I.

FOUNDATIONS OF CONCEPTS
OF SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT AND
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

Carmen Teodosiu
 Correlation between global problems and
environmental issues
Global problems
Over-crowded
Lack of food in certain regions
Pollution
Climatic changes
Exhaustion of natural resources
Economic instability
The disappearance of species
(reducing biodiversity)
Illiteracy
Social and political instability
Inadequate health system
The threat of nuclear war
High crime
...
Carmen Teodosiu
Environmental issues
Climatic changes
Reductions in the ozone layer
Acid rain and acidification of surface
waters
Major disasters natural and man-made
(pollution)
Reduction of biodiversity and
productivity of ecosystems
Massive deforestations
Instability of coastal areas
Domestic and industrial solid waste
The urban site stress
Chemical risk and major accidents
Air and water pollution
 The main influence factors of damage the quality of the
environment

Demographic explosion

Growth of consumption
and production

Increase environmental Reduction of the environmental Decrease of natural

pollution capacity of absorbtion resources

Irreversible damage to global

environment

MIM I. Carmen Teodosiu

 The concept of sustainable development

Development that meets the Emissions Materials

needs of current generations and waste and energy
without compromising the ECO-
development opportunities ENVIRONMENT EFFICIENCY ECONOMY
of future generations
Emissions SUSTAINABLE
(Brundtland Report 1987) DEVELOPMENT
and waste

Materials and Goods and

energy services
THE
SOCIETY

Carmen Teodosiu
 THE CONCEPT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

The development in the balance of the three components

(the environment, society, economy) involves:
From an economic viewpoint:
Flexible Economy

Free Access to exchanges

From the standpoint of the environment:

Pollution Prevention and Control

Conservation of biodiversity

From an social viewpoint:

Equal opportunities

Social justice

Carmen Teodosiu
 The evolution of the concepts of integration of the
environmental component in human activities:

There are 2 types of efforts for environmental protection:

Voluntary efforts
Taxation legislation
Stages of evolution
Until 1960 sporadic voluntary efforts of industry, the vast majority of
industry massive contaminating the environment;
1960 1990 Legislative stage : massive increase in the number of
normative acts in the field of environmental protection. The
emergence of concepts such as:
Pollution control
The final treatment (end-of-pipe)
Pollution prevention programs
After 1990 sustainable Stage, according to the concept of
sustainable development

Carmen Teodosiu
 The evolution of concepts and tools involved in
environmental protection
Environment
Design, Sustainable production,
protection Sustainable consumption

Integrated management of complex systems

Accounting for environmental costs

Eco-design/Life cycle assessment

Environmental management systems

Pollution prevention

Pollution control (end-of-pipe)

Uncontrolled Exhaust
emissions and waste 1980 1990 2000 2010

Reagent Anticipatory action Proactive

The answer No involvement, Laws and regulations Reduce the costs Maximal integration of
and the sporadic voluntary compliance associated with environmental issues in
involvement actions pollution the activity of the firm (at
of industrial Image improvement technological, economic
units PP and PC and social level)
Upgrading and Awareness program,
Development of Social involvement
clean technologies Environmental
performance reporting
Alternative products
Energy resources

Carmen Teodosiu
 Relations of production systems with the environment

Waste Process Waste

Raw processing Metals, Chemicals,
Paper, Fibers,
Construction
materials

Ore, Coal,
Wood, Plants Crystals, Alloys,
Plastics, Cement,
Textiles

Drilling, Cutting, Excavation

RECYCLING

Oil Wood Ore Designing, Manufacturing,

Waste Packaging

Land
Products
Equipments
Cars
Structures (bridges)
Storage Waste Usage

Carmen Teodosiu
 Environmental protection strategies in relation
with the total production cycle

Strategies focusing on the production:

Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control
Sustainable production

Strategies focusing on the product:

Integrated strategies concerning products (Integrated
Product Policies-PPI)
Eco-design
Eco-labelling

