PV Modeling PDF

Photovoltaic Modeling
POWER ANALYTICS CORPORATION

16870 West Bernardo Drive, Suite 330
San Diego, CA 92127
U.S.A.
Copyright 2011
All Rights Reserved
Paladin DesignBase May 2011

Table of Contents
Page:
1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Photovoltaic Systems Modeling .................................................................................................... 5
2. Power Flow (steady-state) Model of PV System: ................................................................................ 9
3. Short Circuit (steady-state) Model of PV System: ............................................................................. 14
4. Transient Stability (time domain) Model of PV System. Open Source Application Programming
Interface (API) ................................................................................................................................... 17
4.1 Generic PV Inverter model DesignBase Transient Stability Model Builder .......................... 17
4.2 User-Defined Solar Irradiance ................................................................................................. 18
4.3 Irradiance Measurement File ................................................................................................... 20
4.4 PV Generic Inverter Model in a Sample Power System .......................................................... 22
5. Tutorial on modeling PV system ....................................................................................................... 27
5.1 PV Steady-Sate Load Flow Model: ................................................................................................... 29
5.2 PV Steady-Sate Short Circuit Model: ................................................................................................ 35
5.3 PV Dynamic Model ............................................................................................................................ 40
i
List of Figures
Page:
Figure 1: Schematic Diagram of a PV inverter for Grid Connected Operation .......................................... 1

Figure 2: PV cell equivalent circuit (Lorenzo, 1994) ................................................................................... 2
Figure 3: A typical V-I Characteristics of a solar cell .................................................................................. 3
Figure 4: Influence of the ambient irradiation on the PV cell a); ............................................................. 4
Figure 5 : Series (a) and parallel (b) connection of identical cells............................................................... 5
Figure 6: Typical Structure of a Grid Connected PV Generator ................................................................. 6
Figure 7: PV Cell Equivalent Circuit ........................................................................................................... 7
Figure 8: Typical PV array V-I characteristics ............................................................................................ 8
Figure 9: The steady-state and dynamic PV model ................................................................................. 10
Figure 10: PV Power Flow User Interface .................................................................................................. 11
Figure 11: PV Power Flow User Interface PV in Voltage Control Mode ................................................. 12
Figure 12: PV Scenarios Implementation ................................................................................................... 14
Figure 13: Short Circuit Analysis Standards............................................................................................... 15
Figure 14: Short Circuit Analysis Basic Options ......................................................................................... 15
Figure 15: Short Circuit Control for ANSI/IEEE Std. .................................................................................. 16
Figure 16: Short Circuit Back Annotation Features .................................................................................... 16
Figure 17: Control Block Diagram of a Generic PV Inverters Implemented in DesignBases
Transient Stability ...................................................................................................................... 18
Figure 18: Selecting Measurement Block for Irradiance Measurements ................................................. 19
Figure 19: Defining the Irradiance Measurements Data File...................................................................... 20
Figure 20: Example of Irradiance Measurement File ................................................................................. 21
Figure 21: Sample Power System for Testing the PV Generic PV Plant Model ........................................ 23
Figure 22: Dynamic Data for Generic PV Inverter Plant ............................................................................ 24
Figure 23: Variables related to generators, buses, branches; PV, etc. can be examined ......................... 25
Figure 24: DesignBase Transient Data and Event Manager...................................................................... 25
Figure 25: Photovoltaic / Inverter Dynamic Model ..................................................................................... 26
Figure 26: Graphs of Monitored PV Variables (P0 and POUT).................................................................. 27
Figure 27: Test PV model ........................................................................................................................... 28
Figure 28: PV Steady State Power Flow Model ...................................................................................... 29
Figure 29: Power Flow Results displayed on the drawing model............................................................... 30
Figure30: Power Flow Results .................................................................................................................. 35
Figure 31: Power Flow Results .................................................................................................................. 36
Figure 32: Bus Short Circuit and Branch Short Circuit Contribution .......................................................... 37
Figure 33: PV does not contribute to the short circuit ................................................................................ 38
Figure 34: Short Circuit at all buses ........................................................................................................... 39
Figure 35: DesignBase Transient folder .................................................................................................. 40
Figure 36: Irradiance data selected by the user ......................................................................................... 41
Figure 37: Irradiance data .......................................................................................................................... 42
Figure 38: PV /Inverter Dynamic model user interface .............................................................................. 43
Figure 39: Testing system .......................................................................................................................... 45
Figure 40: PV steady state model User Interface ................................................................................... 46
Figure 41: PV dynamic models library........................................................................................................ 47
Figure 42: Generic PV-Model User Interface .......................................................................................... 48
Figure 43: Generic PV dynamic model....................................................................................................... 49
Figure 44: PV Dynamic Model User interface ......................................................................................... 50
ii
1. Introduction
The photovoltaics (PVs) are attractive sources of renewable energy for electric power generation
due to their relatively small size and noiseless operation. Their applications are expected to
significantly increase all over the world. PV generating technologies have the advantage of being
modular (more units can be added) to meet the increased demand. Major advantages of the
photovoltaic power are:
Static structure with no moving parts, hence quiet operation

