Professional Documents
Culture Documents
The Complete Encyclopedia of Minerals PDF
The Complete Encyclopedia of Minerals PDF
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF
MINERALS
Description of over 600 Minerals
from around the world
PETR l l i E S M I L A N NOVAK,
THE C O M P L E T E
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF
MINERALS
THE C O M P L E T E
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF
MINERALS
THE C O M P L E T E
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF
MINERALS
THE C O M P L E T E
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF
MINERALS
Description of over 600 Minerals from around the world
BOOKS*
Explanation of the abbreviations used in the book
c - color
s - streak
L - luster
D - diaphaneity
DE - density
H - hardness
CL - cleavage
F - fracture
M - morphology
LU - luminescence
R - remark
X - crystal
XX - crystals
- very rare
- rare"
- uncommon
. abundant
- common
Copying of the entire book as well as of its parts in any way is forbidden
by law without prior written consent of the publisher.
Contents
Introduction 7
1. Elements 9
2. Sulphides 19
3. Halides 67
4. Oxides 75
5. Carbonates 113
6. Borates 131
7. Sulfates 137
8. Phosphates 155
9. Silicates 193
Index 293
Introduction
The ever increasing number of publications about meteorites); 2. sedimentary, when a mineral
minerals reflects a growing interest in nature. crystallizes during a process of diagenesis or from
Most of those publications though only deal with a hydrous solutions under normal temperature
few dozen of the most common minerals or (clastic, organic and chemical sedimentary rocks);
gemstones. This book fills the gap by also 3. mctamorphic, when a mineral crystallizes
featuring less common and rare minerals. The during mctamorphic processes in a solid state at a
authors describe over 600 mineral species and wide range of temperature and pressure (it
varieties, illustrated with about 750 color includes regionally and contact metamorphosed
photographs. In choosing illustrations of particular rocks and skarns); 4. hydrothermal, when minerals
minerals, acsthctic criteria such as size of crystal crystallize from aqueous solutions and fluids
and color played a role in addition to their under high to low temperatures (it includes ore and
importance and distribution in nature. This book the Alpine-type veins, cavities in volcanic rocks,
includes some rare minerals, known only from one minerals and rocks, hydrothermally altered under
locality, because they form very attractive crystals high temperature, e.g. greisens).
or aggregates. There are minerals known to Secondary minerals are divided into following
humankind since prehistoric times such as quartz groups: 1. oxidation, when minerals result from
and gold, but also minerals first described quite the oxidation (weathering) of the primary minerals
recently like rossmanite. The photographs show in the oxidation zone of ore deposits and other
well-formed and colorful crystals but many rocks (it includes the origin of malachite and
aggregates, which are more common in nature, are azurite during the chalcopyrite oxidation, also the
also included. The minerals in the book are listed origin of secondary phosphates in granitic
according to the mineralogical system of Hugo pegmatites during the oxidation of primary
Strunz, in his book Mineralogische Tabellen in phosphates); 2. cementation, when minerals result
1978. The chemical formulae of individual from the reduction of the primary minerals (the
minerals follow the form of Glossary of Mineral origin of native copper and native silver under the
Species 1995 by M. Fleischer and J.A. Mandarine. reduction conditions in the cementation zone of
The information is complemented in both cases ore deposits). This classification is very much
with the latest knowledge from scientific simplified of course, because in many cases we
literature, such as new nomenclature of cannot readily determine a specific origin of a
amphiboles, micas and zeolites. particular mineral. This relates to minerals that
The mineral descriptions cover the basic physical crystallize under conditions which approximately
and chemical data, including chemical formula represent a transition between separate phases of
and crystal system. The data provided correspond the origin, such as the magmatic or hydrothermal
mainly to the end-members. The less common origins of elbaite in the pegmatite cavities; the
valence of the chemical elements is marked in the mctamorphic or hydrothermal origins of grossular
chemical formula (Fc 5 . Mil", As", Mn 4 , Pb"). in skarns; the magmatic or mctamorphic origins of
Where an element features in both valences in the cordierite in migmatites; and the hydrothermal or
mineral, they are both marked (e.g. ilvaite, secondary origins of some phosphates in granitic
braunite). pegmatites etc.
The origin of individual minerals is described in With the localities for individual minerals we have
detail. We chose for a relatively simplified scheme tried to list the most important worldwide
because the normal complexity cannot be localities regardless of their recent production but
described here in detail. Minerals can be we have also included recent discoveries since
distinguished as either primary (resulting directly these may produce important mineral specimens.
from a solidifying of magma, crystallizing of an Where a mineral has an important use this is listed
aqueous solution or mctamorphism - re- at the end of mineral description. We would like to
crystallization in a solid state) and secondary acknowledge all who contributed in any way to the
(resulting from alteration of the original mineral, production of this book, particularly those private
e.g. during its oxidation or reduction under low collectors and institutions which loaned minerals
temperature and pressure close to the surface of for photography. We hope those fascinated in the
the Earth). Primary minerals are divided into world of minerals and of nature will find this book
following groups: 1. magmatic, when a mineral a fascinating source of information.
crystallizes directly from a melt (it includes This book is dedicated to the memory of Dr.
magmatic and effusive igneous rocks, including Jaroslav "venek, who was of extraordinary
granitic and alkaline syenite pegmatites and influence to several generations of Czech and
Slovak mineralogists and mineral collectors with
his enthusiasm for mineralogy and attitude to life.