Carmen Teodosiu
Strategies focusing on the production:
Integrated pollution prevention and control

Strategic documents:
European directive on the prevention, reduction and
integrated pollution control (Integrated Pollution
Prevention and Control Directive 96/61/EC of
24.09.1996)
Government Emergency Ordinance (GEO) No.
34/2002, approved by Law No 645/2002 (include
conditions for the issuing of the integrated
environmental authorization)
 Strategies focusing on the production:
Sustainable Production
Creation of goods and services economically viable, environmentally
friendly processes and systems using, conserving energy and natural
resources, presenting safety for employees, community and consumers,
rewarding creativity and being social stimulating for those involved
(Lowel Center for Sustainable Production, 1998).

Companies that want to become sustainable( economic aspects,

environmental and social) should consider 6 main aspects of sustainable
production in daily practices :
Energy and materials use(resources)
Environmental protection
Social equity and community development
Economic Performance
Employees
Products
 Integrated strategies concerning the products
Integrated Product Policies - PPI

EU Initiative to stimulate sustainable consumption

The advent of PPIs is based on the following:
Production and use of goods and services causes the majority of
negative impacts on the environment
These impacts may arise at different moments in the life cycle
of the products: raw materials extraction, manufacturing,
assembly, transport and distribution, marketing, sales, use,
disposal as waste
due to the large number of products and impact, there is no
unified strategy to address these issues in a coherent manner

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 Integrated strategies concerning the products
Integrated Product Policies - PPI
Principles:
1. Orientation towards the product life cycle
2. Market orientation:
Stimulation of the supply and demand for Green products
Promoting innovation of products, technologies, sale
3. Involvement of stakeholders: manufacturers, retailers, consumers,
governmental bodies, NGOs, etc..
4. Continuous improvement of the product for minimizing impacts
throughout the life cycle
5. The coordinated use of associated tools
Voluntary or compulsory
environmental or economic

Carmen Teodosiu
 Integrated strategies concerning the products
Integrated Product Policies - PPI

General objective:
Better Products and low environmental impacts throughout
their life cycle

The definition of coherent actions, use the most suitable policies

and instruments and the involvement of all interested parties for the
development of high-quality products which have lower
environmental impacts
requires the continuous improvement of the goods design,
production and products marketing for successful high consumer

Carmen Teodosiu
 Integrated strategies concerning the products
Example: the use of PPIs for reducing the
environmental impacts induced by mobile phones
www.ec.europa.eu/environment/ipp/mobile.htm
Goal:
Improving the environmental performance of mobile phones while
maintaining the economic performance of producers / distributors and while
improving at the same time products quality.
Focus on life-cycle stages where environmental impacts are the largest

Participants:
Manufacturers: Nokia, Motorola, Panasonic
Manufacturers of components:: Epson, Intel, AMD, Spansion
Governmental organizations:: UK Defra (Ministry of Environment), European
Commission
Research institutes: Finish Environmental Institute
Mobile operators: Teliasonera, France Telecom/Orange, Vodafone
Recyclers: Umicore
NGOs: WWF
Representatives of consumers: BEUC
Carmen Teodosiu
 Integrated strategies concerning the products
Example: the use of PPIs for reducing the environmental
impacts induced by mobile phones
www.ec.europa.eu/environment/ipp/mobile.htm
Stages:
1. Analyze of the environmental impacts of mobile phones throughout their lifespan
2. Identifying options to minimize environmental impacts
3. Analysis of potential economic and social nature improvements previously identified
4. Selection of viable options for improving products/minimising the impacts. Decisions
concerning the implementation of these measures
5. Implementation of measures to improve the products/minimising the environmental
impacts

