TRNG I HC XY DNG

- B MN VT LIU XY DNG -
Bi ging in t - B mn Vt liu xy dng

Chng 4
CHT KT DNH V C

1. Gii thiu chung

1
 1. GII THIU CHUNG
Bi ging in t - B mn Vt liu xy dng

I. Khi nim chung

II. CKD v c rn trong khng kh
III. CKD v c rn trong nc
IV. CKD v c rn trong iu kin
chng p (autoclave)

2
Khi nim CKDVC-khng kh CKDVC-nc CKDVC-chng p
 1. GII THIU CHUNG
Bi ging in t - B mn Vt liu xy dng

I. Khi nim chung

II. CKD v c rn trong khng kh
III. CKD v c rn trong nc
IV. CKD v c rn trong iu kin
chng p (autoclave)

3
Khi nim CKDVC-khng kh CKDVC-nc CKDVC-chng p
 I. KHI NIM CHUNG
I.1. Khi nim
- Cht kt dnh v c (CKDVC) l CKD c ngun gc t v c, khi nho trn
vi dung mi thch hp to thnh mt hn hp c tnh do, di tc dng ca
cc qu trnh ho l phc tp c th t rn chc v pht trin cng theo
Bi ging in t - B mn Vt liu xy dng

thi gian

- Dung mi thch hp:

+ ha tan c CKD : to thnh dung dch ng nht
+ phn ng vi CKD : to khong cn thit hnh thnh cng
VD : xi mng, thch cao, vi : dung mi Nc
CKD magie : dung dch MgCl2, MgSO4

- Hn hp c tnh do: to c sn phm c hnh dng bt k ph thuc vo

tnh cht sn phm v iu kin thi cng.

- C kh nng t rn chc: CKD v c t rn chc gn cc ht vt liu ri

rc li v chuyn sang trng thi rn trong iu kin thng hoc iu kin
autoclave.

4
Khi nim CKDVC-khng kh CKDVC-nc CKDVC-chng p
 I. KHI NIM CHUNG

I.2. Phn loi cht kt dnh v c

- Cht kt dnh v c rn trong khng kh: Vi Canxi, Thch cao xy dng,

Bi ging in t - B mn Vt liu xy dng

CKD Magne, Thy tinh lng ...

- Cht kt dnh v c rn trong nc: Vi thy, Xi mng La M, Xi mng Pooc

lng ...

- Cht kt dnh v c rn trong autoclave: Cht kt dnh silicat

5
Khi nim CKDVC-khng kh CKDVC-nc CKDVC-chng p
 1. GII THIU CHUNG
Bi ging in t - B mn Vt liu xy dng

I. Khi nim chung

II. CKD v c rn trong khng kh
III. CKD v c rn trong nc
IV. CKD v c rn trong iu kin
chng p (autoclave)

6
Khi nim CKDVC-khng kh CKDVC-nc CKDVC-chng p
 II. CKDVC RN TRONG KHNG KH
II.1. Khi nim
- Cht kt dnh c kh nng thy ha, rn chc v gi c cng trong
mi trng khng kh
Bi ging in t - B mn Vt liu xy dng

II.2. Cc loi CKDVC rn trong khng kh

Vi rn trong khng kh : thnh phn ch yu CaO

900-1100C
- Sn xut: CaCO3 CaO + CO2
vi

- Dung mi: CaO + H2O Ca(OH)2

- Rn chc trong khng kh:

Ca(OH)2 + CO2kk CaCO3 + H2O

- S dng: + Cng R = 2MPa

+ Va xy dng, xy, trt, trang tr.

7
Khi nim CKDVC-khng kh CKDVC-nc CKDVC-chng p
 II. CKDVC RN TRONG KHNG KH

II.2 Cc loi CKDVC rn trong khng kh (tip)

Cht kt dnh magie : thnh phn ch yu MgO

- Sn xut: MgCO3 750-850C MgO + CO2

Bi ging in t - B mn Vt liu xy dng

lomit

- Dung mi:
+ Nc: qu trnh rn chc xy ra rt chm.
+ Dung dch MgCl2, MgSO4 : qu trnh cng rn xy ra nhanh
tng cng ca cht kt dnh
MgCl2
MgO + H2O Mg(OH)2 + (3MgO.MgCl2.6H2O)

- S dng:
+ Sn xut vt liu hn hp s dng CKD l v c cn vt liu n
l vt liu hu c. VD : mn ca, dm bo, hay ph liu t g.
+ Bn trong mi trng xm thc c bit trong mi trng n mn
sun pht VD : lm nn sn sn xut mui

8
Khi nim CKDVC-khng kh CKDVC-nc CKDVC-chng p
 II. CKDVC RN TRONG KHNG KH

II.2 Cc loi CKDVC rn trong khng kh (tip)

Thch cao xy dng : thnh phn ch yu CaSO4

Bi ging in t - B mn Vt liu xy dng

150-170C
- Sn xut: CaSO4.2H2O CaSO4.0,5H2O + 1,5H2O
thch cao Thch cao XD

- Dung mi: CaSO4.0,5H2O + 1,5H2O CaSO4.2H2O

- S dng:
+ Thch cao rn chc nhanh nhng cho cng thp
+ S dng lm vt liu trang tr

9
Khi nim CKDVC-khng kh CKDVC-nc CKDVC-chng p
 II. CKDVC RN TRONG KHNG KH
II.2 Cc loi CKDVC rn trong khng kh (tip)

Cht kt dnh Thy tinh lng :

CKDVC thnh phn ch yu Na2O.nSiO2 n = 2,5 3 (n, m : m
Bi ging in t - B mn Vt liu xy dng

hoc K2O.mSiO2 m = 3 4 un silicat)

t, p cao
- Sn xut: Na2CO3 + SiO2 Na2O.nSiO2 + CO2
X a Ct nghin
t, p cao
Na2SO4 + C + SiO2 Na2O.nSiO2 + CO2 + SO2
Cht kh

