Student Solutions Manual and Study Guide Munson Young Okiishi Huebsch FUNDAMENTALS OF iPS eeLY 1.1 The force, F, of the wind blowing against a building is given by F = CppV7A/2, where Vis the wind speed, p the density of the ait, AA the cross-sectional area of the building, and Cp is a constant termed the drag coefficient. Determine the dimensions of the drag coefficient. FeQeVAr or Cy = 2F/@V'A, where F2=MLT™* e= mL? VeLT Thus, Aa? Cy 2UMLT)/ [mk T 1 (22)] = MPL? TT? Hence, Cy is dimensionless. I-l12 1.2 Verify the dimensions, in both the FLT and MLT systems, of the following quantities which appear in Table 1.1: (a) vol. ume, (b) acceleration, (¢) mass, (d) moment of inertia (area), and (e) work. (a) volume = Le (6) acceleration = time rate of change of velocity = LT". 477? 5 = 4F () mass = MM or with F2MLT™? mass ELW' 7? (A) moment 6F inertia (area) = second moment of area = (L202) 2 Lt (@) work = force x distance El er with FaMm.rq+ works mL? T7?13 13 Determme the dimensions, in both the FLT system and the MLT system, for (a) the product of force times acceleration, (b) the prod- uct of force times velocity divided by area, and (© momentum divided by volume. : aes -2 (a) force x acceleration = (F)(LT~A) + FLT Since F2MLT™, Force x acceleration = (iT YLT) = mutT * (b) Force x velocity = yar) = per area Le — Ue (eT Net) = pq 3 225 — cc) momentum = Mass x velocity volume volume. tle (erie) 2 pp? B = . =) = iM Ls = me ?77 I-3Li 14 Verify the dimensions. in both the FLT system and the MLT system, of the following quantities which appear in Table 1.1: (a) fre- quency, (b) stress, (¢) strain, (d) torque, and (e) work. cycles _. (4) Freguency elise = fees F- 2 FL 6) stress = olne Zz F. Since. F* LT", i stress = oer ML To tc) strain = Charge ta length + & 22° (drensionless) length (d) torgue = force x distance = FL 2 uT Mt) = MT We ao Oger YL) = per? (€) werk = force x distance ig |-415 1.5 Ifwis a velocity, x a length, and atime, what are the dimensions (in the MLT system) of (a) au/ar, (b) Pu/axat, and (c) f (au/at) dx? ja 262 LT = pT a Fe —o iS tf, &) 2% 2 LT" 2 7-2 ax et (7) nm & ou = ara 2 (3r ©) ems dx 3 Oo )1.6 1.6 If pis a pressure, V a velocity, and p a fluid density, what are the dimensions (in the MLT system) of (a) p/p, (b) Vp, and (c) p/pV*? p . Met ene (a) Aaa se ne LT 2,3 (e) pV Gar 2)(.t") (040?) = PLT aT? pie ae eu i ee © BV = lar) ML°7° ( dimensionless )“7 1.7 If Vis a velocity, € a length, and v a fluid property (the kine- matic viscosity) having dimensions of L?T~', which of the fol- lowing combinations are dimensionless: (a) VEv, (b) Vé/v, (c) Vv, @) Vie cay VAY = (LT-We MT) + LIT * (got dinensonless) w) VA 3 tate) oi T2771) = L°T? ( demebsioniless)) le) Y2y = ir) (itr) 3 bap? (oot dimensionless) ones CG) NA re) ad LY > ayer = ©” (net _dinensionless)18 If Vis a velocity, determine the dimensions of Z, a, and G, which appear in the dimensionally homogeneous equation V=Za-1)+G V= Z2@-1)+6 ler] [z][x-"] + (6] Since each term ii The eguation must have the same dimensions, tt follows that Z= 477! oL = F2L°T? ( dimenswnless nie Combiried with 4 number) @= 477!19. 1,4 The volume rate of flow, Q, through a pipe containing a slowly moving liquid is given by the equation _ TRYAp Bue where R is the pipe radius, Ap the pressure drop along the pipe, a fluid property called viscosity (FL~*7), and £ the length of pipe. What are the dimensions of the constant 77/8? Would you classify this equation as a general homogeneous equation? Explain. ere [Eye [Fv] Pitre Tye] lends The Constant Tg is dimensionless, and tne equation 13 & general homogeneous Cguation That 1s valid in any Consistent Unit system. Yes. as1.10 According to information found in an old hydraulics book, the energy oss per unit weight of fluid flowing through a nozzle connected to a hose can be estimated by the formula h = (0.04 to 0.09(D/d)'V2/2¢ where h is the energy loss per unit weight, D the hose diameter, d the nozzle tip diameter, V the fluid velocity in the hose, and g the acceleration of gravity. Do you think this equation is valid in any system of units? Explain. 