Standard Specification for Gray Iron Castings = AASHTO Designation: M 105-96 (2000) Sine SCOPE 1 ‘This specification covers gray iron castings intended for general engineering use where tensile strength is a major consideration. Castings are classified on the basis of the tensile strength of the iron in separately cast test bars. 114 This specification subordinates chemical composition to tensile strength. 12 Castings produced to this specification are graded on the basis of minimum tensile strength ‘obtained in special test coupons designed to standardize cooling rate. The tensile strength developed in certain casting sections may vary from test coupon values. (See A1.2.) 1.3. ‘The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard 14, AASHTO M 306 may be specified for drainage structure castings such as frames, grates, rings, and covers for inlets, manholes, and other structures if loading requirements exceed normal highway loadingcor if more restrictive dimensional tolerances are required, 2. REFERENCED DOCUMENTS 24. AASHTO Standards: mM 306, Drainage, Sewe* Utility, and Related Castings 768, Tension Testing of Metallic Materials 22 ASTM Standards: MA 644, Terminology Relating to Iron Castings a A48, Gray Iron Castings 23. Military Standard: ™ = MIL-STD-129, Marking for Shipment and Storage! 24. Federal Standard: Fed. Std. No. 123, Marking for Shipment (Civil Agencies)’ 3. TERMINOLOGY 3.1. Definitions; 3.44. Definitions for many terms common to gray iron castings are found in ASTM A 644. TS-4h M 105-1 AASHTO4. CLASSIFICATION 44. Castings ordered and produced in accordance with this specification are classified into a number of grades based on the properties of separately cast test bars (Table 1). Each class is designated by ‘a number followed by a letter. The number indicates the minimum tensile strength of the separately cast test bar, and the letter indicates the size of the test bar. Examples of proper designations are as follows: Gray Iron Castings, M 105, Class 30B & Gray Iron Castings, M 105, Class 40C 5. ORDERING INFORMATION 5.1. Orders for material to this specification shall include the following information: 514 AASHTO designation number and year of issue; 5.1.2. Class of iron required (Section 4.1 and Table 1); 5.1.3, ‘The size of the separately cast test bar (letter classification—A, B, C, or S) that best represents the thickness of the controlling section of the casting (Table 4); 5.1.4. The tension test specimen (B or C) to be machined from test bar C (Section 12.3, Table 3, and Figure 6); 5.1.5. The tension test specimen to be machined from test bar $ (Section 12.4, Table 3, and Figure 6): 5.1.6. Lot size (Section 16); BAT. Special requirements (Section 7); = 5.18. Saving tested specimens or unbroken test bars (Section 17.1); and 51.9. Special preparation for delivery (Section 21). 6. TENSILE REQUIREMENTS ~ - 64 Test bars representing castings conforming to this specification shall meet the requirements for tensile strength as described in Table 1. TSH - M 105-2 ‘AASHTOTable 1—Requirements for Tensile Strength of Gray Cast Irons in Separately Cast Tests Bars Tensile Nominal Tensile Nominal Strength, Test Bar, Suength, Test Bar, Min,MPa Dia, Min, MPa Dia, Class (ksi) mm (in.) Class (ksi) mm (in.) No.20A--138@0)_-22.4(038) No.45A__310(45) 22.4 (0.8) No. 208 305(12) No. 45B 305 (1.2) No.20C 50820) No. 45C 508 2.0) No, 208 Bar s* No. 488 Bar No. 250 1205) 22.4(088) No.SOA —345(50) 22.40.88) No.258 305.12) No, 508, 305(1.2) No. 25C 508 20) No. $0C 508 20) No. 255, ar s* No. 50S Bars" No. 30a, 207030) 22.4088) No.5SA 379055) 22.4 (0.88) No. 308, 305 (12) No. $58 305(12) No. 30C 5082.0) No. $8C 5082.0) No. 308 Bars? No, 535 Bars* No.358 24105) 22.4 (0.88) No.60A —414(60) 22.4 (08) No. 358 305(1.2) No. 608 305(1.2) No. 35¢ 50820) No. 60€ 5082.0) No. 385 Bars? No. 608 Bar S* No. 408 76140) 22.4(0.88) No. 408, 305 (12) No.40c 50.8 (20) No. 405 Bar St i ~All imeasions of emt bar 5 sal be a aged upon between he manufacturer andthe phase, 7. SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS . 7A. When agreed upon in writing between the manufacturer and the purchaser, it may be necessary for the castings to meet special requirements as to hardness, chemical composition, microstructure, pressure tightness, radiographic soundness, dimensions, surface finish, etc. DIMENSIONAL REQUIREMENTS . 84 ‘The castings shall conform to the dimensions or drawings furnished by the purchaser, or, if there are no drawings, to the dimensions predicted by the pattern equipment supplied by the purchaser. 