- Dung mi: H2O

+ Khng ph gia : Na2O.nSiO2 + H2O Si(OH)4 + NaOH
+ Ph gia ng rn : Na2SiF6 (thuc tr su)
Na2O.nSiO2 + Na2SiF6 + H2O Si(OH)2 + NaOH + NaF
- S dng:
+ Rn chc nhanh, cng thp
+ Bn trong mi trng nhit v xm thc (xi mng bn axit, bn nhit)
10
Khi nim CKDVC-khng kh CKDVC-nc CKDVC-chng p
 1. GII THIU CHUNG
Bi ging in t - B mn Vt liu xy dng

I. Khi nim chung

II. CKD v c rn trong khng kh
III. CKD v c rn trong nc
IV. CKD v c rn trong iu kin
chng p (autoclave)

11
Khi nim CKDVC-khng kh CKDVC-nc CKDVC-chng p
 III. CKDVC RN TRONG NC
III.1. Khi nim
- CKDVC c kh nng rn chc v gi c cng lu di
trong c mi trng khng kh v mi trng nc.
Bi ging in t - B mn Vt liu xy dng

III.2. Cc loi CKDVC rn trong nc

- Gm ch yu l lin kt ca 4 oxt : CaO - SiO2 - Al2O3 - Fe2O3.

Vi thy :
- Sn xut: nung mcn (620% st) nhit 9001100C

- c tnh (so snh vi vi canxi) :

+ Cng cao hn: Rvi canxi = 2 MPa ; Rvi thy = 15 MPa.
+ Thi gian rn chc rt ngn hn, nhanh t cng hn.
- Khong chnh:
2CaO.SiO2 (C2S); 2CaO. Fe2O3 (C2F); CaO.Al2O3 (CA);
CaO.Fe2O3 (CF); CaO v MgO.
12
Khi nim CKDVC-khng kh CKDVC-nc CKDVC-chng p
 III. CKDVC RN TRONG NC
III.2. Cc loi CKDVC rn trong nc (tip)

Xi mng La M
- Sn xut: Nung mcn (>20% st) ; t = 12001300oC.
Bi ging in t - B mn Vt liu xy dng

- c tnh: + Rn nhanh hn vi thy.

+ Cng cao hn (Rmax = 20 MPa).
- S dng: c s dng trong thi gian cn i th k 16, 17, 18 chu
u (nh th, nh ht,...)

Xi mng Pooc lng (OPC)

- Sn xut : Nung vi canxit v t st t = 14001500C.
- c tnh: + Rn nhanh hn na.
+ Cng cao : R > 30 MPa
- Khong chnh: C2S ; C3S ; C3A ; C4AF
13
Khi nim CKDVC-khng kh CKDVC-nc CKDVC-chng p
 III. CKDVC RN TRONG NC
III.2. Cc loi CKDVC rn trong nc (tip)
Xi mng alumin (CAC)
- Sn xut: Nung vi+t st giu nhm (bxit);
Bi ging in t - B mn Vt liu xy dng

t=14001450oC.
- c tnh:
+ Rn chc nhanh
+ Cng cao >40 MPa.
+ N th tch trong qu trnh rn chc.
+ Chng xm thc v n mn tt.

- S dng: t s dng trong cng trnh dn dng:

+ Qung nhm him l vt liu chin lc (cng ngh hng khng).
+ S dng nng lng in sn xut.

- Khong chnh: CA ; C2A ; C3A ; C12A7

14
Khi nim CKDVC-khng kh CKDVC-nc CKDVC-chng p
 1. GII THIU CHUNG
Bi ging in t - B mn Vt liu xy dng

I. Khi nim chung

II. CKD v c rn trong khng kh
III. CKD v c rn trong nc
IV. CKD v c rn trong iu kin
chng p (autoclave)

15
 IV. CKDVC RN TRONG AUTOCLAVE

- Bao gm nhng cht c kh nng rn chc v pht trin cng trong mi

trng hi nc bo ho : nhit 1752000C v p sut 916 atm.
Bi ging in t - B mn Vt liu xy dng

- Thnh phn ch yu : CaO v SiO2.

- iu kin thng : ch c CaO ng vai tr kt dnh

- iu kin autoclave : t, p cao

SiO2 (tr) SiO2 (hot tnh cao)

Ct nghin quc V nh hnh
CaO + SiO2 + H2O C-S-H
(bn nc, cng cao)

- CKDVC rn trong nc nu c rn trong mi trng autoclave th cng

t c s cao hn v tc rn chc s nhanh hn.

16
Khi nim CKDVC-khng kh CKDVC-nc CKDVC-chng p
 TRNG I HC XY DNG
- B MN VT LIU XY DNG -
Bi ging in t - B mn Vt liu xy dng

3. Xi mng Pooclng
 1. GII THIU CHUNG
Bi ging in t - B mn Vt liu xy dng

I. Gii thiu chung

II. Nguyn liu v qu trnh sn xut
III. Thnh phn khong
IV. Qu trnh thy ha v rn chc
V. Tnh cht k thut
VI. n mn xi mng

18
 I. GII THIU CHUNG
I.1. Khi nim chung

- Xi mng Pooc lng l cht kt dnh

v c rn trong nc c ch to
Bi ging in t - B mn Vt liu xy dng

t hn hp vi v t st theo
mt t l thch hp, nung nhit
cao 1400-1500C to thnh
clanhke, sau em nghin vi
3-5% thch cao v cc loi ph gia
khong (nu c) thnh dng bt mn.