High power density per unit of weight
Short lead time to design, install, and start up
Highly modular structure, hence the plant economy is not a function of size
Power output matches well with peak load
Expected longer life with low maintenance
Highly mobile
Photovoltaic cells can be divided into four groups: thin-film, crystalline, dye-sensitised (DYSC or
Grtzel-cell) and multilayer cells. The multilayer cells can also be considered as several layers of
thin-film PV cells. These types are described in [50]. Figure 1Error! Reference source not
found. shows the schematic diagram of an inverter for a small PV grid connected system.
As part of this project, Power Analytics team also developed a user-defined model to incorporate
the actual solar irradiance measurements into account for the time domain simulations.
A schematic diagram of a PV system is presented in the Figure 1 below:
Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) circuit

Optional energy storage element, usually a capacitor (and/or batteries)
Optional DC/DC converter for higher voltage
An AC inverter (DC to AC)
An Isolation transformer to prevent DC from being injected into the power system
Figure 1: Schematic Diagram of a PV inverter for Grid Connected Operation
The PV uses semiconductor cells (wafers), each of which is basically a large area p-n diode with
the junction positioned close to the top surface. PV results in the generation of direct voltage and
current from the Suns (light) rays falling on the cell. To achieve higher voltage and current,
multiple cells are used as needed.
The PV cell can be represented by a simple equivalent circuit shown in Figure 2. The output
current is a function of solar radiation, temperature, wind speed and coefficients that are
particular to the cell technology.
1
The PV current Ipv is a function of the array output voltage Vpv (V-I) characteristic of the array)
which is given in Figure 2. The maximum power output is obtained when the array operates at
point M on the V-I characteristic.
Figure 2: PV cell equivalent circuit (Lorenzo, 1994)
The model contains a current source Iph, one diode and a series resistance Rs, which represents
the resistance inside each cell and in the connection between the cells. The net current is the
difference between the photocurrent Iph and the normal diode current ID.
e(V + IRS )
I = I ph I D = I ph I 0 (exp 1)
mkTc
where:
m idealizing factor
k Boltzmanns gas constant
Tc the absolute temperature of the cell
e electronic charge
V the voltage imposed across the cell
I0 the dark saturation current (strongly depends on temperature Lorenzo, 1994)
2
Figure 3: A typical V-I Characteristics of a solar cell
In the above representation of I-V characteristic, a sign convention is used, which takes as positive the
current generated by the cell when the sun is shining and a positive voltage is applied on the cells
terminals.
A real solar cell can be characterized by the following fundamental parameters:
Short Circuit Current:
It is the greatest value of the current generated by a cell. It is produced under short circuit
conditions: V = 0
Open circuit voltage
Corresponds to the voltage drop across the diode (p-n junction), when it is traversed by the
photocurrent Iph (namely ID=Iph) when the generator current is I = 0. It reflects the voltage of the
cell in the night and it can be mathematically expressed as:
where:
Vt - known as thermal voltage and Tc is absolute cell temperature
3
Maximum power point:
Is the operating point A (Vmax, Imax) at which the power dissipated in the resistive load is
maximum: Pmax = Imax * Vmax
Maximum efficiency:
Is the ratio between the maximum power and the incident light power
Figure 4: Influence of the ambient irradiation on the PV cell a);

and of the cell temperature on the cell characteristics b).
4
Figure 5 : Series (a) and parallel (b) connection of identical cells
In current practice, the performance of a module or another PV device is determined by exposing