9. WORKMANSHIP AND FINISH - 9.4 The surface of the casting shall be free of adhering sand, scale, cracks, and hot tears, as determined by visual examination. 9.2. No repairing by plugging or welding of any kind shall be permitted unless written permission is TS-4h granted by the purchaser. M 105-3 ‘AASHTO,10. 10.1. FLEXURAL PROPERTIES By agreement between the manufacturer and the purchaser, test bars conforming to specifications shall meet the requirements for flexural strength as prescribed in Tabie 2. Table 2—Transverse or Flexural Breaking Loads Transverse 22.2 mm or Flexure Test Bar (0.875 in.) 30.5mm(1.2in.) $0.8 mm (2.0 in.) Span Between in Dia, in Dia, in Dia, ‘Supports 305mm (I2in.) 457 mm(18 in.) _ 610 mm (24 in.) Breaking Load at Breaking Load at__ Breaking Load at Center, Min, KN Center, Min, KN Center, Min, KN Class, abs) (bh) (bf) Wo. 20 0,900) 8.01800) 26.7 (6000) No.25 46 (1025) 8.92000) 30.2 (6800) No.30 5.1 (1150) 9.8 2200) 33.8 (7600) No.35 5.1(1275) 10:7 2400) 36.9 (8300) No. 40 621400) 11.6 (2600) 40.5 (9100) No. 45, 6.9 (1540) 125 2800) 43.1 0700) No. 50 75(1615) 133 (000) 48,0 (10800) No. 55 8.0(1800) 142.6200) 52.0(11700) No. 60 8.6(1925) 15.1 6400) $5.6 (12500) Note 1—In the transverse or flexure test, itis recommended that the deflections at fracture be recorded and reported. The modulus of rupture for any bar tested under this specification can be ascertained by application of the following formula: 2.546 LP Modulus of Rupture = 5 YM where L__ = span or distance between supports, mm (in.); P= breaking load, N (Ibf); and d= diameter of test bar, mm (in). Deflection values have been omitted from this specification because the desired deflection would be governed by the use of the iron. In some cases, a maximum value would be specified because a stiff iron is desired, and in other cases minimum values would have to be specified because a flexible iron is required. Consequently, the deflection figures should be reached by agreement between the manufacturer and the purchaser. ‘The use of modulus of elasticity gives a definite load deflection relationship, which is superior to a specification for deflection unless that specification provides for increase in deflection with increase in load. The maximum modulus of elasticity could be specified if toughness is desired or a minimum value could be specified if stiffness is desired. The formula for modulus of elasticity is as follows Modulus of Elasticity = 242335 PE Q where: P= load in N (Ibf); L_— = span between supports, mm (in.); d= diameter of test bar, mm (in.); and 4 deflection, mm (in). TS4h' M 105-4 AASHTO,Note 2—Test bars shall be plain, cylindrical shapes as shown in Figure 1. Where bars are cast on end, allowance for draft may be made. However, the diameter at the center of the length must correspond to the nominal diameter, within the following permissible variations: Permissible Test Bar Variations, mm (in.) a +127 (0.05) B #254 (0.10) c +254 (0.10) Tension test specimens “cast to size” are not recognized in these specifications. (Loas) Dimensional Equivalents, mm (in.) Distance Transverse ___Length of Test Bar, / Diameter of Test Bar, d Between Test Bar Nominal Tolerance Nominal Tolerance Supports, L a 381 (15) £25 (0.98) 22.4 (0.88) © 0.08 (0.03) 305 (12) B 533 (21) £25 (0.98) 3951.20) £15 (0.06) 457 (18) c 686.(27) £250.98) 50.8 (2.00) £25 (0.10) 610 24) (Note: All dimension shows in millimeters unless otherwise noted. Figure 1—Transverse or Flexure Test Bars Note 3—A sound test bar is desired. The methods of making transverse or flexural tests bars are shown in Figures 2, 3, and 4. These methods of casting have been used and found to produce satisfactory results. TS-4h M 105-5 a ‘AASHTO,444dia—4 eee a wor a {Zana Ea a Pattern 158.8 Ht ~~ g 5 Follow Board i | a 7a eo) 1 Thal! 5 ut Plua Core at English Equivalents —— mi i 28.6 Vie 381 Uh 152.4 6 29.8 "he 444 hy 158.8 6h 34 1 hee 19.4 ah 203.2 8 Us a 92.1 ah sm 22! 