19
Gii thiu Sn xut TP Khong QT Rn chc Tnh cht KT n mn
 I. GII THIU CHUNG
I.1. Khi nim chung (tip)

vi + t st : cung cp CaO, SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3 t l thch hp

Bi ging in t - B mn Vt liu xy dng

T nung 1400-1500C :

>1400C : to khong C3S, quan trng nht trong xi mng

<1500C : ko hnh thnh pha lng gy bm dnh

Clanhke :

o sn phm sau qu trnh nung, d = 10-40mm,

o dng khng c kh nng phn ng

3-5% thch cao (CaSO4.2H2O): iu chnh thi gian ng kt

20
Gii thiu Sn xut TP Khong QT Rn chc Tnh cht KT n mn
 I. GII THIU CHUNG
I.2. Lch s pht trin
21/10/1824 - Xi mng Pooc lng c pht minh bi Joseph Aspdin. Pooc
lng (Portland) : tn mt hn o ti Anh
Bi ging in t - B mn Vt liu xy dng

Nm 1843 - William Aspdin-con trai ca Joseph Aspdin sn xut c Xi

mng Pooc lng chnh hiu tha mn c khi nim nh ngy
nay.

Nm 1880 - Nhiu nh my c kh ch to cc thit b chuyn dng cho

sn xut xi mng, gim tiu hao lao ng, nng cao sn lng v
cht lng, gim gi thnh xi mng.

Nm 1885 - Frederik Ransome pht minh ra l quay nung xi mng, a

cng ngh sn xut xi mng ln mt bc ngot mi v nng
sut, cht lng sn phm v c ngha cho ti ngy nay.

n nay, xi mng Pooc lng c pht trin ngy cng hon

thin vi rt nhiu chng loi khc nhau.

21
Gii thiu Sn xut TP Khong QT Rn chc Tnh cht KT n mn
 I. GII THIU CHUNG
I.3. Tn gi v quy c vi cc loi xi mng Pooc lng

Tn loi xi mng K hiu

a) Xi mang Poc lng PC
Bi ging in t - B mn Vt liu xy dng

b) Xi mng Poc lng bn sunpht PCSR

Poc lng
Xi mng
thng

c) Xi mng Poc lng ging khoan du kh PCOW

d) Xi mng Poc lng t ta nhit PCLH
e) Xi mng Poc lng trng PCW

a) Xi mng Poc lng hn hp PCB

Xi mng Poc lng c ph gia

b) Xi mng Poc lng hn hp bn sunpht PCBSR

c) Xi mng Poc lng hn hp t ta nhit PCBLH
d) Xi mng Poc lng puzolan PCBPZ
khong

e) Xi mng Poc lng x ht l cao PCBBFS

f) Xi mng Poc lng tro bay PCBFA
g) Xi mng Poc lng trng hn hp PCBW
h) Xi mng Poc lng vi PCBLS
i) Xi mng xy trt PCBM
22
Gii thiu Sn xut TP Khong QT Rn chc Tnh cht KT n mn
 I. GII THIU CHUNG
I.5. Mt s sn phm xi mng Pooc lng
Bi ging in t - B mn Vt liu xy dng

23
Gii thiu Sn xut TP Khong QT Rn chc Tnh cht KT n mn
 I. GII THIU CHUNG
I.6. Sn lng xi mng trn th gii (2011)
Bi ging in t - B mn Vt liu xy dng

(Ngun: Rapport dactivit

CEMBUREAU 2011)

24
Gii thiu Sn xut TP Khong QT Rn chc Tnh cht KT n mn
 I. GII THIU CHUNG
I.6. Sn lng xi mng trn th gii (2012)
Bi ging in t - B mn Vt liu xy dng

(Ngun: Rapport annuel LAFARGE 2012)

25
Gii thiu Sn xut TP Khong QT Rn chc Tnh cht KT n mn
 II. NGUYN LIU, QU TRNH SN XUT
II.1. Thnh phn ha hc ca xi mng

* Thnh phn ha hc : Gm cc Oxt : CaO, SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3,

Oxit Hm lng Vai tr
Bi ging in t - B mn Vt liu xy dng

- Xi mng rn nhanh, ta nhit ln, cng cao

- Km bn mi trng
CaO 60 70%
- Nhiu CaO gy kh nung, tn than, gim sn lng

- CaO t do gi la gy mt n nh th tch, n mn

- Cho xi mng rn chm hn, ta nhit t

- Bn hn vi mi trng
SiO2 17 25% - Nhiu SiO2 ko di tgian ng kt, xi mng km dnh
kt, gim sn lng, gim cng
- t SiO2 gim lng C3S, gim cng xi mng

26
Gii thiu Sn xut TP Khong QT Rn chc Tnh cht KT n mn
 II. NGUYN LIU, QU TRNH SN XUT
II.1. Thnh phn ha hc ca xi mng (tip)

Oxt Hm lng Vai tr

- Xi mng rn nhanh, ta nhit ln, cng thp

Bi ging in t - B mn Vt liu xy dng

- Rt km bn mi trng
- Nhiu Al2O3 nhit nung cao, tgian ng kt nhanh,
Al2O3 3 8% cng gim, gy ng sut nhit, n mn sunfat
- t Al2O3 tgian ng kt ca xi mng ko di, nhit nung
thp dn n cht lng xi mng khng cao

- Cho tnh cht trung bnh, to mu cho xi mng

Fe2O3 1 6% - Gim nhit nung

SO3 1 3,5% - iu chnh tgian rn chc ca xi mng

MgO 0,1 4% - Thnh phn c hi gy mt n nh th tch

Na2O K2O < 1.5% - m bo mi trng kim trong b tng xi mng

27
Gii thiu Sn xut TP Khong QT Rn chc Tnh cht KT n mn
 II. NGUYN LIU, QU TRNH SN XUT

II.2 Nguyn liu

cha khong CaCO3

Cung cp CaO:
Bi ging in t - B mn Vt liu xy dng

VD: vi, phn,

CaCO3 > 90%
SiO2 < 8%
Al2O3 < 2%
Fe2O3 < 1%
t st
Cung cp SiO2:
VD: t st hong th, phin thch st, .
SiO2 : 40 - 60%
Al2O3 : 8 - 22%
Fe2O3 : 1-7%
28
Gii thiu Sn xut TP Khong QT Rn chc Tnh cht KT n mn
 II. NGUYN LIU, QU TRNH SN XUT