Marcasite. 100 mm. Misburg. Germany
7
i
1. Elements
Copper. 42 mm. Cornwall, UK
Copper
Cu
CUBIC
Idria and Avala, Serbia; New Almaden and New Idria. Germany. They are also known fioin Sala, Sweden;
California, Terlingua, Texas, USA; Dedova hora. Les Chalanches. France and Brezina. Czech Republic.
Czech Republic and Rudnany, Slovakia as droplets
and liquid cavity fillings.
Application: chemical industry, measuring instru- Lead
ments, metallurgy. Pb
cubic
Moschellandsbergite
Ag2 Hg 3 Properties: C gray-white, tarnishes to lead-gray and
gets dull; S - lead-gray; L - metallic; D - opaque; DE
cubic - 11.3; H - 1.5; CL - none; M - octahedral and cubic
crystals, massive.
Properties: C - silver-white; S - silver-white; L - Origin and occurrence: Hydrothermal, also sedi-
metallic; D - opaque; DE 13.5; H - 3.5; CL - good; mentary (authigenic). associated with willemite and
F - conchoidal; M - dodecahedral crystals and their other minerals. The best specimens with crystals up to
combinations, granular, massive. 40 mm (l*/ in) in size, come from LDngban,
Origin and occurrence: Hydrothermal in low- crystallized also from Pajsberg, Sweden. Octahedra, up
temperature deposits, associated with cinnabar, to 10 mm ('/sin), arc described from El Dorado, Gran
tetrahedrite, pyritc and other minerals. Crystals, Sabana, Venezuela. It also occurs in Franklin, New-
several mm long, were found in Moschcllandsberg, Jersey, USA and Jalpa, Zacatecas, Mexico.
Moschellandsbergite. 6 mm giain, Moschellandsberg
Iron
Fe
CUBIC
Chunks, weighing over 10 kg (22 lb) come from Biihl Origin and occurrence: Platinum occurs in magmatic
near Kassel. Germany. Impregnations of iron in segregations, together with chromitc, olivine and
dolcritc occur in the Khuntukun massif and masses up magnetite in ultrabasic rocks; secondary in placers.
to 80 kg (176 lb) are known from Ozernaya Ml., The best crystals up to 15 mm ("/ in) come from
Siberia, Russia. Konder in Khabarovsk Region, small crystals, but
mainly nuggets, weighing up to 11.5 kg (25 lb 5 oz)
found in the Tura River basin near Turiinsk, Ural
Platinum Mountains. Primary platinum is known from deposits
Pt in the vicinity of Nizhniy Tagil, Ural Mountains,
Russia; from the Onvcrwacht mine, Bushveld, South
CUBIC Africa and Sudbury, Ontario, Canada. Fine smaller
nuggets, weighing up to 75 g (165 lb) were found in
Properties: C - steel-gray to dark gray; S - steel-gray to the Trinity River sediments in California. USA and
silver-white; L - metallic; D opaque: DE - 21.5; H the Choco River sediments in Columbia.
4-4.5; CL - none; F - hackly: M - cubic crystals, Application: chemical industry, catalytic convenors,
nuggets, grains and scales. rocket industry.
Arsenic Stibarsen
As SbAs
TRIGONAL TRIGONAL
Properties: C - tin-white, tarnishes quickly to black; Properties: C - tin-white to gray, tarnishes black; S
SB tin-white: L metallic: D opaque; DE - 5.8; H gray; L metallic, sometimes dull; D - opaque: DE
3.5; CL - perfect; F - uneven; M rhombohedral 6.3; II - 3-4; CL perfect; M - indistinct crystals,
crystals, botryoidal aggregates, granular, massive. botryoidal aggregates.
Origin and occurrence: Mainly hydrothermal, Origin and occurrence: In pegmatites with antimony,
together with other As minerals. It forms massive stibiotantalitc and microlite; hydrothermal in ore
veins, up to 200 mm (77 in) thick, with botryoidal veins withpyrargyrite, proustite, pyrostilpnite and
surface in Jachymov, Czech Republic and in Freiberg, dyscrasite. Beautiful botryoidal aggregates of
Germany. In Akatani, Japan, spherical aggregates stibarsen (previously labeled as allemontite), up to
consisting of small crystals were found. It is also 100 mm (approx. 4 in) in size, come from Pribram
known from Sacarimb, Romania. Botryoidal and Trebsko, Czech Republic. Botryoidal aggregates
aggregates of arsenic with leaf gold were found in the up to 80 mm (37s in) and imperfect crystals were
Royal Oak mine. Coromandel, New Zealand. Crystals found in quartz veins in Atlin, British Columbia,
of metamorphic origin come from Sterling Mill, New- Canada. Fine specimens occurred in a Li-bearing
Jersey, USA. pegmatite near Varutrask, Sweden.