349. Ph zx 1016 4 660 26 2. All dimensions shown i milimetes unless otherwise noted Figure 2—Transverse or Flexure Test Bar, 30.5-mm (1.20-in.) Diameter, Cast Horizontally TS-4h M 105-6 Aa 1018 1824 ‘AASHTO(Es Plan View of Cope Plan View of Drag A # ‘Suppor for Flasks Looking in Direction A-A. 7 End of Flack to be Elevates ‘Approximately 100 mm sicon AA ett Sand Core English Equivalents mm in. mm in, min in, 32 Th 38 Te se 64 4 312 2 93% 7 h 603 1016 4 159 % 619 Isa 6 254 1 65 2h sm 22k Note; All dimension shown i millimeters less otherwise noted. Figure 4—Transverse or Flexure Test Bar Cast Vertically TS-4h M 105-7 ‘AASHTO11. CAST TEST BARS W4 Test bars shall be separate castings poured from the same lot as the castings they represent, and shall have dimensions as shown in Table 3. Allowance may be made for reasonable pattern draft within the tolerances shown in Table 3. Test bars A, B, and C are all standard test bars in the form of simple cylinders. Test bar § is special and is intended for use where the standard bars are not satisfactory. Table 3—Diameters and Lengths of Cast Test Bars ~ ‘As-Cast Diameter, mm (in,) Length, mm (in.) Nominal Min Max Min Max TestBar__(Mid-Length) (Bottom) (Top) (Specified) (Recommended) _ x 224 (0.88) 216085) 24.4 (096) 125 (50) 150(6.0) B 305(1.20) 290(0.14) 33.5 (132) 130 (60) 2309.0) c 5082.00) 4831.90) 5332.10) 17500) 255 (10.0) ‘All dimensions of test bar S sal be as agreed upon by the manufacturer and the purchaser, 11.2. Test bars for the flexure test shall be separate castings poured from the same iron as the castings, they represent, and shall have dimensions as shown in Figure | 11.3 The test bars shall be cast in dried, baked, or chemically bonded molds made mainly of an aggregate of siliceous sand with appropriate binders. The average grain size of the sand shall approximate that of the sand in which the castings are poured. Molds for the test bars shall be approximately at room temperature when poured. More than one test bar may be cast in a single mold, but each bar in the mold shall be surrounded by a thickness of sand that is not less than the diameter of the bar. A suitable design for a mold is shown in Figure 5. Required Features Optional Features _ 1. Material—Aggregate of dry siliceous sand. 1. Number of test bars ina single mold-—Two suggested 2. Position —Bars vertical 2. Design of pouring cup. 3. L-See Table 3, 3. P-S0mm (2 in), suggested 4. D-See Table 3 4. N-8mm (in) in diameter, suggested 5. WNot less than diameter, D. 5.__M=15N, suggested. Figure 5—Suitable Design and Dimensions for Mold for Separately Cast Cylindrical Tension Test Bars for Gray Iron TS4h, M 105-8 AASHTO11.6. Table 4. Test bars that are intended to represent castings that are cooled in the mold to less than 480°C (900°F), before shakeout, shall be cooled in their molds to a temperature less than 480°C (900°F). ‘Then they may be cooled in still air to room temperature. Test bars that are intended to represent castings that are hotter than 480°C (900°F) when shaken out of their molds, shall be cooled as described in Section 11.4 or (by agreement between the ‘manufacturer and the purchaser) may be shaken out of their molds at approximately the same temperature as the castings they represent. When castings are stress-relieved, annealed, or otherwise heat-treated, test bars shall receive the same thermal treatment and shall be treated adjacent to the castings they represent Note 4—The intent of these provisions is as follows: to prohibit the casting of test bars in molds of metal, graphite, zircon, light-weight aggregates, or other materials which would affect significantly the tensile strength of the iron; to prohibit control of tensile strength of the test bars by manipulation of the grain size of the sand; and to prohibit the casting of test bars in molds preheated substantially above room temperature. separately Cast Test Bars for Use When a Specific Correlation Has Not Been Established Between the Test Bar and the Casting Thickness of the Wall of the Controlling Section of the Casting, mm (in.) Test Bar UndersO25)sC—=“s*=s‘“‘s*s*S*S*SC*~S*™S 610 12 (0.25 100.50) A 13 1025 (05110 1.00) B 26 1 50.01 12) € Over 502) s 12. TENSION TEST SPECIMENS 12.4 For Test Bar A, the tension test speimen A, as shown in Figure 6, shal! be machined concentric with the axis of the test bar. TS4h ™ 105-9 : AASHTOTension Test, Tension Test, Tension Test, Dimensions, mm (in.) Specimen A Specimen C G—Length of parallel min ———~—~*AA(O-50) 321.25) D—Diameter 1272025 104 31.72.0050 (05000010) (07500015) (1.250.028) R-Radius of fillet, min 2a) aay 500) ‘A—Length of reduced section, min 32(I"a) 38%) S724) L—Overall length, min 95 (3%) 100 (4) 160(6°) ‘C—Dia of end section, approx 22¢h) 31.8 (IM) 4a"h) E—Length of shoulder. min eeu) cy 8) F—Diaof shoulder 16s05 os 36205 Chet Mead (int ead Whee oa) B—Length of end section Optional to fr holders on testing machine. Uitveadd, rot diameter stall not be lee than diesion, F Figtire 6—Tension Test Specimens 12.2 For Test Bar B, the tension test specimen B. as shown in Figure 6, shall be machined concentric with the axis of the test bar. 12.3. For Test Bar C, tension test specimens B or C, as shown in Figure 6, shail be machined concentric with the axis of the test bar. Unless the size of the tension test specimen to be machined from test bar C is specified in writing by the purchaser, the decision whether to use tension test specimen B or C shall be made by the manufacturer of the castings. 