II.2 Nguyn liu (tip)

Ph gia iu chnh :
B sung thm SiO2 : Trepen, Diatomit
B sung Al2O3 : Qung B-xit
Bi ging in t - B mn Vt liu xy dng

B sung Fe2O3 : Qung Firit

* Ph gia cng ngh : Ph gia tr nghin bng cch h cng clanke
* Ph gia khong : + PG khong hot tnh : silica fume, tro x
+ PG khong tr : bt vi

29
Gii thiu Sn xut TP Khong QT Rn chc Tnh cht KT n mn
 II. NGUYN LIU, QU TRNH SN XUT

II.2 Nguyn liu (tip)

Bi ging in t - B mn Vt liu xy dng

Khai thc vi vi

t st Nhin liu : Than

30
Gii thiu Sn xut TP Khong QT Rn chc Tnh cht KT n mn
 II. NGUYN LIU, QU TRNH SN XUT
II.3 Qu trnh sn xut
Khai thc Phi liu Nung Nghin
Bi ging in t - B mn Vt liu xy dng

31
Gii thiu Sn xut TP Khong QT Rn chc Tnh cht KT n mn
 II. NGUYN LIU, QU TRNH SN XUT
II.3 Qu trnh sn xut
Khai thc Phi liu Nung Nghin

1. Khai thc
Bi ging in t - B mn Vt liu xy dng

-Yu cu: m bo thnh phn, tr

lng v thun tin khai thc, vn
chuyn

32
Gii thiu Sn xut TP Khong QT Rn chc Tnh cht KT n mn
 II. NGUYN LIU, QU TRNH SN XUT
II.3 Qu trnh sn xut (tip)

2. Chun b phi liu

-Mc ch : Loi b tp cht, trn u

Bi ging in t - B mn Vt liu xy dng

nguyn liu to thnh hn hp ng nht v

thnh phn khong, thnh phn ho, thnh
phn ht v m
-Phng php chun b phi liu:

+ Phng php t : W = 30-40%

+ Phng php kh : W = 1-2%

+ Phng php kt hp : W = 12 14 %

33
Gii thiu Sn xut TP Khong QT Rn chc Tnh cht KT n mn
 II. NGUYN LIU, QU TRNH SN XUT
II.3 Qu trnh sn xut (tip)
2. Chun b phi liu (tip)
Bi ging in t - B mn Vt liu xy dng

34
Gii thiu Sn xut TP Khong QT Rn chc Tnh cht KT n mn
 II. NGUYN LIU, QU TRNH SN XUT
II.3 Qu trnh sn xut (tip)
2. Chun b phi liu (tip)
- So snh 2 phng php :
Bi ging in t - B mn Vt liu xy dng

Phng php kh Phng php t

Nng sut cao

u im

- Tiu tn nhit thp (750kcal/kg clanke) - ng nht phi liu cao, cht lng
- Tn dng tt nhit kh thi, gim xi mng tt
nhim mi trng - Nguyn liu sn xut c m bt k
- Gim chiu di l nung (< 80 m)

- Nhit lng SX tiu tn ln

Nhc im

- ng nht phi liu km, kh

nghin, cht lng clanhke thp
- H thng thit b phc tp, gi thnh
cao
- CN phc tp, tn din tch
- Tn dng nhit kh thi km
- L nung c kch thc ln (95-230m),
vn hnh, bo dng phc tp

35
Gii thiu Sn xut TP Khong QT Rn chc Tnh cht KT n mn
 II. NGUYN LIU, QU TRNH SN XUT
II.3 Qu trnh sn xut (tip)
3. Nung phi liu
- Mc ch : Lm ha lng cc nguyn liu thnh phn (phn ng pha
Bi ging in t - B mn Vt liu xy dng

rn), hnh thnh cc khong theo yu cu

Cc qu trnh xy ra khi nung

1. Bay hi nc t do

2. hydrate

3. Phn hy t st
Phng php t
4. Phn hy vi

5. Phn ng pha rn
Phng php kh
6. Thiu kt

7. Lm ngui
36
Gii thiu Sn xut TP Khong QT Rn chc Tnh cht KT n mn
 II. NGUYN LIU, QU TRNH SN XUT
II.3 Qu trnh sn xut (tip)
3. Nung phi liu
b. Xi mng l quay :
Bi ging in t - B mn Vt liu xy dng

+ Nghing = 3-4%, Quay = 1-2 v/p

+ L quay phng php T:
D = 3-5m ; L = 95-185m
+ L quay phng php KH:
D = 5-7m ; L = 20-120m
+ u im : Nng sut cao (2-2,5 triu tn/nm)
L Phi liu

D


Clanke
Nhin liu (phun du)
37
Gii thiu Sn xut TP Khong QT Rn chc Tnh cht KT n mn
 II. NGUYN LIU, QU TRNH SN XUT
II.3 Qu trnh sn xut (tip)
3. Nung phi liu (tip)
c. Qu trnh phn ng xy ra khi nung
Bi ging in t - B mn Vt liu xy dng

1. Vng sy : 70 200C

- Nc t do bay hi, phi liu ng thnh cc ri v ra

2. Vng hydrate : 200-700C

- Cc cht hu c chy ht, nc hp ph bay hi

- Nc ho hc nm trong t st bt u tch ra v bc hi, cc phn
ng phn gii bt u xy ra:
Al2O3.2SiO2.2H2O Al2O3.2SiO2 + 2H2O

38
Gii thiu Sn xut TP Khong QT Rn chc Tnh cht KT n mn
 II. NGUYN LIU, QU TRNH SN XUT
II.3 Qu trnh sn xut (tip)
3. Nung phi liu (tip)
c. Qu trnh phn ng xy ra khi nung (tip)
Bi ging in t - B mn Vt liu xy dng

