1. Draw the human heart and label its major structures.

Then, indicate the direction of blood flow

by using arrows.(10m)
2. Explain the pumping of the heart. (15m)
3. One of the ways that blood pressure is regulated is by the nervous system which sends
impulses to speed up or to slow down the heart rate. This response is known as negative
feedback. Explain how the nervous system regulates blood pressure. (14m)
4. Compare and contrast the circulatory system of humans, fish and amphibians by completing
the table below. (20m)

Fish Amphibians Birds Humans

Type of heart

Type of
circulation

Separation of
oxygenated and
deoxygenated
blood

Type of
subsystem

Heartbeat

5. Using your own words, explain the blood clotting mechanism. (10m)
6. What is the function of the lymphatic system? Explain this by using a diagram. (10m)
7. The human body has three lines of defence mechanism:
a) First line
b) Second line
c) Third line.
Give two(2) examples for each line of defence mechanism and explain them. (12m)
8. Describe antigen recognition and the production of antibodies. (8m)
9. Define the following:
a) Agglutination (2m)
b) Opsonisation (2m)
c) Neutralisation (2m)
d) Precipitation (2m)
10. Explain briefly primary and secondary immune response.(6m)
11. Complete the diagram below. (6m)

Types of Immunity

Active Immunity Passive Immunity

- -

Natural Artificial Natural Passive Artificial

Active active - Passive
- - -

12. What is HIV and how does it affect the bodys immune system? (4m)