TRIGONAL
Bismuth
Bi
TRIGONAL
Bismuth. 20 mm. Cinovec, Czech Republic Graphite. 130 mm. Krichim. Bulgaria
Diamond in Kimberley, South Africa. It yielded gem rough for
c 104 faceted stones, the heaviest of which weighs 531
carats. The largest faceted diamond known, called
cubic Golden Jubilee, was found in the same place in 1986.
It weighed 755 carats before cutting and as a finished
Varieties: bort (opaque technical diamonds), balas stone it weighs 545.65 carats. The dark blue Hope (44
(dark colored, spherical radial aggregates), carbonado carats) and the green Dresden (76 carats) probably
(brown-black to black massive aggregates, up to egg came from India. Absolutely unique red diamond,
sized) weighing 5 carats, which is at the Smithsonian Insti-
Properties: C - colorless, yellow, brown, white, pink, tution, Washington, DC, USA, is of unknown origin.
black, red, blue, green; S - white; L - adamantine; D Application: the most popular gemstone, bort and
- transparent to translucent; DE - 3.5; H - 10; CL - carbonado varieties are used as abrasives.
perfect; F - conchoidal; M - octahedral and cubic
crystals: LU - sometimes fluorescent, sometimes
phosphorescent. Sulfur
Origin and occurrence: Primary magmatic s
occurrences are limited to kimberlitc pipes, secondary
occurrences to placers. Large primary deposits are ORTHORHOMBIC
known from South Africa (Premier mine, Kimberley)
and Yakutia, Russia (pipes in the vicinity of Mirnyi). Properties: C sulfur-yellow, yellow-brown, greenish,
Primary and secondary occurrences of diamonds are reddish to yellowish-gray; S - white; L - resinous to
located in lamproites and placers near Argyle, greasy; D transparent to translucent; DE - 2.1; II -
Western Australia. Australia. Most historical dia- 1.5-2.5: CL imperfect: F conchoidal to uneven: M -
monds from India (Golconda). Brazil (Diamantina, dipyramidal, disphcnoidic and thick tabular crystals,
Minas Gerais), Congo. Angola and Namibia were botryoidal and stalactitic aggregates.
found in placer deposits. Diamonds of industrial Origin and occurrence: Hydrothermal product of
grade always prevail over the gem quality stones. The fumaroles, product of an activity of microorganisms,
largest gem-grade diamond ever found, the Cullinan, disintegration of sulfides and acidic chcmical reactions;
weighing 3106 carats, comes from the Premier mine associated with gypsum, anhydrite, aragonite, calcite.
Diamond, 15 mm x, Mirnyi, Russia
Selenium
Se
TRIGONAL
Tellurium
Te
TRIGONAL
Selenium. 110 mm, Klatino, Czech Republic Tellurium. 1 mm xx, Zlatna, Romania
2. Sulfides
Domeykite. 3 mm x, Rudabanya, Hungary
Algodonit
Cu6AS
HEXAGONAL
Domeykite
CujAs
CUBIC Allargentum
Ag|_ x Sb x
Properties: C - tin-white to steel-gray, it tarnishes
yellow and covers with a brown coating; S - gray; L HEXAGONAL
- metallic; D - opaque: DE - 7,9; H - 3-3,5; CL -
none; F - uneven; M - botryoidal aggregates, Properties: C - silver-white; S - gray; L - metallic;
massive. D - opaque; DE - 10,1; H - not determined; CL -
Origin and occurrence: Hydrothermal with copper, none; M - small crystals, granular.
cuprite, algodonite and silver. Common in masses, Origin and occurrence: Hydrothermal in the silver-
weighing several kg, together with algodonite in the bearing ore veins, associated with silver,
Keweenaw Peninsula, Michigan, USA. The largest breithauptite and dyscrasite. Crystals up to 1 mm ('/
accumulations are known from Talmessi and Anarak, in) known from Hartenstein, Germany. Its inter-
Iran. It occurs near Copiap and Chanarcillo, Chile. growths with silver ores were found in Cobalt,
Massive aggregates in cuprite up to 50 mm (2 in) Ontario, Canada. It is also known from Broken Hill,
come from Biloves, Czech Republic. New South Wales, Australia and microscopic in
Rejska vein in Kutna Hora, Czech Republic.
Sphalerite. 56 mm. Picos de Europa. Spain
Algodonite. 60 mm. Keweenaw Peninsula. U.S.A. Allargentum, 50 mm, Schlema. Germany
Dyscrasite tabular crystals, granular, massive.