3. Vng phn hy : 700-1100C

- Phn ng phn gii canxit sinh ra CaO v tch ra cc khong st

khan thnh cc xit ring bit nh: SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3.
- Do vng ny tiu tn nhiu nhit lng nht. Cc phn ng trng
thi rn cng xy ra to thnh C3A, CA, v mt phn C2S

4. Vng ta nhit : 11001300C

- Cc phn ng pha rn to khong chnh cho xi mng tip tc xy ra

CaO.Al2O3 + 2CaO 3CaO.Al2O3 (C3A)
2CaO + SiO2 2CaO.SiO2 (C2S)
4CaO + Al2O3 + Fe2O3 4CaO.Al2O3. Fe2O3 (C4AF)

39
Gii thiu Sn xut TP Khong QT Rn chc Tnh cht KT n mn
 II. NGUYN LIU, QU TRNH SN XUT
II.3 Qu trnh sn xut (tip)
3. Nung phi liu (tip)
c. Qu trnh phn ng xy ra khi nung (tip)
Bi ging in t - B mn Vt liu xy dng

5. Vng thiu kt : 130014501300C

- Giai on u (1300oC), mt phn khong d chy nh C3A, C4AF,

MgO v cc tp cht d chy khc b chy lng ra (20-30% th tch hn
hp nung). Khi nhit nung t n gi tr cao nht 1450oC, C2S s tc
dng nhanh vi CaO ho tan trong pha lng to thnh alit (C3S) l
khong c bn ca clanhke.
CaO + 2CaO.SiO2 3CaO.SiO2 (C3S)

- Ra khi vng thiu kt (nhit gim t 1450 xung 1300oC ) t dung

dch lng cc khong C3A, C4AF v MgO c kt tinh li.

40
Gii thiu Sn xut TP Khong QT Rn chc Tnh cht KT n mn
 II. NGUYN LIU, QU TRNH SN XUT
II.3 Qu trnh sn xut (tip)
3. Nung phi liu (tip)
c. Qu trnh phn ng xy ra khi nung (tip)
Bi ging in t - B mn Vt liu xy dng

6. Vng lm ngui : 13001100200C

- Lm ngui t t (to = 1300-1100oC ) vi mc ch l n nh cu trc cc

khong mi c to thnh.

- Lm ngui nhanh (to = 1100-200oC ) vi mc ch l trnh cc phn ng

c hi xy ra. V d:
3CaO.SiO2 2CaO.SiO2 + CaO
C 2S C 2S

C2S khng c tnh dnh kt, khng tng tc vi nc ngay c 100oC .

41
Gii thiu Sn xut TP Khong QT Rn chc Tnh cht KT n mn
 II. NGUYN LIU, QU TRNH SN XUT
II.3 Qu trnh sn xut (tip)
3. Nung phi liu (tip)
c. Qu trnh phn ng xy ra khi nung (tip)
Bi ging in t - B mn Vt liu xy dng

42
Gii thiu Sn xut TP Khong QT Rn chc Tnh cht KT n mn
 II. NGUYN LIU, QU TRNH SN XUT
II.3 Qu trnh sn xut (tip)

4. Nghin clanke

- Mc ch: to mn cn thit, tng

Bi ging in t - B mn Vt liu xy dng

hot tnh ca xi mng

- Clanhke xi mng sau khi ra l phi lu

kho 1-2 tun mi em nghin thnh bt:
loi b CaO, MgO gi la

- Nghin clanhke vi 3-5% CaSO4.2H2O: iu chnh thi gian ng kt

- Trn thm <15% ph gia hot tnh hoc <10% ph gia tr:
+ Ci thin mt s tnh cht ca xi mng pooc lng
+ Tng sn lng v h gi thnh.

43
Gii thiu Sn xut TP Khong QT Rn chc Tnh cht KT n mn
 II. NGUYN LIU, QU TRNH SN XUT
II.3 Qu trnh sn xut (tip)

4. Nghin clanke (tip)

- Phng php nghin:

Bi ging in t - B mn Vt liu xy dng

Nghin kh Nghin t

- Nng sut nghin cao

u im

- C th lu kho bo qun
- Thun tin cho qu trnh vn - mn cao
chuyn - Khng gy bi
Nhc im

- Nng sut khng cao - Buc phi s dng ngay sau khi
nghin
- mn khng cao
- ng dng : xy dng thy in
- Gy bi b tr cc my nghin ti ch.

44
Gii thiu Sn xut TP Khong QT Rn chc Tnh cht KT n mn
 II. NGUYN LIU, QU TRNH SN XUT
II.3 Qu trnh sn xut (tip)

4. Nghin clanke (tip)

Bi ging in t - B mn Vt liu xy dng

My nghin bi

45
Gii thiu Sn xut TP Khong QT Rn chc Tnh cht KT n mn
 II. NGUYN LIU, QU TRNH SN XUT
II.3 Qu trnh sn xut (tip)
5. ng bao v vn chuyn xi mng
Bi ging in t - B mn Vt liu xy dng

46
Gii thiu Sn xut TP Khong QT Rn chc Tnh cht KT n mn
 1. GII THIU CHUNG
Bi ging in t - B mn Vt liu xy dng

I. Gii thiu chung

II. Nguyn liu v qu trnh sn xut
III. Thnh phn khong
IV. Qu trnh thy ha v rn chc
V. Tnh cht k thut
VI. n mn xi mng

47
 III. THNH PHN KHONG
Thnh phn khong vt ch yu trong clanhke xi mng
* Tricanxi silicat: 3CaO.SiO2 (C3S) cn gi l alit
* icanxi silicat: 2CaO.SiO2 (C2S) cn gi l blit
Bi ging in t - B mn Vt liu xy dng

* Tricanxi Aluminat: 3CaO.Al2O3 (C3A)

* Ttracanxi aluminat fero: 4CaO.Al2O3. Fe2O3 (C4AF).Ngoi ra cn mt s
thnh phn ph nh 5CaO.3Al2O3, 2CaO.Fe2O3, CaO v MgO t do.