it at known conditions. The module characteristics supplied by the manufacturer are usually
determined under special conditions, as for example nominal or standard conditions (Lorenzo,
1994) see Table below:
1.1 Photovoltaic Systems Modeling
The typical structure of a grid connected PV unit is shown in Figure 6. Its main components are
the PV array, the DC/DC, DC/AC converters and the associated (converter and overall system)
controls. A storage device is absent in large grid-connected installations (except maybe for small
critical loads).
5
Figure 6: Typical Structure of a Grid Connected PV Generator
In Figure 6 the series resistance Rs represents the internal losses due to the current flow,
whereas the shunt resistance Rsh corresponds to the leakage current to the ground and it is
normally ignored. In an ideal cell Rs= Rsh=0, which is a common assumption. The equivalent
circuit of a PV module, which consists of a combination of series and parallel-connected cells are
the same.
6
Figure 7: PV Cell Equivalent Circuit
The governing equations of the equivalent circuit are:
V = V0 Rs I
qV0
I = I L I D (e AkT
1) I sh
V0
I sh =
Rsh
P
I L = I sc1 ( I )
1000
Where:
V, I output voltage and current

q electron charge (1.6*10-19 Cb)
k Boltzmann constant (1.38*10-23 J/K)
T temperature in K
A quality factor (constant)
ID reverse saturation current of the diode
IL photocurrent, dependent on T
PI insolation level in W/m2
Isc1 short circuit current at 1000 W/m2 solar radiation
Multiple PV modules are connected in series and in parallel to form the PV array. Similar
equations hold for the whole array, provided that all modules are identical and subject to the
same insolation. In Error! Reference source not found. the V-I characteristics of a 250 kW
array are shown at three solar radiation (PI) levels. On the same diagram three constant power
curves (red lines) have been drawn. It is clear that, for a given insolation, the array produces
maximum power only when operating near the knee point of the corresponding V-I curve
(maximum power point). The task of tracking the maximum power point (MPPT) is usually
7
performed by a DC/DC converter at the output of the array, which regulates the voltage to the
desired value. Since no moving parts are employed in this process, the response of the MPPT
can be considered instantaneous for system studies.
Figure 8: Typical PV array V-I characteristics
A device that may affect the response of the PV generator output in case of solar radiation
changes is the sun-tracking system of the panels, which adjusts the orientation of the panels with
respect to the sun, a task performed by the use of properly controlled servomotors. However,
these are relatively slow acting devices and may be ignored in transient stability studies.
As discussed, the remaining system components (dc bus, inverter and grid-connection devices)
are of similar nature and characteristics as for other dispersed generators (e.g. variable speed
wind turbines) as are the modeling requirements.
The following conclusions are based on the literature survey:
Lack of industry-standard validated models has been identified as a major issue for variable
generation
As per NERC Special Report: Accommodating High Levels of variable Generation
Validated, generic, non-confidential, and standard power flow and stability (positive-sequence)
models for variable generation technologies are needed. Such models should be readily and
publicly available to power utilities and all other industry stakeholders. Model parameters should
be provided by variable generation manufactures and a common model validation standard
across all technologies should be added. The NEREC Planning Committee should undertake a
review of the appropriate Modeling, Data and Analysis (MOD) Standards to ensure high levels of
variable generation can be simulated.
8
2. Power Flow (steady-state) Model of PV System:
An equivalent Photovoltaic Power Plant may be modeled for Power Flow purposes as a
Generator connected to a system bus, having the bus voltage 208 or 480 V.
The aggregated MVA of the plant must be specified as an integer multiple of the individual
inverter MVA rating.
For Power Flow Analysis the following should be considered:
One can connect in parallel only the inverter of the same type
The active power dispatch for power flow simulation will be between 0 to MVA plant ratings
The default operating mode of the inverter is with fixed unity power factor. However, the
generator reactive power will be Qmax = Qmin = 0
Some inverters operate with +/- 0.95 power factor. In this case only 95% of the equivalent
inverter current is available for active power dispatch. The difference remains for reactive
power control
If the inverter operates at non unity power factor / desired power factor, then Qg, Qmax and
Qmin should be provided by the user and Q should be in the remain limits
If the inverter will control the voltage of a given system bus, then the PV-G will operate in PV
mode, and the controlled bus should be specified
Photovoltaic Unit (photovoltaic panel, inverter) is an electrical AC generator with the following
particulars:
Generates Active Power