4 = (0.0% 4 0.09) Gye Fl oor ood) SEINE] [L ] = [0.04 tb 0.09] [L] Since each term tn The eguation must have the Same dimensions, the Constant term (0.04 b 0.09) must be dimensionless. Thus, The eguaticy Ks & general homogeneous eguation Trat 1s Valid tn any system of anits. Yes. | 111 The pressure difference, Ap, across a cosity (FL*T), p the blood density (ML~), D " partial blockage in an artery (called a stenosis) is the artery diameter, Ao the area of the unob- approximated by the equation structed artery, and A, the area of the stenosis ( i y Determine the dimensions of the constants K, Ara) ov: Ay ig Ap = K, D +K, and K,. Would this equation be valid in any sys - é . tem of units? where V is the blood velocity, the blood vis- p= ke A + ele) ey a ae fre) = [x] CEVSK)] eS -) IE) fec*) = [k}Lecd + [kJ fee] Since each term must have the same dimensions, K, and K, are dimensionless. Thus, the equation is a general hemo geneous eg uation that would be valicl tn ang Consistent system of units. Yes }-10SAL i 1.12 Assume that the speed of sound, c, in a fluid depends ‘on an elastic modulus, E,, with dimensions FL~?, and the fluid density, p, in the form c = (E,)*(p)*. If this is to be a dimen- sionally homogeneous equation, what are the values for a and 5? Is your result consistent with the standard formula for the speed of sound? (See Eq. 1.19.) c= (E,)*@)* ee -# Since C247! E23 FL P= Flt? . @ 2b fe]s [EL] [ee] w For «2 climensionally homogeneous 2fuation each term In The eguation must have the same dimensions. Thus, the vight hand side of £3 (1) must have the dimensions of LT There fre, arbh=o0 (te elimnate F) 2Zh2-1 Cte satisty conchton onT) Zat¢b=-|l Che ahsty enditen on L) Lt fillews tht a4 and b=-4 So That This result is Consistent with The standard dormula Lr the Speed ef sound. Yes.1.13 A formula to estimate the volume rate of flow, Q, flowing over a dam of length, B, is given by the equation Q = 3.09BH™ where H is the depth of the water above the top Q= 307 BH of the dam (called the head). This formula gives Q in ft’/s when B and H are in feet. Is the con- stant, 3.09, dimensionless? Would this equation be valid if units other than feet and seconds were used? (e?7*] = Borl[e] ILI" (37-] 2 [309] [Lt] Since each term in the eguation must have the same dimensions the constant 3.04 rust have dimensions y of L*T~' and is therefore not dimensionless, No. Since the constant has dimensions its value will change with a change in units. No.1.15 Make use of Table 1.3 to express the following quantities in SI units: (a) 10.2 in./min, (b) 4.81 slugs, (c) 3.02 Ib, (d) 73.1 ft/s*, (e) 0.0234 Ib-s/ft®. @) 10.2%, = (oz 2) (2swx0 2) Se } = -3 ym am = 432x/0° 2 = 432 432 oe (6) 48) slags= (421 slugs) (cxsex10 4 4B )= 70.2 4g (é) 3.02 b= (2028 )(444e &) = seen (A) 73:1 = (13,4) (a o4rew' eis eas 32 (€) 0,0234 ies = (0.023 '©2) (4.10900 i Sesaael ale[Ze] 1.16 Make use of Table 1.4 to express the following quantities in BG units: (a) 14.2 km, (b) 8.14 N/m’, (c) 1.61 kg/m’, (d) 0.0320 N-m/s, (e) 5.67 mm/hr. (4) 142 hm = (/4axto°m) (3281 )= 466 «10! H Ib () 8K y= (814K) (6 366x0? te)- sex? th, Me ms “a. she . ce) Le) ff, = (tel se ) (940.210 EY. aia e0 4 hase es Re ae (d) 0.0320 2 = (0.0320 Mot) saens0' AE# ) Mam s = Zz se ey (€) 5.67 Ma = (47x10? 