III.1. Hm lng khong vt trong clanke xi mng

Thnh phn khong ca clanhke xi mng

Tn khong K hiu Cng thc Hm lng
Tricanxi silicat C 3S 3CaO SiO2 4560%
icanxi silicat C 2S 2CaO SiO2 2030%
Tricanxi aluminat C 3A 3CaO Al2O3 412%
Tetra canxi aluminat fero C4AF 4CaO Al2O3 Fe2O3 1012%
48
Gii thiu Sn xut TP Khong QT Rn chc Tnh cht KT n mn
 III. THNH PHN KHONG
III.2. Vai tr cc khong vt trong xi mng

Tn khong c im qu trnh thy ha

Bi ging in t - B mn Vt liu xy dng

- = 3,15 g/cm3
- Khong quan trng nht trong xi mng
C 3S - Tc thy ha rn chc nhanh
- Cho cng cao, ta nhiu nhit
- Km bn trong mi trng xm thc
- = 3,28 g/cm3
- Khong quan th 2 trong xi mng
- Tc thy ha rn chc chm giai
C 2S
on u, nhanh dn v sau
- Cho cng cui cng cao, ta t nhit
- Bn hn trong mi trng xm thc

49
Gii thiu Sn xut TP Khong QT Rn chc Tnh cht KT n mn
 III. THNH PHN KHONG
III.2. Vai tr cc khong vt trong xi mng (tip)

Tn khong c im qu trnh thy ha

Bi ging in t - B mn Vt liu xy dng

- = 3,04 g/cm3
- Tc dng rt nhanh vi nc,
- Cho xi mng c cng sm
C 3A - Cng cui li thp, ta nhiu nhit,
- Gy n mn nht.
- Khi c Thch cao lm chm qu trnh thy
ha ca khong

- = 3,75 g/cm3
- Tc thy ha rn chc tng i nhanh
C4AF
- Cho xi mng c cng tng i cao
- Khong trung gian gia C3S v C2S

50
Gii thiu Sn xut TP Khong QT Rn chc Tnh cht KT n mn
 III. THNH PHN KHONG
III.2. Vai tr cc khong vt trong xi mng (tip)
Bi ging in t - B mn Vt liu xy dng

Tc thy ha cc khong thnh phn

51
Gii thiu Sn xut TP Khong QT Rn chc Tnh cht KT n mn
 III. THNH PHN KHONG
III.2. Vai tr cc khong vt trong xi mng (tip)
Bi ging in t - B mn Vt liu xy dng

Ettringite

Sn phm thy ha
Xi mng Pooc-lng

52
Gii thiu Sn xut TP Khong QT Rn chc Tnh cht KT n mn
 III. THNH PHN KHONG
III.2. Vai tr cc khong vt trong xi mng (tip)
Bi ging in t - B mn Vt liu xy dng

Sn phm thy ha Xi mng Pooc-lng

53
Gii thiu Sn xut TP Khong QT Rn chc Tnh cht KT n mn
 III. THNH PHN KHONG
III.2. Vai tr cc khong vt trong xi mng (tip)
Bi ging in t - B mn Vt liu xy dng

54
Gii thiu Sn xut TP Khong QT Rn chc Tnh cht KT n mn
 1. GII THIU CHUNG
Bi ging in t - B mn Vt liu xy dng

I. Gii thiu chung

II. Nguyn liu v qu trnh sn xut
III. Thnh phn khong
IV. Qu trnh thy ha v rn chc
V. Tnh cht k thut
VI. n mn xi mng

55
 III. THNH PHN KHONG
III.2. Vai tr cc khong vt trong xi mng (tip)

Tn khong Phng trnh thy ha

Bi ging in t - B mn Vt liu xy dng

C 3S 2 C3S + 6 H2O C3S2H3 + 3 CH + Q1

C 2S 2 C2S + 4 H2O C3S2H3 + CH + Q2

C 3A C3A + 6 H C3AH6 + Q3

C3A + CH2 C3A + 3CH2 + 26H = C6A3H32

C4AF 3C4AF + mH 4C3AH6 + 2CFHn + Q4

Q3 > Q1 > Q4 > Q2

56
Gii thiu Sn xut TP Khong QT Rn chc Tnh cht KT n mn
 III. THNH PHN KHONG
III.2. Vai tr cc khong vt trong xi mng (tip)

* Nhn xt v phn ng thy ha xi mng

Bi ging in t - B mn Vt liu xy dng

- Phn ng ta nhit :
Q3 > Q1 > Q4 > Q2
- Phn ng b mt : kch thc ht xi mng dx > 40m
Phn ng khng hon ton
Trong thc t : thy ha 60-70%

- Cc sn phm thy ha :

C3S2H3 C3AH6
C6AS3H32 CH

57
Gii thiu Sn xut TP Khong QT Rn chc Tnh cht KT n mn
 IV. QU TRNH THY HA RN CHC

- Khi nho trn xi mng vi nc xy ra cc qu trnh l ha phc tp v chuyn

hn hp do thnh c cng cao. Qu trnh ny gi l qu trnh rn chc
ca xi mng khi tc dng vi nc
Bi ging in t - B mn Vt liu xy dng

- Thuyt ng rn Baikov-Rebinder da trn l thuyt tinh th v thuyt ha keo:

Ha tan Ha keo Kt tinh

Ettringite
Khng Ht keo
CSH
tan phn tn
CFHn
Ngng
Kt tinh Rn chc
keo

Ca(OH)2 Tan Keo

C3AH6

58
Gii thiu Sn xut TP Khong QT Rn chc Tnh cht KT n mn
 IV. QU TRNH THY HA RN CHC
Bi ging in t - B mn Vt liu xy dng

Ha tan Ha keo Kt tinh

Ettringite
Khng Ht keo
CSH
tan phn tn
CFHn
Ngng
Kt tinh Rn chc
keo

Ca(OH)2 Tan Keo

C3AH6

59
Gii thiu Sn xut TP Khong QT Rn chc Tnh cht KT n mn
 IV. QU TRNH THY HA RN CHC
IV.3 Giai on kt tinh

-Ca(OH)2 v C3AH6 t th ngng keo chuyn dn sang dng kt tinh, c tinh

th nh an cho nhau
Bi ging in t - B mn Vt liu xy dng

Xi mng bt u c cng .