12.4 For Test Bar S, the nature and dimensions of the ten: agreement between the manufacturer and the purchaser. test specimen shall be determined by 13. TENSION TEST 13.1 Tension test specimens shall fit the holders of the testing machine in such a way that the load shall be axial. 13.2. The elapsed time from the beginning of loading in the tension test to the instant of fracture shall be not less than 15 seconds for test specimen A and not less than 20 seconds for specimens B and C. TS-4h M 105-10 ‘AASHTO14. ~ FLEXURE TEST 144 ‘The transverse or flexure test shall be made on the bar as cast, or as skin machined (providing in the latter case that the diameter is not reduced below the minimum sizes prescribed in Table 5) with central loading between supports. Corrections shall be made for sizes of round bars as prescribed in Table 5. In case of slightly elliptical bars (maximum and minimum diameters both within the permissible variations prescribed in Table 5}, loading shall be on the minimum diameter, and the correction factor shall be obtained as follows: square the depth of the bar ‘measured at the point of application of the original load, multiply by the width, and divide the product by the cube of the diameter of the standard or nominal size bar. A bar whose diameters (maximum and minimum) vary by more than 0.06 mm (0.025 in.) for the 22.2-mm (0.875-in.) diameter nominal size, or by more than 1.3 mm (0.050 in.) for the 30.5- and 50.8-mm (1.2- and 2.0-in.) diameter nominal sizes, respectively, shall be considered a slightly elliptical bar. Table 5—Correction Factors for Round Transverse Test Bars Test Bar A, Test Bar B, Test Bar C, (0.88 in. (2.4 mm) in Dia 1.20 in. 2055 mm) in Dia 2.00 in. (50.8 mn) 7 Diameter of Diameter of Diameter of Test Bas, Correction Factor “Test Bars, Correction Factor “Test Bars, Comrection Factor mm (in Toad Deflection mam in.) Load Deflection mm{(in.) Load Deflection 2096(0825) Ome Tet 379(1.10) 0770 071 831.90) 0857 1053 21080830) os oss 220.10) 071 1.081 435191) oar Low 212110835) 0869 108 28411) oa on 850.92) oss Low 2134(08%0) ORS 102 28719 0435 1062 $9.09) 0.899 1037 214510845) 0900 06 200118) 0457 os3 493 (1.98) oss 1.012 215910850) 0916 1029 p29) osx os 4951195) oon ors 217210855) 0933, 102s 295116) 0905 ose 498(1.96) ost ont ras ox) 0.969 sor? 74117) 097 50.0(197) 09s ois 219710865) 0.966 ror 300118) o9si = 503 (198) 0970 110 22100870) 098s 1006 302(1.19) o9rs 5051199) oss 100s 222200875) 1.000 1000 305 (120) +000 50.82.00) 1.000 1.000 22350880) 1.017 og 307121) ims slogan Lois: 0.995 2asosts) 1.04 0.989 81.0122) ost 313200) 1030 0.990 2261(0890) 1.081 98s M2029) to 516203) 1.036 oes 27310895) 4.069 oom 35028 ry Sis eos) 1.06 0.980 2.450900) 4.087 om 31.8125) Lio s21205) F 1076 9.976 229910905) 1.106 0967 52.0 (1.26) Liss 5232.06) eed oT Bes) 125 0962 323.129) gs 526200) 1.109 0967 Bw) LB 0956 325.128) 12a 528208) Ls 0.962 23370920) 162 09st 328129) Le S3.120%) hast 0957 235010925) L181 0.946 330030) 1am osm 533.210) Lise 0.982 ‘Note: In order ocorect othe standard nominal dame, dhe actual breaking load and scl defection obsined in testing the bar shal be divided by the correction factors inorder to obtain reported breaking oad and epored deflection, 14.2, Inall cases, controlling dimensions shall be the diameter of the bar at fracture. 14.3, The rate of application of the load shall be such that fracture is produced in not less than 15 seconds for the test bar A, 22.2 mm (0.875 in.) in diameter; 20 seconds for test bar B, 30.5 mm (1.2 in.) in diameter; and 40 seconds for test bar C, 50.8 mm (2.0 in.) in diameter. Where the transverse test has been made by agreement as prescribed in Section 10 and the transverse or flexure test bar fails to meet the load requirements prescribed in Table 2 or the values determined in accordance with Section 14.5, then the manufacturer shall have the right to have tested a tension test specimen machined from a broken end of the transverse test bar. If this tension specimen conforms to the requirements of the specified class, as given in Section 4, the class TS4h M 105-11 AASHTO145. 