2) (3241) (Le ) om 3he05 ane = S,/7 x/lo1.17 Express the following quantities in SI units: (a) 160 acre, (b) 15 gallons (U.S), (¢) 240 miles, (4) 79.1 hp, (e) 60.3 °F. 2 ~ (@) 160 were = (lb acre)(435b xt te )(4.240 xd 2) = 647x108 m* (b) 15 gallons = (15 gallons (3, 195 jae lw’ 5 Fo in? = 5b.8 KID rm? C2) 240 me = (240 me) (52802) (3.048 xii ae 3.3L «105 m ae tJ (A) 74.) hp = (74.1 hp) (550 * = = )(vase 2): saxo’ 2 and |= \W se eats 79.1 hp= 5.90 «10° W ce) hes (60.3 -32) = 15,7°C 2 19,7°C +273 = 23ale418 1.18 For Table 1.3 verify the conversion re- lationships for: (a) area, (b) density, (c) velocity, | and (d) specific weight. Use the basic conversion relationships: 1 ft = 0.3048 m; 1 Ib = 4.4482 N; | and 1 slug = 14.594 kg. (a) | #t*= (1 405((0.s018)"20" = 0,09290 m* fer Thas, raul tiply 4? by 9.290 E-2 +o convert ae (8) / slag . (] slug 14.594 #5 ) Lf fe eat x) a sit = 5/54 2% Thus, maltiply slug ft? by SIS¥ E+2 4 convert to Re lm} ce) y 4. (| 4) (0.30% B)- Asovy & Thus, multiply ft/s by 3.048 E-I| to comert to m/s. (#23 | @) iA (i # a) ) (avaea & ae = A or Thus, multiply 16/4? by [571 Etd + convert te N/m 3,O10 1.19 For Table 1.4 verify the conversion re- lationships for: (a) acceleration, (b) density, (©) pressure, and (d) volume flowrate. Use the basic conversion relationships: 1 m = 3.2808 ft; 1N = 0.22481 Ib; and 1 kg = 0.068521 slug. fart es (1% )(3.2008 H)= 3.20 Thus, roultiply m/s? by 3.28) #0 convert to ft/s. ) | as ce , )(o. 06852) Et | = 3 slugs = [, T4o x10 =f Thus, multiply Ry/m? by 1.940 E-3 to convert bo slugs/ £43, eNe oe 0.2249) te \f—Lae* _ ce rte dit I a (3.2908)? ft = 2,089 £107 a Thus, multiply N/m by 2,089 E-2 to convert fo Ib /fe*, PH |. 353) 7 id) | ae () #2 2) [GareeY H ‘|. 35.3) & Thas, multiply m/s by 3.53, Etl to convert to ft/s,1.20 Water flows from a large drainage pipe at a rate of 1200 gal/min. What is this volume rate of flow in (a) m°/s, (b) liters/min, and (e) ft°/s? (a) 3 flowrate = (1200 gel ) (6, 309x100" e ) gal ain =: 757 ear X10 S (6) Since | liter = 107 m3, = ~2 m3) (107 flowrate = (757 peyote ) (te tikes das) ; liters pepo “2 #t3 CC) flowrate = (757x102) (3 531x10 =) mm? sx fe = 247 #1.24 An important dimensionless parameter _the Froude number using SI units for V, g, and in certain types of fluid flow problems is the Froude €. Explain the significance of the results of these number defined as V/Vgt, where V is a velocity, calculations. 8 the acceleration of gravity, and (a length. De- termine the value of the Froude number for V = 10 ft/s, g = 32.2 ft/s?, and ( = 2 ft. Recalculate Ln 86 anids, fo = avis V9 aa BY) Zn SI units: V= lo ) (23009 2): 305 S 2431 4 Q = (244) (0.3048 wn) O.b10.mm Thus, eer 3,05 3 = /25 nV Wee Visi %)(G610m) The value of a dimensionless Parameter 1s Independent of the unit system.423 1.23 A tank contains 500 kg of a liqui i ity is 4 liquid whose specific 2. Determine the volume of the liquid inthe unk. m= eV = $5 Que V Thus, Ve M/(S6 Oyy) = 500kg M2( 999 #8 )) = 0.250m? 124 1.24 Clouds can weigh thousands of pounds due to their liquid water content. Often this content is measured in grams | | per cubic meter (g/m*). Assume that a cumulus cloud occupies a volume of one cubic kilometer, and its liquid water content is 0.2 g/m’, (a) What is the volume of this cloud in cubic | ~ miles? (b) How much does the water in the cloud weigh in oe pounds? “(ar Yolume = I Chr | Since lim = 3.2 t Woe ai am | t => banter lure + aaa Eee tt i pao oe 8S (a1 Be )= | 2b2.06 (i162 x92 \Ciotm) = |. fez x10° N th 92 xii W (2.248 xD" 3 ) = 44] x0" 1b 1-20“25 1.25 A tank of oil has a mass of 25 slugs. (a) Determine its weight in pounds and in new- tons at the earth’s surface. (b) What would be its “is thass (in slugs) and its weight (in pounds) if lo- cated on the moon’s surface where the gravita- tional attraction is approximately one-sixth that at the earth’s surface? 4) weight = mass x 7 =( 25 slugs) ( 32.2 a) Fos“ = (25 slugs) (14. sp 48 ie, ) (4H *)= 3880 66) mass = 25 slugs (rmass does not depend on gravitation! attraction ) weight: (25 slugs \ (Eee #) = /34 Ib = = [228 | 1.26 _ A certain object weighs 300 N at the earth's surface. Determine the mass of the object (in kilograms) and its weight (in newtons) when located on a planet with an acceleration of gravity equal to 4.0 ft/s?, weight é Boo N= 30.6 kg 231 4 weight = (32.0 4g) (40 #) (0, 3048 2) = 3173 N Mass =1.27 The density of a certain type of jet fuel is 775 kg/m’. Determine its specific gravity and specific weight. 