-C3S2H3 vn tn ti th keo rt lu, sau mt b phn chuyn sang thnh

tinh th.

-Do lng nc ngy cng mt i, th keo v cc ht keo dn dn b kh li,

kt cht li lm cho c h thng ho cng v cng tng.

60
Gii thiu Sn xut TP Khong QT Rn chc Tnh cht KT n mn
 IV. QU TRNH THY HA RN CHC

* Nhn xt:

-Cc giai on tuy tch lm ba, song khng phi ring l m xen k ni tip
Bi ging in t - B mn Vt liu xy dng

ln nhau, ngha l khi xut hin tinh th th vn c ch mi bt u thi k

th nht l ho tan.

Cc tinh th sau khi hnh thnh an xen vo nhau to ra b khung khng gian
chu lc.

-Ngoi hin tng rn chc trn, cc qu trnh cacbonat ho cng gp phn

vo s rn chc ca xi mng.

Ca(OH)2 + CO2 CaCO3

Portlandite Carbonate

61
Gii thiu Sn xut TP Khong QT Rn chc Tnh cht KT n mn
 IV. QU TRNH THY HA RN CHC
Keo xut hin Gel
To T1 T2
Ha tan Ha keo Rn chc
Bi ging in t - B mn Vt liu xy dng

Thi k ng kt Thi k rn chc

H xi mng bt H xi mng hon

u mt tnh do ton mt tnh do

Thi gian bt
u ng kt

Thi gian kt
thc ng kt

62
Gii thiu Sn xut TP Khong QT Rn chc Tnh cht KT n mn
 V. TNH CHT K THUT
V.1. mn
a. Khi nim
- L i lng nh gi kch thc ht xi mng;
Bi ging in t - B mn Vt liu xy dng

xi mng c mn cao s d tc dng vi nc v

rn chc nhanh.

b. Phng php xc nh: Sng No 008

- Hai phng php:

+ Sng trn sng No008
+ o t din tch b mt ht xi mng: dng c
Blaine xc nh tng din tch ca 1 n v
khi lng xi mng (cm2/g)

- Yu cu i vi xi mng:

+ Lng st sng 15% Dng c Blaine

+ T din tch 2700 cm2/g.
63
Gii thiu
. Sn xut TP Khong QT Rn chc Tnh cht KT n mn
 V. TNH CHT K THUT
V.2. Lng nc tiu chun
a. Khi nim
- L lng nc cn thit (tnh bng so vi
Bi ging in t - B mn Vt liu xy dng

khi lng xi mng) h xi mng t do

tiu chun
- Lng nc tiu chun: 25-32 % ty loi xi
mng

b. Phng php xc nh:

TCVN 6017-1995: phng php th dn
Thit b th nghim: Dng c Vica
- Kim Vica D= 100,05mm, l=50mm, m=
3001g,
- Th kim t cao H=0, t cm su Dng c Vica
341mm 64
Gii thiu Sn(cch yKhong
xut TP 5-7 mm).
QT Rn chc Tnh cht KT n mn
 V. TNH CHT K THUT
V.2. Lng nc tiu chun (tip)

c. Yu t nh hng
-Thnh phn khong : C3A ; C3S nhiu lm tng Ntc
Bi ging in t - B mn Vt liu xy dng

- mn: Tng mn lm tng Ntc

- Phn ng nhanh
- Tng nc hp ph
-Ph gia:
- Tr : gim Ntc
- Hot tnh : tng Ntc
-iu kin mi trng : t, W

65
Gii thiu Sn xut TP Khong QT Rn chc Tnh cht KT n mn
 V. TNH CHT K THUT
V.3. Thi gian ng kt

a. Khi nim

- Thi gian bt u ng kt: khong thi gian t khi trn xi mng vi

Bi ging in t - B mn Vt liu xy dng

nc n khi h xi mng c do tiu chun bt u mt tnh do

(T1)

- Thi gian kt thc ng kt: khong thi gian t khi trn xi mng vi
nc n khi h xi mng c do tiu chun mt tnh do hon ton
(T2)

66
Gii thiu Sn xut TP Khong QT Rn chc Tnh cht KT n mn
 V. TNH CHT K THUT
V.3. Thi gian ng kt

b. Phng php xc nh: dng c Vica.

- H xi mng bt u mt tnh do: s dng
Bi ging in t - B mn Vt liu xy dng

Kim d= 1,13 0,05 mm, l=50 mm, m= 3001 g,

H=0, t cm su 36 1 mm (cch y 3-5
mm).
- H xi mng hon ton mt tnh do: tng t
nh trn, kim c gn vng gn mi kim, t
cm su < 0,5 mm.

67
Gii thiu Sn xut TP Khong QT Rn chc Tnh cht KT n mn
 V. TNH CHT K THUT
V.3. Thi gian ng kt (tip)

c. Yu t nh hng
-Thnh phn khong : C3A ; C3S nhiu gim T1, T2
Bi ging in t - B mn Vt liu xy dng

- mn: S cao lm gim T1, T2

- Phn ng nhanh
- Tng nc hp ph
-Ph gia:
- Tr : Tng T1 v T2
- Hot tnh : Gim T1 v T2
-iu kin mi trng : t, W
- ngha quan trng trong thi cng:
- T1 khng c < 45 pht
- T2 khng c > 375 pht
68
Gii thiu Sn xut TP Khong QT Rn chc Tnh cht KT n mn
 V. TNH CHT K THUT
V.4. Cng nn v mc xi mng
a. Khi nim