Results-Commitments of producers:
overcoming current standards by removing or limited use of certain dangerous
materials used in the manufacturing process
Reducing energy consumption by equipping of containers with warning devices at the
end of loading
The development of take-back systems for recovery / recycling of waste and
unwanted furniture
Providing more information on environmental performance for consumers
Nokia estimates that if just10% of global mobile phone users should unplug them at
the end of loading, it would save energy for the supply of 60,000 homes with
european power level for a year
Carmen Teodosiu
 Possibilities for reduction of pollution generated by
production system
Reducing pollution

Reducing polluant Recirculation(inor

emissions at source outside the
enterprises)

Modifications of Source Recirculation in Reuse in other

the product: Control the enterprise: areas:
substitution - in the initial process spent tyres
conservation - in the cooling / construction
changing composition heating process materials
paper
Pet bottles
Technological Operating
Changing raw changes Practices
material one: change in operating prevention/loss
purification parameters managerials practices
substitution change in the machinery pollution flows
automation separation
optimization

Carmen Teodosiu
 Carmen Teodosiu
 Environmental management-term that describes the process
approach to environmental issues (identification, assessment of
the impact/risk, programme formulation to support sustainable
development, implementation, their evaluation and correction)

Requires interdisciplinary collaboration(natural sciences,

engineering, social, economic, legislation, planing)

Requires co-ordination, in terms of strategies at regional,

national or international

Carmen Teodosiu
The evolution process of legislative harmonization

The evolution process of legislative harmonization

during 1996 - 2004
100

90

80
93
70 1996
86 2000
60
2001
50
59 2002
40
48 2003
30 2004
20 25
20
10

0
1996 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Preparation of the initial position (during the year 2001) and complementary (during the year 2004)
The opening of accession negotiations for the Chap. 22-environment-21 March 2002

The closing of accession negotiations for the Chap. 22-environment-26 Movember 2004
The necessary costs of harmonizing legislation with EU
environmental acquis

Breakdown by sources of the implementation costs

2004 - 2018
TOTAL 29,3 Billion Euro

100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Other Air quality Waste Water Pollution
sectors control

Budget EU Funds Economic agents Other sources

Example:THE GERMAN DUAL SYSTEM

Sales
Packaging

Glass Paper / Yellow bin

Cardboard

Plastics Beverage Steel Aluminium

cartons (tinplate)
22
23
Dual system results
1997 requirements
% 1997
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Glass Paper,carton Plastics Tinplate Composites Aluminium

24
25
 INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY
Considers multidisciplinary study of the economic and
industrial systems and their interactions with the natural
environment or economic
Problems addressed :
The current method of operation of industrial systems, e.g.
production of pesticides, biodegradable pesticides , water-based
paints;
The influence of new technologies on the functioning of
technological systems and their impact on economic
development or environmental protection;
The best industry practices on production or product design to
minimize their environmental impact;
The Impact of raw materials, materials, types of energy used on
natural systems and human health
Management of technological change, economic, informational,
organizational and legislative when pursuing both economic
progress and environmental protection

Carmen Teodosiu
 Case study: Eco-Industrial Park Kalundborg, Denmark

The industrial units involved in this "industrial

ecosystem" known as "industrial symbiosis" are:
NOVO NORDISK-company producing pharmaceuticals and
biotechnology, which takes steam "spent"under the boiler;
ASNAES -coal boiler, providing steam for the refinery, and
pharmaceuticals company and heat for different urban
consumers.
STATOIL-refinery that supplies the boiler needs gas and cooling
water
GYPROC-a construction materials factory, benefiting from
"waste " produced in the refinery and gas boiler

Carmen Teodosiu
 Case study 1: Eco-Industrial Park Kalundborg,
Denmark
Material and energy flows involved in this symbiosis

Heat
Greenhouses
Water STATOIL
Refinery
Heat

Wastewa
g water
Coolin
Housing
Stea

Ga
s
m
Tiss

ter
Gas
Lake
GYPROC
Gyps
Water Thermal Central
ASN AES
Heat Fish farm
Water
Stea
m

Ash

Agricultural farms Paving roads

NOVO
(fertilizers)
NORDISK

Carmen Teodosiu