775 28, =o FO O77 56> Ber” joo ae, ~ 208 AN yepg = (775 42) (49 m)= 760 24 [7221,28 1.28. A hydrometer is used to measure the specific gravity of liq- uids. (See Video V2.8.) For a certain liquid a hydrometer read- ing indicates a specific gravity of 1.15. What is the liquid’s den- sity and specific weight? Express your answer in SI units. Rg C1600 a }-231.24 An open, rigid-walled, cylindrical tank contains 4 f° of water at 40 °F Over a 24-hour period of time the water temperature varies from 40 °F to 90 °F. Make use of the data in Appendix B to determine how mitch the volume of water will change. For a tank diameter of 2 ft, would the corresponding change in water depth be very noticeable? Explain. mass of water = Wx P Where 1s tne volume and / The density. Since the mass mast vematn constant os The temperature changes x Sapo Why. 4° lgo* a1) From Table B.1 = | yp Shes (be © Yo*F f= Lay @ 9055 = 4a os Therebore fvom £5.0) sh en HENGE) f° 193) 2%, Thus, The sacvease tn volume 1 5 4 gel -#000= 0.0186 Ft The Change 1 water dept, AL, 4 pul + We AY _ 0.01% fe? area ™ @ft)* UF This 3mall change mm depth would not be very hoticeable, No. = £018 HP ~3 . = 542K 4L= 0.07/0in Mote: 4 shghtly diflerert value for 44 vill be obtained if specifie weight of water Is used reTher Than density. This 13 dae t the fact thot there is some ancertuitty It the fourth signtitant figure oF These Pwo Values, and the Solution 1 Sensitive te This uncertainty. I-241,31 1.31 A mountain climber’s oxygen tank contains 1 Ib of oxygen when he begins his trip at sea level where the acceleration of grav- ity is 32.174 fus*, What is the weight of the oxygen in the tank when he reaches to top of Mt. Everest where the acceleration of gravity is 32.082 fi/s*? Assume that no oxygen has been removed from the tank; it will be used on the descent portion of the climb. We mg Let ( ),, denote sea level and (ye denotethe top of MH. Everest Thus, We = 1 =m) 951 andl Wate = Tang Ime However m, so thal since m 1 = nt sl Jst Mme Puig = yw gmk _ 32,082 ft/s* Yate = Mer Gl Ib saya eM eo! = 0.9971 Ib [-25132 ‘The information on a can of pop indicates that the can + contains 355 mL. The mass of a full can of pop is 0.369 kg while an empty can weighs 0.153 N. Determine the specific weight, density, and specific gravity of the pop and compare your results with the corresponding values for water at 20 °C. Express your results in SI units Weight of Fluré a) lame ef Flacd total weight = mass xg = (0.361 bg )(951% ) = 22v Wwerght ef can= O1/53N : Le Volume of Fluid = (355x171) (107 ‘)= 755x106 “m Thas, From Eg. (1) ye 242N - 01/53N N ———— 9770 im? FSS X10 "7m ——_ Ww B Wane, Geel ses N35? | ag P32 ay ee = 996 4, 7 42 SG? a = 79m 2 9 946 Ano @¥C Joo 4 7m For water at 20°C (see Table B.2 1 Aopendic 2) : PL oi 4& . sp: Uae 7787-5, } Gs 998.2 4 SG =0.9982 A companson of These Values Sr water with these for The pop shows Thal The pecihe weight, density, and gpecihé gravity & The pop are a/ Slightly Jower Than The corresponding Values for wader. 1-26*/, 33 "1.38 The variation in the density of water, p, with tem- perature, 7, in the range 20°C = T < 50°C, is given in the following table. Density (kg/m?) | 998.2 | 997.1 | 995.7 | 994.1 | 992.2 | 9902 | 988.1 Temperare(*c)! 20 Tas [30 Tas Tao | as | so Use these data to determine an empirical equation of the form p= c, + csT + csT? which can be used to predict the density over the range indicated. Compare the predicted values with the data given. What is the density of water at 42.1 °C? Fit the data to 2 second order Polynomial Using & standard curve-titids pregrim such as fund in EXCEL, Thus, A= (el = 0.05997T ~ 0.004) T* ran) SE SIF TO OC ALT As shown 1m tne table below , P. (predicted) from £y.l0 1s 44 90d Agreement with ? (glen). T.