Ag 3 Sb Origin and occurrence: Hydrothcrmal, also sedi-
mentary and metamorphic, mostly secondary, in the
ORTHORHOMBIC oxidation and cementation zones of ore deposits. It
occurs together with pyrite, chalcopyrite, covellite,
Properties: C" - silver-white, it tarnishes yellow to bornitc and other minerals. Crystals up to 25 cm (97
black; S - silver-white; L - metallic; D - opaque; DE in) found in the M'Sesa mine, Zaire. Beautiful
- 9,7; H - 3,5-4; CL - good; F - uneven; M - crystals several cm across come from Redruth and St
pyramidal and prismatic crystals, granular, massive. Just, Cornwall, UK. Crystals over 20 mm ("fo in)
Origin and occurrence: Hydrothermal in the ore across occurred in Bristol, Connecticut and in Butte.
veins, associated with silver, stibarsen, pvrargyrite, Montana. Crystals up to 50 mm (2 in) in size known
calcite and other minerals. The best specimens come from the Flambeau mine near Ladysmith, Wisconsin,
from the silver-bearing veins, cross-cutting the U USA. Shiny cyclic twins of crystals up to 20 mm
deposit Hajc near Paibram, Czech Republic, where ("A; in) found in Dzhczkazgan. Kazakhstan. Massive
prismatic crystals up to 50 mm (approx. 2 in) long aggregates are important Cu ore in Rio Tinto, Spain;
and striated tabular twins were found. They arc Bor. Serbia; Bisbee, Arizona. USA and Tsumeb,
mostly embedded in stibarsen; all the specimens, Namibia.
appearing in the mineral shows, are etched out of Application: important Cu ore.
matrix. Deformed crystals of completely different
habit are known from St. Andreasberg, Germany.
Crystals occurred also in the Consols mine in Djurleite
Broken Hill, New South Wales, Australia. Cu
31sl6
MONOCLINIC
Chalcocite
Cu 2 S Properties: C - lead-gray to black; S - lead-gray; L
- metallic; D - opaque; DE - 5.8; H - 2,5-3; CL -
MONOCLINIC none; F - conchoidal: M - short prismatic to tabular
crystals, granular, massive.
Properties: C - lead-gray to black: S - lead-gray to Origin and occurrence: Secondary as a product of
black; L - metallic; D - opaque: DE - 5,8; 11 - 2,5- the cementation zone in ore deposits. Crystals up to
3; CL - imperfect; F - conchoidal; M - prismatic to 10 mm (7 in) across known from the Botallack mine
TETRAGONAL
MONOCLINIC
Aguilarite
Ag 4 SeS
ORTHORHOMBIC
Hessite
Ag 2 Te Properties: C lead-gray, tarnishes black; S gray-
black; L metallic; D - opaque; DE - 7,7; H - 2,5;
MONOCLINIC CL - none: F - hackly; M - skeletal crystals,
massive.
Pmperties: C - lead to steel-gray, tarnishes black: S - Origin and occurrence: Hydrothermal in ore veins,
light gray; L - metallic; D opaque; DE - 8,4; H - 2- together with silver, stephanitc, proustite, pearccitc,
3; CL - imperfect; F - even; M pseudo-cubic crystal calcite and quartz. The best crystallized specimens
combinations, granular, massive. with crystals up to 30 mm (1'/ in) across come from
Origin and occurrence: Hydrothermal in medium- the San Carlos mine, Guanajuato and Chontalpan,
and low-temperature ore veins together with calave- Taxco, Guerrero, Mexico. It is also known in inter-
Hessite. 31 mm. Botes. Romania
m
i 4
growths with acanthitc and naumannite from the Argyrodite. 34 mm. Mexico
Comstock Lode, Virginia City. Nevada, USA.
Argyrodite
Ag 8 GeS 6
ORTHORHOMBIC
Stromeyerite
AgCuS
ORTHORHOMBIC
25
4
Pentlandite. 90 mm. Sudbury. Canada Sphalerite. 70 mm, Olkusz, Poland
Pentlandite Sphalerite
(Fe,Ni) 9 S 8 ZnS
CUBIC
Properties: C - light bronze to red-brown: S - light Varieties: clciophane (green, yellow, orange),
bronze; L - metallic; D - opaque; DE - 5,0; H - 3.5- marmatitc (black)
4: CL none; F - conchoidal; M - crystals, massive.
Origin and occurrence: Typical magmatic liquid Properties: C colorless, yellow, orange, green,
mineral, associated with pyrrhotite and chalcopyrite. brown, black: S - brownish, light yellow, white; L -
It is common in Sudbury, Ontario, Canada, as mostly resinous to adamantine; D transparent, translucent,
microscopic inclusions in chalcopyrite, but also as opaque; DE - 4,1; H - 3,5-4; CL perfect; F -
impcrfect crystals. Large accumulations are known conchoidal; M - tctrahedral and dodccahedral
from Talnakh near Norilsk, Siberia, Russia, where it crystals, botryoidal. fibrous and stalactitic aggregates,
occurs together with Cu, Pt and Pd sulfides. It is also massive; LU - sometimes orange.
important ore in the deposit near Rustenburg, South Origin and occurrence: Magmatic (liquid, in pegma-
Africa. tites); hydrothermal in low- to high-temperature
deposits, skarns, hydrothcrmal sedimentary deposits;
Application: the most important Ni ore.
Sphalerite. 31 mm. Elmwood, U.S.A.
rare sedimentary and metamorphic. It occurs together Chalcopyrite, lOmmxx, Cavnic, Romania
with galena, pyrite. chalcopyrite, marcasite, fluorite.
barite, quartz and other minerals. Beautiful crystals up
to 100 mm (4 in) across come from Trepea, Serbia.