May generate reactive power flow, within the limits of +/- 95 power factor
While generate active power only, +Q and Q are set to zero
In voltage control mode, the control bus should be defined and the photovoltaic reactive
power output should be set up to +/- 0.344 P
Maximum aggregated active power, should be set up to an integer multiple of inverter rated
power
Only photovoltaics driven by identical inverter can be aggregated together
The PV steady state model developed has the following attributes:
General PV attributes: Manufacturer, PV rated and actual voltage, manufacturer information

Power Flow attributes, like operation mode: PV control mode or P, Q mode, controlled bus
ID, reactive power limits, PV rated and actual voltage
Short Circuit attributes, like PV equivalent impedance
Dynamic model, an open architecture of the PV dynamic model, including panel dynamic
model, inverter dynamic model and its controls and protection functions
9
Figure 9: The steady-state and dynamic PV model
10
Figure 10: PV Power Flow User Interface
11
Figure 11: PV Power Flow User Interface PV in Voltage Control Mode

Note:
PV Output Power (AC and DC) depends on irradiance. Irradiance is a function of time. However,
the PV Active Power Output depends on time.
The followings are examples of measured irradiance at UCSD, San Diego, CA, Gilman Parking
Structure.
12
Table 1: Table Gilman Parking Structure, UCSD, field measurements
However, in order to consider the Sun irradiance for Power Flow purposes, the DesignBase
team has developed the PV Generator Scenarios.
13
The number of Scenarios are unlimited and depends on the user measurement data in the field.
Consequently, the PV Active Power Output depends on irradiance. Irradiance is a function of
time, and however the Photovoltaic unit Active Power Output depends on time. The time frame
depends on the user available data. One can consider any time steps, from 1 minute to 2 or 3
hours.
Figure 12: PV Scenarios Implementation
3. Short Circuit (steady-state) Model of PV System:
The equivalent aggregated inverter will not contribute to the system short circuit current. Its a
good idea considering the inverter equivalent impedance 999 pu.
Inverter short-circuit ratio: Ksc =1.1-1.5
The short circuit algorithms are based on either IEEE or IEC standards. The user has the entire
control over the algorithms and over the ways of displaying the short circuit results.
14
Figure 13: Short Circuit Analysis Standards
Figure 14: Short Circuit Analysis Basic Options
15
Figure 15: Short Circuit Control for ANSI/IEEE Std.
Figure 16: Short Circuit Back Annotation Features
16
Regarding the short circuit regime:
In high PV penetration scenarios the generators must:
1. Not disconnect during grid faults

2. Contribute to short circuit current
3. Provide reactive power during normal operation
4. Reduce the active power injection when frequency increases
5. Critical issues:
i. Growing complexity and diversity of requirements may create an increasing
barrier to effectively apply the potential of new inverter functionalities in
practice
ii. There is a need for international exchange of experiences and harmonized
standards
4. Transient Stability (time domain) Model of PV System. Open Source Application Programming
Interface (API)
A generic PV/Inverter dynamic model has been implemented as a user-defined model in the
DesignBases Advanced Transient Stability Program.
For most transient stability studies, the response of the plant to grid disturbances (faults) is of
most interest. For these studies, the model should calculate the initial solar radiation based on
the plants active power output in the power flow solution. This radiation should be kept constant
throughout the transient simulation time. The output power of the inverter and radiation result in a
DC voltage that is a predictable function of the PV characteristics with virtually no dynamics. The
DC voltage error is processed through a proportional-integral regulator whose output is the
inverter direct axis current that results in active power production. Additional control for voltage
regulation is also supported in this model.
The model also supports under/over voltage protection in addition to under/over frequency
protection. Three levels of overvoltage tripping, three levels of under-voltage tripping and one
level of over and under- frequency tripping are included in the generic PV/inverter model. Each of
these trip functions has an independent associated time delay.
4.1 Generic PV Inverter model DesignBase Transient Stability Model Builder
Using DesignBase ULC a generic model has been developed and implemented in DB 4.0
release. The control block diagram of the generic model is shown in Figure 17.
17
Figure 17: Control Block Diagram of a Generic PV Inverters Implemented in DesignBases

Transient Stability
One can identify the following parts:
Photovoltaics arrays models considering the Lorenz equation