°C —p, kg/m*3._p, Predicted 20 998.2 998.3 25 997.4 997.1 30 995.7 995.7 36 994.1 994.1 40 992.2 9923 45 990.2 990.3 50 988.1 988.1 AL Ts ¥2.0°€ 2 é pe (eel ~ 00538 (4asre) ~ 0.004! (2 1°t) = F415 ~% 1-27Loe 1.34 If 1 cup of cream having a density of 1005 kg/m? is tumed into 3 cups of whipped cream, determine the specific gravity and specific weight of the whipped cream. 4 Maas of cream, om = (100528) (Vi, ) where 4% ~ volume. Since Caeane ba ODN aa eea Cam [orga = BR (1006 EH eup cream 3 cups si, ’ | 005 Sm. 395 8 3 m3 w hipped 4 SiGe Cosine . 335 Ba, at heat Boeve Too 2 eg m Yishived = Pag * 4 = (28888) (e812) cream = 3240 * 1-281.36 1.36 Determine the mass of air in a 2 m° tank if the air is at room temperature, 20 °C, and the absolute pressure within the tank is 200 kPa (abs). m= OV where V=2m? and C= P/RT with Te 20 = (204273) K= 293K and p= 200kPa = 200x10? Thvs, @ = (200% 1M / [(2.teprio LRN 293 Ky] = 2,38 12 mM Hence, m=eV= 2.3885 (2m) « 476 kgpay 1.37 _ Nitrogen is compressed to a density of 4 kg/m? under an absolute pressure of 400 kPa. Determine the temperature in degrees Celsius. 3 #P. 4oo x Jo nu Tm ® PR (4 #2) 0.8 Te. =~ A723 = 387K = 273 1,38 1.38 The temperature and pressure at the surface of Mars during a Martian spring day were determined to be ~50 °C and 900 Pa, respectively, (a) Determine the density of the Martian atmosphere for these conditions if the gas constant for the Martian atmosphere is assumed to be equivalent to that of carbon dioxide. (b) Compare the answer from part (a) with the density of the earth's atmosphere during a spring day when the temperature is 18 °C and the pressure 101.6 KPa (abs). 900% not (a Ly [ewe ee > A, _tehbnwle eth = RT G aa {¢ lat +213)k) Thus, mars . 0.0214 Bs Peart 1.22 i im = 0.0214 4 I-29) 1.34 A closed tank having a volume of 2 f° is filled with 0.30 Ib of a gas. A pressure gage attached to the tank reads 12 psi when the gas temperature is 80 °F. There is some question as to whether the gas in the tank is oxygen or helium. Which do you think it is? Explain how you arrived at your answer. = wept - 080b Density ef Gas in tank p= Tx volume (3228 \(ef) a = > stags Abb x Id aoe Smee ps Zo wit p= (rar 147) poe ( atmosphene pressure assumed +o be © 14-7 psi) and with T= (oF + kbo)%e tA Allows tht Ib in> : (24.7 ine) (044 2") Pa) meclinigmieee He she, Wizy 2 (F40R) a From Table 67 R= 1554x107 for oxygen ana R= /.242x10¢ 4 fy bela. sug °R Thus, From £o.l1) if the gas Js Oxygen = 7/20 slugs 2 sey p> sluas 155943 — fs FER ana tr feluim ae Sas = 577 X10 " Sees C L2¢2xi0* fe? 4 Comparisow of These values with The actual dens/ty of the gas ii The Lank indicates That The Gas rnust be Oxygen. I-31140 1.40 A compressed air tank contains 5 kg of air at a temperature of 80°C. A gage on the tank reads 300 kPa. Determine the volume of the tank. Valumennn coe e 2 _ (oor tol)x10 fy =i3.9e, #. = = eel ae RT (azn. =, ) [gots a7a)k] dpk 543 3 Vi - = haba olume 39e RE a 14th SH A rigid tank contains air at a pressure of 90 psia and a temperature of 60 °F. By how much will the pressure increase as the temperature is increased to 110 °F? C&q. 1.8) p= PRT Por @ rigid closed tank The ath mass and Volume are tonstant 50 Ax Constant. Thus, From Eg 1.8 (ity R eonstent) Fo a he Re WO pia, T, = bOF + Ybo = 520°R, = fda From £90) bE ies & - (228) (fopsia) = vee TE7 pote a1) where and = pears 1-3242 1.42. The helium-filled blimp shown in Fig. P1.42 is used at var- ious athletic events, Determine the number of pounds of helium within it if its volume is 68,000 ft? and the temperature and pres- ssure are 80 °F and 14.2 psia, respectively. M@ FIGURE Pt42 W=SV where V-68000f and a= 09 =(p/RT) 9g Thos, B= [182 Fhe (OH 3) /(ad2 n° HE, (50% 440)'R)] (22.2 £2) 29) 2x0 Sa (1b / (slug #/s)) = 9,82 x10? Hence, We 9.02102 (56,000!) = 668 1b |-33Master Typi 10% Reduct 82x It 43 | J— *1.43 Develop a computer program for calculating the density of an ideal gas when the gas pressure in pascals (abs), the tem- perature in degrees Celsius, and the gas constant in J/kg -K are specified. Plot the density of helium as a function of temperature } from 0 °C to 200 °C and pressures of 50, 100, 150, and 200 kPa [+ (abs). | fH Fecereee For an (deal gas | Eee tlt so That | et | {AR eR where p ix absolute pressure R the gas csashant, and T As absolute Hemperature. Thus, £ The tempe rd ture { { | usin °C Then HEH ete ar ep ae perc 4 spreadsheet (EXCEL) program tor caleulatins p follows. [This program calculates the densily of an idealgas | | _ |when the absolute pressure in Pascals, the temperature | iin degrees C, and the gas constant in Jikg-K are specified i | To use, replace current values with desired values of temperature, pressure, and gas constant. oo A B _¢ DT 1 | Pressure, |Temperature,| Gas constant| Density, |__| rH + Pa °C Jikg-K kgim® | [Hote +05 5 286.9 1.23 | Row 10 a | Ee t Formula: i | [ =A10/((B10+273,15)"C10) | I I Coleulate p_ hr _ p> 200k Pa, temperature = 20°C, ana R=289 T/dy kK, | | (warn) c 5 [ | Pressure, Temperature,| Gas constant,| Density, | Foceer Ht Pa °C Jikg-K | _kgim® | —- 2.00E+05 20 287 2.38 Row 10 CECE eee eta EEEa) (con't) The density of helivm is plotted inthe graph below. 04 0.35 03 kg/m? 025 02 0.15 01 0.05 Density of Helium | Pen | | | asa ; ee i hs ff = 200 KPa (abs) = ee so ae i ieee 2 Joo ae | aad a 2 i = $0 " _ 100 nO) -TES: 1.45 For flowing water, what is the magnitude of the velocity gra dient needed to produce a shear stress of 1.0 N/m?? =u it where A =1.12 xj? MS Nv as 2105 me and T2107, Thus, dlr. Loe | Brae dy Tia “ve SSeS 146 1.46 Make use of the data in Appendix B to determine the dynamic viscosity of glycerin at 85 °F. Express your answer in both SI and BG units tT: 22 F (%-32)= = (95°F -32) From Fig, 8.1 in A ppendis B: J Glycerin of PSF (25.4%)) = Ob fR(O6 aD) (2.089 x10 a 2 ) = AIG MRC ws 7m & (s5 units) ae 1-361.47 _ One type of capillary-tube viscometer is shown in Video V1.5 and in Fig. PIT. For this device the liquid to be tested is drawn into the tube to a level above the top etched line, The time is then obtained for the liquid to drain to the bottom etched line. The kinematic viscosity, v, in m’/s is then obtained from the equation v = KR‘t where K is a constant, R is the radius of the capillary tube in mm, and ¢ is the drain time in seconds. When glycerin at 20°C is used as a calibration fluid in a particular viscometer the drain time is 1,430 s. When a liquid having a density of 970 kg/m? is tested in the same viscometer the drain time is 900 s. What is the dynamic viscosity of this liquid? Ve KR*t m FIGURE P1.41 For glycerin @ 20° V= L19x)0 Im a Lex mth = (eR, 430 s) KR? 8,.32x10" m/s For anXKnown ligard with t= Fos (3. 72.410 'm?/52) (Foo s) 7.49 x0" m*/s y 4 Since fez PY = G70 *ep3a)(T49x0t meZ ss Pease M5 =) O27 Sa 0,727 = am* —__ (-37Master Typing § 10% Reducti 8 1/2 x 11 trim size L4¥8 1.48 The viscosity of a soft drink was determined by using | a capillary tube viscometer similar to that shown in Fig. P1.47 and Video V1.5. For this device the kinematic viscosity, v, is directly proportional to the time, ¢, that it takes for a given amount of liquid to flow through a small capillary tube. That ere is, v = Kz. The following data were obtained from regular pop and diet pop. The corresponding measured specific gravities are also given. Based on these data, by what percent is the absolute viscosity, yz, of regular pop greater than that of diet pop? i Regular pop Diet pop fT a(s) 3778 300.3 1 SG 1.044 1.003 A greater = | Port +} Ht | | nce v=fp, Ueke reat LPs Cai, eye, ve Fellows ‘That fe Fe + (t* 36 )res = {| loo Cx S@)diet | 2/(377.8:)Lom) _ |) x 100LAV 1.49 Determine the ratio of the dynamic vis- cosity of water to air at a temperature of 60 °C. Compare this value with the corresponding ratio of kinematic viscosities. Assume the air is at stan- dard atmospheric pressure. From Table @,2 im Appendiz B! -¥ yy, i “7 2 (or water af bore) fe = 4605 x10" ME 5 V24 76x10" From Table 8.4 im Appendiz B: c an ea Chr aw at bore) pox hare 2S 5 y= habxso” 2 Thus, - Peto 4.665 X10 AT Pate 97K 10> Uno . %745xIo" Vap (BB XIDToon a ceeded 1.50 — The viscosity of a certain fluid is 5 x 10~* poise. Determine its viscosity in both SI and BG units. fcr | Frem Appendii. ©, wo! es = / poise, Thus, a (5.210 “poise ).