Green and red crystals up to 100 mm (4 in) known
from Cananea, Sonora, Mexico. Fine yellow crystals
up to 30 mm (l'/u in) were common in Banska "tiav-
nica, Slovakia; similar crystals occur in Madan, Bulga-
ria. The most beautiful yellow, orange and red crystals
up to 150 mm (6 in) across found in Picos de Europa,
Santander, Spain. They arc sometimes faccted. Brown
crystals up to 50 mm (2 in) come from .loplin,
Missouri; stalactitic aggregates up to 150 mm (6 in)
long come from Galena, Illinois, USA. Perfect black,
shiny crystals and twins up to 50 mm (2 in) are famous
from Dalnegorsk, Russia; yellow crystals, up to 30 Chalcopyrite
mm (l'/u. in), occurred in Dzhezkazgan, Kazakhstan. CuFeSj
Transparent crystals up to 30 mm (17> in) also found
in Franklin, New Jersey, USA. Green crystals up to TETRAGONAL
100 mm (approx. 4 in) across occurred in the Big Four
mine, Colorado, USA. Crystals up to 50 mm (2 in) Properties: C - brass-yellow, tarnishes iridescent; S
known from the Oppu mine, Aomori. Japan. - green-black; L - metallic; D - opaque; DE - 4.3;
Application: principal Zn ore. H - 3,5-4; CL - imperfect; F - uneven; M -
tetrahedral crystals, botryoidal aggregates, massive.
Origin and occurrence: Magmatic. hydrothermal
Coloradoite and sedimentary, in association with sphalerite,
HgTe galena, tetrahedritc. pyrite and many other sulfides.
Fine crystals up to 30 mm (I Vie in) across are known
CUBIC from Banska "tiavnica, Slovakia and from Cavnic.
Romania.
Properties: C - black-gray; S - black-gray; L Crystals up to 120 mm (4"/iin) across, associated
metallic; D - opaque; DE - 8,1; H - 2,5; CL - none; with other sulfides, come from the Nikolai mine in
F - uneven to conchoidal; M granular, massive. Dalnegorsk. Russia. Beautiful crystals up to 120 mm
Origin and occurrence: Hydrothermal, associated (4'7in) found in Japan (Arawaka. Osarizawa). Fine
with altaite, calaveritc, krenncrite, gold, pyritc and crystals reaching up to several cm occur in Peru
other minerals in Au-bearing veins. It was common (Huanzala, Huaron). Massive aggregates are
in Cripple Creek and in the Smuggler mine, important Cu ore in Sudbury. Ontario, Canada;
Colorado; in the Norwegian mine. California, USA. Bingham, Utah; Bisbee, Arizona, USA and Rio
Grains, reaching up to several mm, come from Tinto, Spain.
Jilove, Czech Republic. Application: important Cu ore. , +-
27
Luzonite, 60 mm. Recsk, Hungary Germanite, 40 mm. Tsumeb, Namibia
Stannite CUBIC
Cu 2 FeSnS 4
Properties: C - pink to purple-grey, S - black, L -
TETRAGONAL metallic, D - opaque, DE - 4,5, H - 4, CL - none, F
- uneven, M - tetrahcdral crystals, granular,
Properties: : C - steel-gray to black, tarnishes blue; massive.
Origin and occurrence: Hydrothermal, often inter-
Stannite, 10 mm xx. Potosi. Bolivia grown with tennantite, bornite and other minerals. It
was important only in one particular place in
Tsumeb, Namibia, where larger accumulations were
found. Smaller occurrences are known from the
Shikanai mine, Japan; small cubic crystals come
from the Humboldt mine, Colorado, USA.
Tennantite
Cu|2AS4S,3
CUBIC
Tetrahedrite
Cu|2Sb4S|3
CUBIC
29
Freibergite, / 5 mm xx, Obecnice. Czech Republic translucent to opaque; DE - 4,1; H - 3,5-4; CL -
good; M - pyramidal, prismatic to thick tabular,
striated crystals, concentric banded and radial
aggregates.
Origin and occurrence: Hydrothermal in ore veins
with sphalerite, marcasite. pyrite and other minerals.
Also of low-temperature origin along the cracks of
clay concretions. The best wurtzite crystals come from
Bolivia; crystals up to 40 mm (l'/'is in) across from
Animas and crystals up to 20 mm ("/ in) across from
Llallagua and Potosi. Fine crystals up to 30 mm (l'/
in) across found in Talnakh near Norilsk, Siberia,
Russia. Interesting radial aggregates, up to several cm
in diameter, occurred in Poibram, Czech Republic.
Greenockite
CdS
Freibergite HEXAGONAL
(Ag,Cu,Fe)|2(Sb,As)4S|3
Properties: C - yellow to orange, dark red; S -
CUBIC orange-yellow to brick-red; L - adamantine to
resinous; D - opaque to tiaiislucent, DE - 4 , 8 ; H - 3-
Properties: C - gray to black; S - black, brown to 3,5; CL - good; F - conchoidal; M - trillings,
dark red; L - metallic; D opaque; DE - 5,4; H - 3- pulverulent coatings.