Active are reactive power controls
Over and under voltage protection
Over and under frequency protection
Irradiance input control
4.2 User-Defined Solar Irradiance
The generic model can accept the field irradiance measurements when this is available. The
irradiance changes can be introduced to the model as shown in Figure 18. The irradiance values
can be stored in a text file with simple format (*.csv format is supported). To define the irradiance
(i.e. the file containing the irradiance measurements) select the block Measurement from the
PV model functions as shown in the Figure 18 below:
18
Figure 18: Selecting Measurement Block for Irradiance Measurements
Then, drag the Measurement icon into the model area and connect it to the solar radiation point
in the model (see Figure 18 above). Double click the left mouse button on the Measurement
block in order to enter the irradiance file information as shown in Figure 19.
19
Figure 19: Defining the Irradiance Measurements Data File
Use the file browser and locate the irradiance file in the DesignBase Data folder as seen in
Figure 19. Also, the output of the Measurement block can be given any name of users choice
(in the above example the name UCSDLookup3.csv is entered).
4.3 Irradiance Measurement File
The irradiance values corresponding to field measurements can be used in the transient
simulation of PV/Inverter power plant. The irradiance values should be stored in a text file such
CSV format. One example of irradiance measurements used in the generic model is shown in
table below:
20
Figure 20: Example of Irradiance Measurement File

Time (seconds) kt (Irradiance in pu)
0 0.8
1 1.18
2 1.11
3 1.02
4 1.00
5 1.04
6 1.07
7 1.05
8 1.08
9 1.10
10 1.16
11 1.16
12 1.11
13 0.94
14 0.61
15 0.31
16 0.34
17 0.40
18 0.67
19 1.05
20 0.65
21 0.43
22 0.35
23 0.42
24 0.39
25 0.40
26 0.38
27 0.65
28 0.58
29 0.50
30 0.50
31 0.55
32 0.57
33 0.57
34 0.77
35 0.73
36 0.66
37 0.75
38 0.81
39 0.94
40 1.06
41 1.22
42 1.22
21
Time (seconds) kt (Irradiance in pu)

43 1.15
44 1.02
45 0.97
46 0.85
47 0.66
48 0.61
49 0.62
50 0.76
51 0.65
52 0.51
53 0.45
54 0.47
55 0.42
56 0.49
57 0.45
58 0.43
59 0.62
60 0.84
2000 0.84
*
Note that the last row (line of the data file) should be * to mark the end of the file.
4.4 PV Generic Inverter Model in a Sample Power System
The power system shown in Figure 21 is used to test the PV model. To prepare a transient
stability simulation case for this system, we need to specify the dynamic data for the Generic PV
model. This can be done by first selecting transient stability icon and then selecting Event and
Data Manager. Add a PV model and select the Generic from the list of PV library.
22
Figure 21: Sample Power System for Testing the PV Generic PV Plant Model
(Paul M. Anderson, A.A. Fouad Power System Control and Stability. Revised Printing. IEEE Press, NY
1977, pag.38)
23
Figure 22: Dynamic Data for Generic PV Inverter Plant
The disturbance that we will examine for this test power system with PV plant is the application of
a fault at bus 5 for a period of 6 cycles (0.1 second). To start the time domain simulation, select
Analyze and in the simulation dialog press Start Simulation to perform the simulation. Upon
completion of the simulation the result can be viewed by selecting View Graphic Result (please
consider the DesignBase Transient Manual).
All of the monitored variables related to generators, buses, branches; PV, etc. can be examined.
Figure below shows several tabs.
24
Figure 23: Variables related to generators, buses, branches; PV, etc. can be examined
Figure 24: DesignBase Transient Data and Event Manager
25
Figure 25: Photovoltaic / Inverter Dynamic Model
26
Figure 26: Graphs of Monitored PV Variables (P0 and POUT)
To examine the monitored variables for the PV model select PV tab shown above. The
variables to be monitored are defined at the time PV model is added to the PV library. EDSAs
transient stability program gives the user the option to monitor any of the internal variables
(signals) within the model. This unique feature helps the user to assess the performance of the
control system of the PV inverter and optimize its performance (e.g. by examining the effect
changing gain, time constant, etc. on the performance of any controller internal to the inverter).
The above figure shows the irradiance measurements as defined in the data file which is used in
the above simulations.
5. Tutorial on modeling PV system
Consider the file: TEST-PV GENERAL-MODEL located in the DesignBase Transient Folder.
27
Figure 27: Test PV model
28
5.1 PV Steady-Sate Load Flow Model:
Figure 28: PV Steady State Power Flow Model
In this example the PV system does not generate reactive power. However, QGMin = 0 and QG
Max = 0.
29
Figure 29: Power Flow Results displayed on the drawing model
As can be seen in Figure 29 PV unit does not generate reactive power.
30
31
32
33
34
Figure30: Power Flow Results
5.2 PV Steady-Sate Short Circuit Model:
35
Figure 31: Power Flow Results

