Introduction

:Element-1
One type of atoms may be metal or non
metal

Monomers in 3- -2
Macromolecules in living cell (micro)
(-H2O)
living cells (polymers)
dehydration
a)Amino acids a)proteins
or condensation
b) fatty acids b) lipids
c) mono saccharide c)
add
carbohydrates d) nucleotides
H20 +
d) nucleic acid
Hydrolysis

:Types of bonds and forces-4

:A)Covalent bond types
sharing one or more pair electrons *
polar : un equal in electro negativity (1
non polar : equal in negativity (2
: B)non covalent bond and force
loss and gains electrons *
Ionic bond : strongly electrostatic attraction(1
between two atoms opposite charges e.g.
(Nacl )
Electrostatic: attractive between two (2
groups oppositive charges e.g. (anmino acids
)
Hydrogen bonds: H atoms + ( O , N , S ) in (3
other molecules e.g. ( H2O , CH3OH )
Vander waals : weakes bond, slight charge (4
displacement ( induced dipolar )

Hydrophobic + Hydrophilic = -5
Amphibatic or amphiphilic

Non polar polar molecules polar

+ non polar molecules(tail) ( head )
e.g. fatty acid
Tail
COOH head

Amphipathic molecules exsit in water -6

: as
a)surface film
b) Micelles : spherical structure formed a
single layer
c) Visicles: bi layers
d) in liposome (inner aqueous compartment )

Electrolyte : substance that readily react -7

types
with H2O and ionized Anion(-ve)
-
migrate to anod e.g. Cl
Cation(+ve) migrate to
+
cathod e.g. K

The major anion and cation in body -8

:fluids
I.C.F.
a)cation K+ (major ) ,
Mg+2
E.C.F.
Na+
(major ) , Ca+2
I.C.F.
b)anion HPO4-(major )
E.C.F.
Cl- (major ) ,
-
HCO3
N.B. Ca+2, HPO4-2 are present in skeleton and
teeth
Molarity (M) : is the numbers of solute -9
moles
L =per one liter of solution M

1
vl X
mass(g)
Mwt =M

ppm : used for trase elements -10

water : is the main component of the -11
body
of body weight , depending on : %( 70 50)-

age, disease , sex , % : baby , % obese
and female

{% 70 50}
2
.I.C.F
3

1
E.C.F.
3
1
3
plasma

Interstitial fluid
: properties of water -12
Dipolarity(1
High boiling points (2
Each one molecules water form 4 (3
Hydrogen bonds
Liquid water is denser than ice (4
Universal solvent life (5
Low viscosity (6
: Function of water -13
most chemical reactions occur in H2O(1
transport molecules(2
regulated body temperature (3
reactant and in many metabolic reactions (4
participitates in many reaction in living cell (5
essential maintaining acid base balance (6
remove water products (7
:PH and POH -14
PH: the negative logarithm of hydrogen ion
concentration {H+} . i.e. PH= - Log {H+}
POH= - log {OH}
 1

PH+POH=pkw =14 PH POH PH
POH Alkalosis

PH POH Acidosis

10-14 = kw dissociation constant of = {-OH} {+H}

water
1
+
{OH} { H} OH {+H}
Acidic

{OH} {+H}
basic
:Medial important of PH-15
-in the blood physiological PH= 7.40 or 7.4

0.05
If PH < 7.35 or PH< 7.4 Acidosis
If PH > 7.35 or PH > 7.4 Alkalosis
16- Remember that :
-each enzyme has optimum PH , it become
more active
-PH act anti bacterial e.g. : gastric HCL
17- Ionization of water :
H2O H+ + OH-
1-Molar concentration of water = 55.56 mol/L
2-The probability of hydrogen atoms existing
free pure water = 1.8 x 10-9
18- Acid base and salt:
Acid proton e.g. Hcl
Base proton acceptor : NH3
Salt : substances which contain rather than
H+ and anion rather than OH- e.g. : Na+cl-
19- Ka constant:
Dissociation of weak acid
Ka or pka strong acid
Ka or pka weak acid

20- poly protic acid :

Contain more than one proton e.g. H2CO3 ,
H3PO4
21- Handerson Hassel bach equation :
{base }
PH = pka + Log {acid }