4,5; CL - none; F - uneven to conchoidal; M - Origin and occurrence: Mainly secondary as
tetrahedral crystals, massive. pulverulent coatings on sphalerites. It also occurs in
Origin and occurrence: Hydrothermal in ore cavities of volcanic rocks together with prehnite,
deposits, associated with many sulfides and zeolites and calcite. Crystals are known from ore
sulfosalts. It is mainly massive in the Himmelsfurst veins in Llallagua, Bolivia. Pulverulent coatings are
mine in Freiberg, Germany; Cobalt, Ontario, Canada described from Poibram. Czech Republic; Bleiberg,
and in Mount Isa, Queensland, Australia. It was a Austria and from the deposits in the Tri State region,
principal Ag ore in KutnA Hora, Czech Republic. Missouri, USA. Crystals up to 10 mm ('/ in)
Application: Ag ore. occurred in the cavities of volcanic rocks near
Renfrew, Scotland UK.
Wurtzite
ZnS Enargite
cujAss^
HEXAGONAL
ORTHORHOMBIC
Properties: C - dark red-brown, dark brown to brown-
black; S - brown; L - resinous to submetallic; D - Properties: C - gray-black to black; S - gray-black;
Wurtzite, 30 mm xx, Animas, Bolivia Grenockite, 20 mm, Ocna de Fier, Romania
~>r\
Enargite, 41 mm, Butte. U.S.A.
L - metallic; D - opaque; DE - 4,4; H - 3; CL -
perfect; F - uneven; M - tabular and prismatic,
striated crystals, massive.
Origin and occurrence: Hydrothcrmal in medium-
temperature, sometimes in low-temperature deposits,
associated with quartz, pyrite, sphalerite, galena, bor-
nite and other minerals. Beautiful crystals, up to 100
mm (4 in) across, come from the Luz Angelica mine
in Quiruvilca; crystals up to 150 mm (6 in) across
from Morococha and Cerro de Pasco, Peru. Fine crys-
tals were found in Butte, Montana, USA and in Man-
\ HI I
cayano. Luzon, Philippines. It occurs as a principal Cu
ore in several deposits (Bor, Serbia; Huaron, Peru).
Application: Cu ore.
m
Cubanite
C^FeSj
!
.
:m h
ORTHORHOMBIC
31
Sternbergite, 20 mm, St.Andreasberg, Germany Argentopyrite, 60 mm, M?d?nec, Czech Republic
Sternbergite Argentopyrite
Ag 2 FeS 3 AgjFeSj
ORTHORHOMBIC ORTHORHOMBIC
MONOCLINIC
Breithauptite
NiSb
HEXAGONAL
33
Milleriie. 26 mm. Antwerp. U.S.A.
CUBIC
35
AImile. 65 mm, Stania, Romania Origin and occurrence: Hydrothermal in vein Au
deposits, associated with other tellurides, galena and
other minerals. Crystals up to 20 mm ("Aj in) across
arc known from the Revenge mine, Colorado, USA.
It is massive with aguilarite in Kalgoorlie. Western
Australia, Australia. It is relatively common with
other tellurides in Sacarimb , Romania; in the
Zavodinskii mine, Altai, Russia and in Zod near
Sevan Lake, Armenia.
Miargyrite
AgSbS 2
MONOCLINIC
Cinnabar
HgS
TRIGONAL
Cylindrite
PbjSn^FeSbjSn
TRICLINIC
37
Covellite. 65 mm. Butte. U.S.A. and Summitville, Colorado. USA; also from
Sarrabus, Sardinia. Italy. Massive aggregates are
common in Bor, Serbia; Bisbee, Arizona, USA and
elsewhere.
Application: C u ore.
Linneite
Co2+CO3+2S4
CUBIC
Carrolite
Cu(Co,Ni) 2 S 4
Covellite CUBIC
CuS
Properties: C - light to steel-gray, tarnishing red-
HEXAGONAL purple; S - gray; L metallic; D - opaque; DE - 4.8;
H - 4,5-5,5; CL - imperfcct; F - conchoidal to
Properties: C indigo-blue, tarnishing iridescent; S uneven; M - octahedral crystals, granular, massive.
- lead-gray; L - submetallic to resinous; D opaque; Origin and occurrence: Hydrothermal in ore veins,
DE - 4,6; H - 1,5-2; CL - perfect; F - uneven; M - associated with linneite, chalcopyrite and other
hexagonal tabular crystals, massive. minerals. It is a principal Co ore in deposits in Zaire.
Origin and occurrence: Rare hydrothermal; mainly Beautiful crystals up to 20 mm ("/ in) across are
secondary in the oxidation zone of ore deposits, known from the M'Sesa mine near Kambove,
associated with chalcopyritc. chalcocitc. djurleite, Kolwezi and from Kamoto, Shaba.
bornite and other minerals. Tabular crystals up to 30 Application: C o ore.
mm (1 V in) across are known from Butte, Montana
Linneite. 60 mm. Ruwenzori. Uganda Carrollite. >1 mm x. Kambove. Zair
Stibnite. 187 mm. Ichinokawa. Japan
Stibnite
Sb 2 S 3
ORTHORHOMBIC
Properties: C - steel-gray, tarnishing iridescent or
black; S - lead-gray; L - metallic; D - opaque; DE -
4,6; H 2; CL - perfect; F - conchoidal to uneven;
M - thick to thin prismatic crystals, thin needles,
massive.