( 10’ 43, ye Seo? Ms Polse ‘nineties and From Table |.4 a FAs 2 [bs 7 tyes | fe (5X10 a5) (4.087 x10 et )= Lad xo Hes, ane 1.5[ The kinematic viscosity of oxygen at 20°C ~ and a pressure of 150 kPa (abs) is 0.104 stokes. Determine the dynamic viscosity of oxygen at this temperature and pressure. b_ ssoxiZ, ene iy & (4008 ge )| (aoe +213)k| es = 0,/oy stokes = 0/0 eee fs (oon 8) (0a (147 2) FS ne Me -5 ie SGupe Oe eo ps eyo. Wes Ans 2Master Typing Sheet 10% Red 8 1/2 x 11 trim size tion *1.52 Fluids for which the s stress, 7, is not linearly Boer related to the rate of shearing strain, +, are designated as non- | eet Newtonian fluids. Such fluids are commonplace and can exhibit Hi unusual behavior as shown in Video V1.6, Some experimental data obtained for a particular non-Newtonian fluid at 80 °F are shown below. rUb/f?) | 0 | 241 782 | 185 | 31.7 ye 1o | so 100 | 150 | 200 Plot these daia and fit a second-order polynomial to the data using a suitable graphing program. What is the apparent viscosity of this fluid when the rate of shearing strain is 70 s~'? Is this apparent viscosity larger or smaller than that for water at the same temperature? Rate of | Shearing } shearing stress, a Se | strain, 1/s Ib/sq ft 3 Fae a 40,00359 | 0 0 50 211 230 / 100 7.82 2 20 | 150 18.5 Aan 200 317 z $0 7 oO 50 100 150 200 250 Rate of shearing strain, 1/s ‘om the park 4s 2. 0.003858 where 13 the shearing | Sea ti (b/$t* and ¥ 15 the rate Shearing strain in aH apace = 44 = C20 t000)3 + 0.0038 At ¥ = 90 st H i sift Mphrrned = (2) (0.0008 ae) ws \(tos De + 0.0035 => am tet LG ot = tte | = O16 eee | ol | m Table Bl in AppeadieB, My gore = (741 x10 ee f | and since water 7s ‘a-Newkonian. Fluid This valbe 1s 4 de pendent of ¥* ‘Thus, The unknown hon- ir Eoatait Et i dai has. @ much favgar Value. + eee { Ht:Master Typing SI 10% Reduction 8 1/2 x 11 trim size : 483 1.53 Water flows near a flat surface and some measure- ——— | ments of the water velocity, u, parallel to the surface, at different Tor I heights, y, above the surface are obtained. At the surface y = 0. After an analysis of the data, the lab technician reports that the pon) velocity distribution in the range 0 < y < 0.1 ft is given by the equation u=081 + 9.2y +41 x 10 i TEE ceric awn ‘|| with w in f/s when y is in ft. (a) Do you think that this equation | 23 would be valid in any system of units? Explain. (b) Do you think this equation is correct? Explain. You may want to look at Video 14# to help you arrive at your answer. Cay oe giaty + Ht eio 4? | fer Js lord AL] piel) Each term ia the eguation rust |have the same dimensions, M € , Vrave dimensions jf bP :: AI X17 dimensions of L*T! eguation Have dimensuns Meir 7h a change oH unr » We. te teh moult vilebe ne o-slip' r be torreck since at me uz 081 ft/s,1.54 Calculate the Reynolds numbers for the flow of water and for air through a 4-mm-diameter tube, if the mean velocity is 3 m/s and the temperature is 30 °C in both cases (see Example 1.4). Assume the air is at standard atmospheric pressure. | For water at 30°C (From Table B,2 14 Appendie B)+ P= 995.7 42, ia = 7.995 x10" _ Re = CVD = (9961 A) (9 F) (ac0¥m) Wa L975 x10" MS b eee | For acr at foc ( From Table B,4 in Appendix B) : Pe bles as fe 1% x10" A I an ‘paca PA EOaE (1.165 #8) (3 2) (2.004 m) ie ie 186 x10? MS = at In #3Si 1.55 Forairat standard atmospheric pressure the values of the constants that appear in the Sutherland equation (Eq. 1.10) are C = 1.458 x 10-¢ kg/(m-s‘K'*) and S = 110.4 K. Use these: values to predict the viscosity of air at 10 °C and 90 °C and compare with values given in Table B.4 in Appendix B. {3 a 3 es COR (459 «0 At, ) 7 Sa eepearre 7 5K T+S ee Tr llo4#k For T= /0°C = (0°C + aT3IS = 283.15K, " 3), (1.453 