15.1. 15.2. 15.3. 15.4. 15.5. 16.1 16.1.1. 16.1.2. 16.1.3. 16.13.41. 16.1.4, Ts-4h- requirement shall be considered as having been met, irrespective of the transverse or flexure breaking load. Bh ‘The transverse or flexure breaking loads prescribed in Table 2 are based on actual averages of transverse test loads for each class of casting. It is not implied by these specifications that the ratio of tensile strength to transverse load is constant. By agreement between the manufacturer and the purchaser, tensile strength and transverse tests may be made and a range of transverse values determined. These values will then supersede the values prescribed in Table 2. NUMBER OF TESTS AND RETESTS ‘The tension test shall be conducted in accordance with T 68. One tension test shall be performed on each lot and shall conform to the tensile requirements specified. If the results of a valid test fail to conform to the requirements of this specification, two retests shall be made. If cither retest fails to meet the specification requirements, the castings represented by these test specimens shall be rejected. A valid test is one wherein the specimen has been properly prepared and appears to be sound and on which the approved test procedure has been followed. If sufficient separately cast test pieces are not available, the manufacturer shall have the option of removing a test specimen from a location of representative casting, as agreed upon between the manufacturer and purchaser. If the first test results indicate that a heat treatment is needed to meet the test requirements, the entire lot of castings and the representative test specimens shall be heat-treated together. Testing shall proceed in accordance with Sections 15.1 through 15.4 If after testing, a test specimen shows evidence of a defect, the results of the test may be invalidated and another made on a specimen from the same Ict. SAMPLING A lot shall consist of one of the following: All the metal poured from a single heating in a batch type melting furnace. All the metal from two or more batch type melting furnaces poured into a single ladle or a single casting. All the metal poured from a continuous melting furnace for a given period of time between changes in charge, processing conditions, or aim-for chemistry or four hours, whichever is the shorter period. ‘The purchaser may agrec to extend the four-hour time period to eight hours if the manufacturer ‘can demonstrate sufficient process control to warrant such an extension. ‘One ladle of iron having a mass of over 910 kg (2000 Ib). M 105-12 AASHTO.16.2. 16.3. 16.4. When an individual casting is poured from more than one ladle of iron or when the iron for that casting is melted in mote than one melting unit or from a different melt or a different type of charge in the same melting unit, or both, the iron from each melting unit, melt, or type of charge shall be considered a different lot. When more than one lot of iron is used to pour a single casting, the iron in each lot must conform to this specification. When an individual casting is poured with iron melted in more than one melting unit or from more than one melt or type of charge in the same melting unit, and when the irons from the different sources are mixed together thoroughly in a ladle before the casting is poured, the mixed iron in that ladle may be considered a lot 17. 74 qT 17.2. 18. 18.1 18.2 19. 19.1. 19.2. TS-4h INSPECTION Unless otherwise specified in the contract or purchase order, the manufacturer shall be responsible for carrying out all the tests and inspections required by this specification, using his own or other reliable facilities, and he shall maintain complete records of all such tests and inspections. Such records shall be available for review by the purchaser. When agreed upon between the manufacturer and purchaser, tested specimens or unbroken test bars from the same lot shall be saved for a period of 90 days after the date of the test report ‘The purchaser reserves the right to perform any of the inspections set foith in the specification where such inspections are deemed necessary to ensure that supplies and services conform to the prescribed requirements, REJECTION AND RESUBMISSION Any castings or lot of castings failing to comply with the requirements of this specification may, where possible, be reprocessed, retested, and reinspected. If the tests and inspections on the reprocessed