Origin and occurrence: Hydrothermal in medium- and
low-temperature ore veins with quartz and gold, the
other associated minerals are rare (arsenopyrite,
berthierite. gudmundite. antimony). The largest known
stibnite crystals occurred in the in the Ichinokawa
mine. Shikoku. Japan, where they were up to 60 cm
(24 in) long. Similar sized crystals were found recently
in several localities in China (the Xikuangshan mine,
Hunan). Crystals up to 200 mm (77 in) across come
from Manhattan. Nevada, USA. Beautiful crystals are
known from Romania; long prismatic ones with barite
crystals are prevalent in Baia Spric, clusters of thin
needles come from Heija and thick prismatic crystals
from Baiu). Perfect druses of crystals up to 150 mm (6
in) long, associated with purple fluorite crystals, barite
and calcite, occurred in Kadamdzhai. Kyrgyzstan.
Beautiful druses of stibnite crystals with quartz come
also from Kremnica, Slovakia. Also Kostajnik. Serbia
and La Lucette, France yielded line crystals in ihe past.
Application: Sb ore.
39
Bismuthinite, 160 mm. Tasna. Bolivia Tetradvmite, SO mm, Ciclova, Romania
Bismuthinite
Bi 2 S 3
opaque: DE - 6,8; H 2-2,5; CL perfect; F -
ORTHORHOMBIC uneven; M - thick prismatic to acicular, striated
crystals, fibrous aggregates, massive.
Properties: C lead-gray to tin-white, tarnishing Origin and occurrence: Hydrothermal in ore
yellow and iridescent; S - lead-gray; L metallic; D deposits; also in recent volcanic exhalation deposits,
associated with bismuth, arsenopyritc, stannite,
Kermesite. 20 mm xx, Freiberg. Germany galena and other minerals. The world's best crystals
over 50 mm (2 in) long, come from Bolivia (Tasna;
Huanuni; Llallagua). Fine crystals were also found in
Redruth, Cornwall, UK. Rich finds were made in
Biggendcn. Queensland. Australia. Interesting
crystals are known from Spind, Norway.
Application: Bi ore.
Kermesite
Sb2S20
TRICLINIC
Sylvanite
(Au,Ag) 2 Te 4
MONOCLINIC
Nagyagite
Pb 5 Au(Te,Sb) 4 S s _ 8
TETRAGONAL
41
Krennerite, J mm xx. Sacarimb. Romania
Pyrite
FeS 2
CUBIC
Calaverite
AuTe 2
MONOCLINIC
up to 200 mm (7V in) across occurred in the Samo Hauerite. 39 mm, Raddusa, Italy
mine near Hnust'a , Slovakia. Interesting, complex
combinations of crystals found in Nanisivik, on an
edge from Climax, Colorado, USA.
Application: production of sulfuric acid.
Hauerite
MnS 2
CUBIC
43
Sperrylite, 55 mm, Talnakh, Russia Origin and occurrence: Hydrothermal in quartz
veins, associated with gold and other Sb minerals.
Grains up to 5 mm (Vif in) across come from Krasna
Hora, Czech Republic. It also occurs in the Giant
Yellovvknife mine. Northwest Territories and Hemlo,
Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada and is also reported
from Bestyubc, Kazakhstan.
Krut'aite
CuSe 2
CUBIC
Cobaltite
CoAsS
ORTHORHOMBIC
Aurostibite
AuSb 2
CUBIC
A 1
with magnetite, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, other sulfides ant in several mines near Sudbury and Cobalt, Ontario,
and arsenides of Co and Ni. The best dodccahcdra. Canada. Large cleavable masses are known from Dob-
several cm across, come from metamorphic sulfide sina, Rudnany and Nizna Slana, Slovakia. Crystals
deposits in Tunabcrg, Sweden. Other Swedish from the Ait Ahmane mine near Bou Azzer, Morocco,
localities, like HSkansboda and Ramsberg, yielded reached up to 40 mm (17i in). Application: Ni ore.
crystals up to 60 mm (24 in) across. Fine crystals
about 10 mm (7s in) occurred in the magnesite deposit Gersdorffite. lOmmxx, Bou Azzer. Morocco
Mutnik near Hnust'a , Slovakia. Cubic crystals up to
30 mm (l'Ac in) across found in Espanola, Ontario,
Canada. Beautiful crystals arc known from the skarn
in Bimbowrie, South Australia, Australia.
Application: C o ore.
Gersdorfite
NiAsS
CUBIC
45
Ullmanite, 60 mm, Sou Cricha. Morocco Lolling, Austria. Crystals up to 10 mm ('/> in) were
found in Ksice near Steibro, Czech Republic. It is
common in Broken Hill. New South Wales, Australia
and in Cochabamba, Bolivia.
