quarter turn
so that it allows an almost unrestricted passage of the fluid. The valve may als
o be opened incrementally to throttle flow.There are different kinds of butterfl
y valves, each adapted for different pressures and different usage. The zero off
set butterfly valve, which uses the flexibility of rubber, has the lowest pressu
re rating. The high performance double offset butterfly valve, used in slightly
higher-pressure systems, is offset from the centre line of the disc seat and bod
y seal (offset one), and the centre line of the bore (offset two). This creates
a cam action during operation to lift the seat out of the seal resulting in less
friction than is created in the zero offset design and decreases its tendency t
o wear. The valve best suited for high-pressure systems is the triple offset but
terfly valve. In this valve the disc seat contact axis is offset, which acts to
virtually eliminate sliding contact between disc and seat. In the case of triple
offset valves the seat is made of metal so that it can be machined such as to a
chieve a bubble tight shut-off when in contact with the disc.
Applications:Butterfly Valves are generally specified for most air,gas,steam and
liquid applications.

3 DIAGHPHRAM VALVE
Diaphragm valves (or membrane valves) consists of a valve body with two or more
ports, a diaphragm, and a "weir or saddle" or seat upon which the diaphragm clos
es the valve. The valve is constructed from either plastic or metal.
Rubber Lined Diaphragm Valve
Originally, the diaphragm valve was developed for use in industrial applications
. Later on the design was adapted for use in the bio-pharmaceutical industry by
using compliant materials that can withstand sanitizing and sterilizing methods.
There are two main categories of diaphragm valves: one type seals over a "weir"
(saddle) and the other (sometimes called a "full bore or straight-way" valve) se
als over a seat. The weir or saddle type is the most common in process applicati
ons and the seat-type is more commonly used in slurry applications to reduce blo
cking issues but exists also as a process valve. While diaphragm valves usually
come in two-port forms (2/2-way diaphragm valve), they can also come with three
ports (3/2-way diaphragm valves also called T-valves) and more (so called block-
valves). When more than three ports are included, they generally require more th
an one diaphragm seat; however, special dual actuators can handle more ports wit
h one membrane.
APPLICATION : application is generally as shut-off valves in process systems w
ithin the industrial, food and beverage, pharmaceutical and biotech industries.
The older generation of these valves is not suited for regulating and controllin
g process flows, however newer developments in this area have successfully tackl
ed this problem.

4 GLOBE VALVE
A globe valve different from ball valve is a type of valve used for regulating f
low in a pipeline consisting of a movable disc type element and a stationary rin
g seat in a generally spherical body.
globe valves are named for their spherical body shape with the two halves of bod
y being seperated by an internal baffle.This has an opening that forms a seat in
to which a movable plug can be screwed in to close the valve.The plug is also ca
lled a disc.In globe valves the plug is connected to a stem which is operated by
screw action using a handwheel in manual valves.The valve may also be opened in
crementally to throttle flow. This design was adapted for use in the bio-pharmac
eutical industry.

Body :The body is the main pressure containing structure of the valve and the m
ost easily identified as it forms the mass of the valve. It contains all of the
valve's internal parts that will come in contact with the substance being contro
lled by the valve. The bonnet is connected to the body and provides the containm
ent of the fluid, gas, or slurry that is being controlled.
Globe valves are typically two-port valves, although three port valves are also
produced mostly in straight-flow configuration. Ports are openings in the body f
or fluid flowing in or out. The two ports may be oriented straight across from e
ach other or anywhere on the body, or oriented at an angle (such as a 90). Globe
valves with ports at such an angle are called angle globe valves. Globe valves a
re mainly used for corrosive or high viscous fluids which solidify at room tempe
rature. This is because straight valves are designed so that the outlet pipe is
in line with the inlet pipe and the fluid has a good chance of staying there in
the case of horizontal piping. In the case of angle valves, the outlet pipe is d
irected towards the bottom. This allows the fluid to drain off. In turn, this pr
events clogging and/or corrosion of the valve components over a period of time.
A globe valve can also have a body in the shape of a "Y". This will allow the co
nstruction of the valve to be straight at the bottom as opposed to the conventio
nal pot type construction (to arrange bottom seat) in case of other valves. This
will again allow the fluid to pass through without difficulty and minimizes flu
id clogging/corrosion in the long term.

Bonnet:The bonnet provides a leakproof closure for the valve body. The threaded
section of the stem goes through a hole with matching threads in the bonnet. Glo
be valves may have a screw-in, union, or bolted[5] bonnet. Screw-in bonnet is th
e simplest bonnet, offering a durable, pressure-tight seal. Union bonnet is suit
able for applications requiring frequent inspection or cleaning. It also gives t
he body added strength. A bonnet attached with bolts is used for larger or highe
r pressure applications. The bonnet also contains the packing, a wearable materi
al that maintains the seal between the bonnet and the stem during valve cycling.
Plug or disc (disk)
The closure member of the valve, plugs are connected to the stem which is slid o
r screwed up or down to throttle the flow. Plugs are typically of the balance or
unbalanced type. Unbalanced plugs are solid and are used with smaller valves or
with low pressure drops across the valve. The advantages are simpler design, wi
th one possible leak path at the seat and usually lower cost. The disadvantages
are the limited size; with a large unbalanced plug the forces needed to seat and
hold the flow often becomes impractical. Balanced plugs have holes through the
plug. Advantages include easier shut off as the plug does not have to overcome s
tatic forces. However, a second leak path is created between the plug and the ca
ge, and cost is generally higher.

Stem:The stem serves as a connector from the actuator to the inside of the valve
and transmits this actuation force. Stems are either smooth for actuator contro
lled valves or threaded for manual valves. The smooth stems are surrounded by pa
cking material to prevent leaking material from the valve. This packing is a wea
rable material and will have to be replaced during maintenance. With a smooth st
em the ends are threaded to allow connection to the plug and the actuator. The s
tem must not only withstand a large amount of compression force during valve clo
sure, but also have high tensile strength during valve opening. In addition, the
stem must be very straight, or have low run out, in order to ensure good valve
closure. This minimum run out also minimizes wear of the packing contained in th
e bonnet, which provides the seal against leakage. The stem may be provided with
a shroud over the packing nut to prevent foreign bodies entering the packing ma
terial, which would accelerate wear.v

Cage:The cage is a part of the valve that surrounds the plug and is located insi
de the body of the valve. Typically, the cage is one of the greatest determiners
of flow within the valve. As the plug is moved more of the openings in the cage
are exposed and flow is increased and vice versa. The design and layout of the
openings can have a large effect on flow of material (the flow characteristics o
f different materials at temperatures, pressures that are in a range). Cages are
also used to guide the plug to the seat of the valve for a good shutoff, substi
tuting the guiding from the bonnet.

Seat ring;The seat ring provides a stable, uniform and replaceable shut off surf
ace. Seat rings are usually held in place by pressure from the fastening of the
bonnet to the top of the body. This pushes the cage down on the lip of the seat
ring and holds it firmly to the body of the valve. Seat rings may also be thread
ed and screwed into a thread cut in the same area of the body. However this meth
od makes removal of the seat ring during maintenance difficult if not impossible
. Seat rings are also typically beveled at the seating surface to allow for some
guiding during the final stages of closing the valve.
Economical globe valves or stop valves with a similar mechanism used in plumbing
 often have a rubber washer at the bottom of the disc for the seating surface, s
o that rubber can be compressed against the seat to form a leak-tight seal when
shut.
Applications:Water Treatment,Desalination,Acid transfer,Cooling water-desalinati
on.