Cng nn ca xi mng c xc nh qua mu xi mng t va xi mng

Bi ging in t - B mn Vt liu xy dng

v ct tiu chun vi t l: X:C:N = 1:3:0,5 trong iu kin tiu chun v hnh

dng, kch thc mu, iu kin ch to, bo dng v tui nn mu.

b. Phng php xc nh: TCVN 6016-1995

69
Gii thiu Sn xut TP Khong QT Rn chc Tnh cht KT n mn
 V. TNH CHT K THUT
V.4. Cng nn v mc xi mng (tip)

c. Yu t nh hng
-Thnh phn khong : C3S nhiu tng Rx
Bi ging in t - B mn Vt liu xy dng

- mn: S cao tng Rx ( tng S thm 1000 cm2/g tng Rx thm 20%)
-Ph gia:
- Tr : gim Rx
- Hot tnh : tng Rx
-iu kin bo dng

70
Gii thiu Sn xut TP Khong QT Rn chc Tnh cht KT n mn
 V. TNH CHT K THUT
V.5. n nh th tch
a. Khi nim

- n nh th tch l i lng nh gi
Bi ging in t - B mn Vt liu xy dng

kh nng chng li s co hay n th tch

ca xi mng trong qu trnh rn chc.

Dng c Le Chatelier
b. Phng php xc nh:

- Phng php nh tnh: TCVN

4031-1985: phng php bnh a xi
mng.

- Phng php nh lng: Le Chatelier.

Dng c luc mu
71
Gii thiu Sn xut TP Khong QT Rn chc Tnh cht KT n mn
 V. TNH CHT K THUT
V.5. n nh th tch (tip)

c. Yu t nh hng
-Thnh phn khong : CaO t do v C3A nhiu xi mng km n nh
Bi ging in t - B mn Vt liu xy dng

- mn: S cao xi mng km n nh

-Ph gia: Hm lng ph gia tng lm xi mng n nh hn
-iu kin bo dng : bo m n nh th tch ca xi mng

72
Gii thiu Sn xut TP Khong QT Rn chc Tnh cht KT n mn
 VI. N MN XI MNG

VI.1. Hin tng n mn

-V l thuyt, cng trnh dng xi mng c tnh cht ngy cng tt hn.
Bi ging in t - B mn Vt liu xy dng

-Trong thc t: mi trng c m hoc ngp nc sau mt thi gian lu lm

b mt ca cng trnh s ph hy, rng tng dn, cng gim v c th
dn n kt cu b ph v.

73
Gii thiu Sn xut TP Khong QT Rn chc Tnh cht KT n mn
 VI. N MN XI MNG
VI.2. Nguyn nhn

- Ch quan: trong xi mng c mt s thnh phn khong, nht l Ca(OH)2,

d b ho tan v ra tri lm cho kt cu ca b tng v va b rng, do
Bi ging in t - B mn Vt liu xy dng

cng gim (xm thc ho tan).

- Khch quan: khi tip xc vi ho cht (axit, mui ...) mt s thnh phn ca
xi mng sinh ra phn ng ha hc, to ra nhng cht mi:

+ d tan trong nc, khng dnh kt (xm thc trao i)

+ c th tch ln hn trc, gy ra ni ng sut ph hoi b tng v va (xm

thc n th tch).

74
Gii thiu Sn xut TP Khong QT Rn chc Tnh cht KT n mn
 VI. N MN XI MNG
VI.3. Cc dng n mn ch yu
a. n mn ha tan

-Nc ho tan Ca(OH)2, sn phm thy ha ca C3S, C2S, CaO t do.

Bi ging in t - B mn Vt liu xy dng

-Ca(OH)2 tan nhanh khi tip xc vi nc trong thi gian di hoc nc ca

mi trng lun thay i tng rng Nc li c kh nng chui vo
bn trong ho tan Ca(OH)2 cng xi mng gim.

-n mn cng mnh khi gp nc c p lc.

-S ho tan ca Ca(OH)2 ph thuc vo cng ca nc

b. n mn carbonat

Nng CO2 thp:

Nng CO2 cao:

75
Gii thiu Sn xut TP Khong QT Rn chc Tnh cht KT n mn
 VI. N MN XI MNG
b. n mn trao i
C s tng tc gia cc khong trong xi mng vi cc mui ca nc ti
mi trng sinh ra cc mui mi c th tan hoc tan r.
V d: MgCl2 + Ca(OH)2 CaCl2 + Mg(OH)2
Bi ging in t - B mn Vt liu xy dng

* Mg(OH)2 : kt ta phn tn, khng c kh nng dnh kt v s b nc cun

tri.
* CaCl2: tan nhanh, mnh trong nc v c th phn ly cc ion Cl-, Ca2+

c. n mn trng n
3CaSO4 + C3AH6 + 26H2O 3CaO.Al2O3.3CaSO4.32H2O
ettringite
- Ettringit mun gy n th tch 2-4% trong xi mng.
- CaSO4 t do trong mi trng tc dng vi C3AH6 to thnh ettringit th cp
gy n th tch 200-550%.
- CaCl2, cc mui kp cng gy n th tch.
76
Gii thiu Sn xut TP Khong QT Rn chc Tnh cht KT n mn
 VI. N MN XI MNG
Bi ging in t - B mn Vt liu xy dng

n mn tng ca p ngn n mn tr cu

n mn bao chn
77
Gii thiu Sn xut TP Khong QT Rn chc Tnh cht KT n mn
 VI. N MN XI MNG
VI.4. Bin php hn ch n mn

-Hn ch s hnh thnh Ca(OH)2 v C3AH6

- Gim CaO t do
Bi ging in t - B mn Vt liu xy dng

- Hn ch hm lng C3A v C3S

-Lm cho b tng c chc

- Cp phi b tng hp l
- Tng cng m cht
- Ch bo dng thch hp

-S dng cc loi ph gia khong

-Sn qut ph b mt

78
Gii thiu Sn xut TP Khong QT Rn chc Tnh cht KT n mn