x10°°) (283,I5k) * a = 1.765% 10° Nes ae Ag31S K + I10,4 From Table B.4 erase (Te x10” Mes For T= 40°C = 90°C + AmdIS = 363,15K, From Table 6.4, ft = 21exjo* Ns ame (hysg x10") 303 16x) 363,15 K + 0.4 1-44 -5 2/3K 10 MS eeae ae, 1.56* Use the values of viscosity of air given in Table B.4 at temperatures of 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 °C to determine the constants C and $ which appear in the Sutherland equation (Eq. 1.10). Compare your results with the values given in Problem 1,55, (Hint: Rewrite the equation in Tr Ss x (¢) € and plot T°2/y versus T. From the slope and in- tercept of this curve C and $ can be obtained.) Equation 10 can be written in The form ae Te tae apt - c eC oO) and with The dete trom Table BY: t %, 7 ah Tc) Tt) J Cust) — Ta [1 [Cbgfms) ° BBS 111 x10 2byoxp® ao A935 L82 X10 - 2.758 x 8 ca 31315 LE7X10~ a peseloe bo 333,15 Lark? 3.087% 10 ; 80 35315 oT K Jor 7.206x10 {00 37315 2174105 3. 322.10 A plot of Ye vs. T 13 shown below: & S.5XI0 rise[456"] (eon!t) Since The deta plot as an approximate straight line, Fe.) aan be represented by an eguetion of The form yabxre where yu Tu) XwT, bw Vo, and an s/c, Fit the date +o a near eguation using a Standard eurve~tiHing program such as found in EXCEL. Thus, Y= b.% 9x 105% 4 7. yy) x18" and gabe 969% 1oF so thet C= 143 x10 by foms- k*) SE and S:a= TH x10" ce and theehre S=/07 K These velues tr Cand S are in geod agreement witr values given in Problem 55. [46Typing Sheet duction 1.57 The viscosity of a fluid plays a very important role in determining how a fluid flows. (See Video V1.3) The value of the viscosity deperds not only on the specific fluid but also on the fluid temperature. Some experiments show that when a liquid, under the action of a constant driving pressure, is forced Ey with a low velocity, V, through a small horizontal tube, the |= velocity is given by the equation V = K/u. In this equation K is a constant fora given tube and pressure, and yris the dynamic viscosity. For a particular liquid of interest, the viscosity is given | by Andrade’s equation (Eq, 1.11) with D = 5 x 1077 Ib + s/f? | and B = 4000 °R. By what percentage will the velocity increase as the liquid temperature is increased from 40 °F to 100 °F? | _Assume all other factors remain constant, any Bae Vv C2 > teeta Ver) °h increase in = [Yan eM") = [ee 100 and From Fete +f incvease in Y= fate Pe | From Andvades 24 Squarion — 4 Thereby fe px S| | Ht Yove Pine KID e Cimr rte) 100’ = | Aer, | x100 @) and > Yoo Sho el ie rang “Seite Se 136% | us, From Bg (3) oe reverse tr V I-47Ae e. oO *1.58 — Use the value of the viscosity of water given in Table B.2 at temperatures of 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 °C to determine the constants D and B which appear in Andrade’s equation (Eq. 1.11). Calculate the value of the viscosity at 50 °C and compare with the value given in Table B.2. (Hint: Rewrite the equation in the form In = (2) 5+ InD and plot In y versus 1/7. From the slope and intercept of this curve B and D can be obtained. If a nonlinear curve fitting program is available the constants can be obtained directly from Eq. 1.11 without rewriting the equation.) Eguation ll can be written in The form In pe = (a) 4 + InD and with the deta trem Table BZ ° TCC) TK) WV Tte) A (Wsla*) In eo ans 3.b6/ x10 LTT xe ~ 6.327 to 293.15 24u x10" 1.002.410" ~ 6.906 Yo 31305 ZuB x07 = GSagKp* — -~ 7.334 bo 333,15 Boozxw? Kk bbEMW* ~— - 7. bI0 $0 35315 2.832407 E47 Kio . ~ 7.494 (00 37315 abso? = L8/P x 107 — 8.1T# A plot of /n vs, STW shown below : a * a)Vos (een't ) Since the deta plot as an approximate straignt line, Ey.) Can be used to represent These deta, To obtain B ana D, fit the date to an bx exponen tia / Lp uation of the form 4Y=AE Such as fund 1h EXCEL. Thus, Deas 1.767 xK107* Weslo? el EES 1870 XD? kK 1870 <6 fa bIbT Ke At 50°C (323.15), é 1870 | k P= bh 17 x10” C797 = 5.76 x10 sf From Table 8.2, m= 5 HEX 0. 5 /g®