If inverters are used, in general there is no contribution to short circuit. Induction generators, on
the other hand, would inject fault currents in accordance with the magnitude of the machine
reactance. This could be either the subtransient (X"d) or transient (X'd) reactance. Since the
generator may represent an aggregate, the reactance used would be the same value if all the
generators have the same characteristics on a machine base which is the sum of the MVAs of the
individual machines.
The PV system does not contribute to the short circuit. However R and X are 9999 Ohms.
36
Figure 32: Bus Short Circuit and Branch Short Circuit Contribution
37
Figure 33: PV does not contribute to the short circuit
38
Figure 34: Short Circuit at all buses
39
5.3 PV Dynamic Model
Open the PV-GENERIC-MODEL file from transient folder.
Figure 35: DesignBase Transient folder
Double click on the Irradiance measurement icon, and select UCSDLookup3.csv file from the
DesignBase Data subfolder:
40
Figure 36: Irradiance data selected by the user
41
Figure 37: Irradiance data
The PV inverter equations are created:
Click OK.
42
Click Yes.
The PV dynamic user interface is displayed:
Figure 38: PV /Inverter Dynamic model user interface
43
Click Yes.
Click OK.
The dynamic model of the PV unit has been generated. Next step is to insert the PV dynamic
model.
Open the TEST-GENERAL-MODEL file from Transient folder.
44
Figure 39: Testing system
Select the PV symbol and double click on it:
45
Figure 40: PV steady state model User Interface
Click on Machine Dynamic data button:
46
Figure 41: PV dynamic models library
Click Select button and select PV-GENERIC-MODEL
47
Figure 42: Generic PV-Model User Interface
Click View button:
48
Figure 43: Generic PV dynamic model
49
Figure 44: PV Dynamic Model User interface
Note:
TIRAD is the time at which the input is switched to User-Defined solar irradiance. This is user
defined input data.
Using the DesignBase Transient program any dynamics can be simulated. Please consult the
DesignBase Transient Manual.
The salient features of the DesignBase Power Flow program:
Advanced Solution Techniques for Fast Convergence (Newton Raphson, Fast Decoupled,
and Accelerated Gauss Seidel)
HVDC
Power Factor Correction and Automatic Temperature Adjustment
Active Power Flow Control using Phase Shifting Transformer
Simulate single-phase networks tapped from 3phase network
Local and Remote Bus Voltage Control via Static Var Compensation
Local and Remote Bus Voltage control 1, 2 and 3 winding Transformers
Combined SVC, Generator and Transformer Voltage Control
50
Local and Remote Bus voltage control through generators

Area Interchange Control
Transformer Impedance Adjustment based on Transformer Taps
Hybrid Simulation Method
Transformer ULTC simulation and auto voltage control
Governor Response solution
The salient features of the DesignBase Short Circuit program:
Three-Phase Fault, with or without ground (3P, or 3P-G);

Single line to ground Fault (L-G);
Line to Line Fault (L-L);
Line to line to ground Fault (L-L-G).
Exact short circuit current and contributions computation using Three-Sequence Modeling
Simulate sliding and open conductor faults
High speed simulation by utilizing the state-of-the-art techniques in matrix operations (sparse
matrix and vector methods)
Automated reactor sizing for all types of networks
Exporting and importing data from and to Excel
Import system data from Siemens/PTI format
Customize reports
Support of both ANSI C37 and IEC 909 standards
Fully integrated with ARC flash program
Fully integrated with PDC (protective device coordination)
The salient features of the Advanced Transient Stability
Trapezoidal Integration Technique