casting(s) show complianc# with this specification, the castings shall be acceptable; if they do not, they shall be rejected. Ifthe purchaser should find that a casting or lot of castings fails to comply with this specification subsequent to receipt at his facility, he shall so notify the manufacturer promptly and in no case later than 6 weeks after receipt of the shipment, stating clearly the basis for rejection. CERTIFICATION ‘When specified by the purchaser’s order or contract, a manufacturer's certification or compliance statement that the casting or lot of castings was made, sampled, tested, and inspected in accordance with this specification, including a report of test results signed by an authorized agent of the manufacturer, shall be furnished at the time of shipment, and such certification or compliance statement shall be the basis for acceptance of the casting of lot of castings. A signature is not required on the certification or test report. However, the document shall clearly ‘identify the organization submitting the certification and the authorized agent of the manufacturer who certified the test results. Notwithstanding the absence of a signature, the organization submitting the certification is responsible for its content. M 105-13 AASHTO20. 20.4 PRODUCT MARKING ‘When the size of the casting permits, each casting shall bear the identifying mark of the ‘manufacturer and the part or pattern number at a location shown on the covering drawing, or, if not shown on the drawing, at a location at the discretion of the producer. 21. 214 21.2. 22. 22.4 PREPARATION FOR DELIVERY Unless otherwise stated in the contract or order, the cleaning, preservation, and packing of castings for shipment shall be in accordance with the manufacturer's commercial practice. Packaging and marking shall also be adequate to identify the contents and to ensure acceptance and safe delivery by the carrier for the mode of transportation employed. U.S. Government Procurement—When specified in the contract or purchase order, marking for shipment shall be in accordance with the requirements of Fed. Std. No. 123 for civil agencies and MIL-STD-129 for military activities ~ KEYWORDS Gray iron castings. APPENDIX A _ Al. AL. AL2. A123. A134 ALA. (Nonmandatory Information) MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CASTINGS ~ ‘The mechanical properties of iron castings are influenced by the cooling rate during and after solidification, by chemical composition (particularly carbon equivalent), by the design of the casting, by the design and nature of the mold, by the location and effectiveness of gates and risers, and by certain other factors. The cooling rate in the mold, and, hence, the properties developed in any particular section are influenced by the presence of cores; chills and chaplets; changes in section thickness; and the existence of bosses, projections, and intersections, such as junctions of ribs and bosses. Because of the complexity of the interactions of these factors, no precise quantitative relationship can be stated between the properties of the iron in various locations of the safne casting or between the properties of a casting and those of a test specimen cast from the same iron. When such a relationship is important and must be known for a specification application, it may be determined by appropriate experimentation. Gray iron castings in Classes 20, 25, 30, and 35 are characterized by excellent machinability, high damping capacity, low modulus of elasticity, and comparative ease of manufacture. Castings in Classes 40, 45, 50, 55, and 60 are usually more difficult to machine, have lower damping capacity, a higher modulus of elasticity, and are more difficult to manufacture. When reliable information is unavailable on the relationship between properties in a casting and those in a separately cast test specimen, and where experimentation would be unfeasible, the size of the test casting should be so selected as to approximate the thickness of the main or controlling section of the casting TS-4h M 105-14 AASHTO.ALS iron castings are welded (Section 9.2), the microstructure ofthe iron is usualy. altered, desley ia dio vielniy of the “veda ent. properties ef the casriag tsi versely affected by welding. Where practical, appropriate post weld heat reatment may reduce this effect of welding, } Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, Bldg. 4 Section D, Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094; Atta: NPODS. AASHTO, TS-4h