{A}
Or PH = pka + Log { HA }

-PH connects with the Ka and concentration

of acid and conjugated base
22- mid point = mid equivalent point:
PH= pka
{HA} = {A-}
Proton donor = proton acceptor
- body buffers :
1-Bicarbonate buffer HCO3-/ H2CO3-
C.A
CO2 + H2O H2CO3 H+ + HCO3-
Lung kidneys
-The most important buffer in plasma
-Carbonic acid H2CO3 is formed from CO2
produced in tissue and diffused to plasma
where it is dissolved , and easily excrete
H2CO3 as CO2 through lungs to atmosphere.
-When {H+} increase in plasma {HCO3-}
bind {H+} formed H2CO3 then it convert to
CO2 + H2O
{HCO 3} 20
=
-The reaction ratio H 2 CO 3 } 1 in plasma
under physiological condition PH= 7.4
2-protein buffer system:
-Amino acids as buffer
-Amino acids at physiological PH ar Zwitter
ion has (-ve) on carboxyl group and (+ve) on
amino group

-Amino acid is amphoteric act as acid and

base
-At low (PH) or high {H+} the carboxyl group
accept (H+)
-At high (PH) or low {H+} amino group losses
its proton
3-hemoglubin buffer:
-Is protein carrier O2 to tissues and CO2 from
tissues to lungs and effect buffer
-The most important buffer groups of (Hb) are
(Histidines)
-Each hemoglobin molecule has 38 histidines
-Histidine has imidazole ring with pka= 6.5
and able to act as buffer by acceptor (H+) at
low PH and loss (H+) at high PH.
4-Albumin :
Albumin is a proton which has buffering
effect , each albumin contain 16 histidines

5- phosphate buffer : H2PO3- / HPO4-2

Not effect in plasma , because phosphate ion
concentration is low
-Most effect in intracellular medium ,
especially in kind eyes and important in the
excretion of in the urine
-Phosphoric acid has 3 isonization steps
H3PO4 H2PO4- + H+ HPO4-2 + H+
H++ PO4-3
Pka1 = 2.1 , pka2 = 7.2 , pka3= 12.3
H2PO4- / HPO4-2 is a good buffer because of it
is pka value (7.2) which closed to biological
PH 7.4
-physiological buffer:

1-lungs : PCO2 , HCO3- / H2CO3
ratio
2- kidneys :
-Retain {HCO3-} by H2CO3 convert to HCO3- +
H+
-Excrete acids as ketone bodies
-Nutrilize acids by producing NH3
-In alkalosis : it excrete basic phosphate
-In acidic : it excrete acidic phosphate
3- liver:
It synthesis urea from NH3 ammonia
It synthesis glycogen from lactic acid

23-Disorders of acid base balance:

-PH imbalance caused by change in CO2 level
is called respiratory acidosis or
respiratory alkalosis
-PH imbalance caused by change in HCO3-
level is called metabolic acidosis or
metabolic alkalosis
24-metabolic acidosis :
PH , {HCO3-} , {H+} , it detected by
decreased plasma bicarbonate
Caused :
1-Diabetic ketone acidosis (DKA) and
starvation
2- lactic acid ( heavy exercise )

3- acids in take as salicylate overdose

4- excessive {HCO3-} by diarrhea or

diuretic drugs

5- renal failure ( excrete of H+)
6- bacterial infection
7- shock ( anoxia )
8- methanol toxicity
25- respiratory alkalosis :
-Hyper ventilation

-Hypo capnia { PCO2}
PCO2 , {H+} , PH , {HCO3-} /
{ H2CO3}
Causes:
1-head injuries
2- drugs ( salycylate )
3- high respirstory rate ( fever )
4- hysteria
5- hot atmosphere
6- high altitude
7- damage to respiratory center
26- respiratory acidosis :
-Hypo ventilation
- PCO2 Hyper capnia , accumulation of
CO2 in

-{HCO3-} / PCO2 , PH , { H+}
Causes:
1-chronic lung disease ( asthma ,
emphysema )
2- breathing air contain high CO2
3- respiratory center depression
a)morphin poisoning
b) narcotic or barbiturate overdose

27- metabolic alkalosis:

- {HCO3-} (elevated plasma bicarbonate )

- {H+} , PH
Causes:
1-increase aldosteron hormone ( stimulation
of H+)
2- Admistration of excessive amount of alkali
3- vomiting decrease HCL secretion by
stomach
4- alkali drugs e.g. sodium bicarbonate for
cer treatment
5- plasma level of bicarbonate is high in urine
is much more alkaline than usual