Transformer Inrush Model
Changing Mechanical Torque of Induction Motors
MG-Set Simulation
Dynamic ULTC simulation
Integrated Control Logic Modeling and Simulation
User Defined Control Logic Modeling System with full on-board oscilloscope
Real-time Simulation
Frequency Dependent Machine and Network Models
Static Automatic Bus Transfer Simulation
Doubly Fed Induction Generator Model
Fault Isolation Unit
Static Frequency Converter
Relay Models
Fault Cables and Transmission lines at any length
User defined actions including CB operation
Automatic Load Shedding
Induction/Synchronous Motor/Generator Dynamic Models
Phase-shifting transformer
User-defined Dynamic Models (UDM) interface for:
Exciter/AVR
Governor - Turbine
Power System Stabilizer
IEEE & Selected Manufacturer Exciter, Governor, & Power System Stabilizer Models
51
Impedance Relay Simulation

MOV Starting
Import Test and Field data for comparison of actual vs. simulation
Loss of excitation simulation
Critical Fault Clearing Time and System Islanding
Fast Bus Transfer
Impact Loading & Generator Rejection
SVC
HVDC
52

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Photovoltaic Modeling

POWER ANALYTICS CORPORATION

Paladin DesignBase May 2011

Figure 1: Schematic Diagram of a PV inverter for Grid Connected Operation .......................................... 1

Static structure with no moving parts, hence quiet operation

A schematic diagram of a PV system is presented in the Figure 1 below:

Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) circuit

Figure 1: Schematic Diagram of a PV inverter for Grid Connected Operation

Figure 2: PV cell equivalent circuit (Lorenzo, 1994)

Figure 3: A typical V-I Characteristics of a solar cell

A real solar cell can be characterized by the following fundamental parameters:

Short Circuit Current:

Open circuit voltage

Vt - known as thermal voltage and Tc is absolute cell temperature

Maximum power point:

Figure 4: Influence of the ambient irradiation on the PV cell a);

Figure 5 : Series (a) and parallel (b) connection of identical cells

In current practice, the performance of a module or another PV device is determined by exposing

1.1 Photovoltaic Systems Modeling

Figure 6: Typical Structure of a Grid Connected PV Generator

Figure 7: PV Cell Equivalent Circuit

The governing equations of the equivalent circuit are:

V, I output voltage and current

Figure 8: Typical PV array V-I characteristics

The following conclusions are based on the literature survey:

2. Power Flow (steady-state) Model of PV System:

For Power Flow Analysis the following should be considered:

Generates Active Power

The PV steady state model developed has the following attributes:

General PV attributes: Manufacturer, PV rated and actual voltage, manufacturer information

Figure 9: The steady-state and dynamic PV model

Figure 10: PV Power Flow User Interface

Figure 11: PV Power Flow User Interface PV in Voltage Control Mode

Table 1: Table Gilman Parking Structure, UCSD, field measurements

Figure 12: PV Scenarios Implementation

3. Short Circuit (steady-state) Model of PV System:

Inverter short-circuit ratio: Ksc =1.1-1.5

Figure 13: Short Circuit Analysis Standards

Figure 14: Short Circuit Analysis Basic Options

Figure 15: Short Circuit Control for ANSI/IEEE Std.

Figure 16: Short Circuit Back Annotation Features

Regarding the short circuit regime:

In high PV penetration scenarios the generators must:

1. Not disconnect during grid faults

4.1 Generic PV Inverter model DesignBase Transient Stability Model Builder

Figure 17: Control Block Diagram of a Generic PV Inverters Implemented in DesignBases

One can identify the following parts:

Photovoltaics arrays models considering the Lorenz equation

4.2 User-Defined Solar Irradiance

Figure 18: Selecting Measurement Block for Irradiance Measurements

Figure 19: Defining the Irradiance Measurements Data File

4.3 Irradiance Measurement File

Figure 20: Example of Irradiance Measurement File

Time (seconds) kt (Irradiance in pu)

4.4 PV Generic Inverter Model in a Sample Power System

Figure 22: Dynamic Data for Generic PV Inverter Plant

Figure 24: DesignBase Transient Data and Event Manager

Figure 25: Photovoltaic / Inverter Dynamic Model

Figure 26: Graphs of Monitored PV Variables (P0 and POUT)

5. Tutorial on modeling PV system

Figure 27: Test PV model

5.1 PV Steady-Sate Load Flow Model:

Figure 28: PV Steady State Power Flow Model