Application: Ni ore.
Marcasite
FeS2
ORTHORHOMBIC
Safflorite
(Co,Fe)As 2
ORTHORHOMBIC
Rammelsbergite
NiAs 2
ORTHORHOMBIC
Lollingite
FeAsj Properties: C tin-white, pinkish; S gray-black: L
metallic; D - opaque: DE - 7,1; H - 5,5-6; CL -
ORTHORHOMBIC good: F - uneven; M - prismatic crystals, radial and
fibrous aggregates, massive.
Properties: C - steel-gray to silver-white; S - gray- Origin and occurrence: Hydrothermal in medium-
black; L - metallic; D - opaque; DE 7,5; H 5-5,5: temperature veins associated with other Ni and Co
CL - sometimes good; F uneven; M prismatic minerals. Botryoidal aggregates come from
crystals, massive. Schneeberg, Germany. It is common in Sarrabus,
Origin and occurrence: Magmatic in pegmatites; Sardinia, Italy; in the Eldorado mine near Great Bear
hydrothermal in greisens and Sn-W veins, rare in the Lake: in Cobalt, Ontario. Canada and Bou Azzer,
other types of ore veins, together with skutterudite, Morocco.
47
Arsenopyrite, 26 mm v. Portal. Mexico Shiny crystals up to 30 mm (1V in) across, come from
Hunan province, China. Application: As ore.
Gudmundite
FeSbS
MONOCLINIC
Skutterudite
COASJ.J
CUBIC
49
Proustite, 25 mm, Chanarcillo, Chile
Proustite
AgjAsS3
TRIGONAL
TRIGONAL
Xanthoconite
AgjAsSj
MONOCLINIC
Properties: C - dark crimson, orange-yellow to Origin and occurrence: Hydrothcrmal in ore veins
yellow-brown; S - orange-yellow; L - adamantine; together with proustite, pyrargyrite, acanthite. arse-
D - translucent; DE - 5,5; H - 2-3; CL - good; F - nic and calcite. Botryoidal masses with yellow
conchoidal; M - tabular and lath-like crystals, crystals up to 7mm (*/ in) long come from Freiberg;
botryoidal and radial aggregates. other important localities arc St Andreasberg,
Germany; Ste-Marie-aux- Mines, France; Cobalt,
Xanthoconite. 2 mm xx, Marienherg, Germany Ontario, Canada; Pribram, Trcbsko and Jachymov,
Czech Republic.
PyrostUpnite
Ag 3 SbS 3
MONOCLINIC
51
Samsonite, 12 mm x, St.Andreasberg, Germany
Samson ite
Ag4MnSb2S6
MONOCLINIC
Chalcostibite
CuSbS 2
ORTHORHOMBIC
in size. The world's best crystals up to 16 cm (6s/.t in) molybdenite, quartz, tetrahedrite and other minerals.
long were discovered recently near St Pons. France. Fine acicular crystals up to 30 mm (l'/i* in) long
come from Krupka. Czech Republic. Crystallized
specimens were also found in Wittichen and
Emplectite Johanngeorgenstadt, Germany; Colquijirca. Peru and
CuBiSj in the Akenobe mine, Japan.
ORTHORHOMBIC
Wittichenite
Properties: C - gray to tin-white; S - gray; L - Cu^BiSj
metallic; D - opaque: DE - 6,4; H - 2; CL - perfect; F
- conchoidal to uneven; M - thin prismatic to acicular ORTHORHOMBIC
striated crystals.
Origin and occurrence: Hydrothermal in high- Properties: C - steel-gray to tin-white, tarnishing
temperature veins associated with chalcopyrite. yellow to steel-gray; S black; L - metallic; D -
opaque; DE - 6,2: H - 2-3; CL - none; F -
Berthierite. 98 mm. Herja. Romania conchoidal; M - prismatic crystals, massive.
Origin and occurrence: Hydrothermal in ore veins,
associated with other Bi minerals, Cu-Fe sulfides,
selenidcs and secondary U minerals. It occurs in
Wittichen, Germany: Baita Bihorului. Romania;
Tsumeb, Namibia and Cerro de Pasco, Peru.
Berthierite
FeSb 2 S 4
ORTHORHOMBIC
53
Stephanite, S mm xx. Zacatecas. Mexico Origin and occurrence: Hydrothermal in low- to
medium-temperature deposits with acanthite, silver,
proustite, quartz, barite and calcite. Crystals several
mm across are known from Jachymov, Moldava and
Midinec, Czech Republic; from Arqueros, Chile and
from the Veta Rica mine, Coahuila, Mexico. Crystals
up to 12 mm ("/! in) across were found in the Cari-
bou mine, Colorado. USA; also in Dzhezkazgan,
Kazakhstan.
Huge accumulations of almost pure pearceite
occurrcd in the Mollie Gibson mine near Aspen,
Colorado, USA.
Application: Ag ore.
Polybasite
(Ag,Cu)|6Sb2S| |
MONOCLINIC
Properties: C black; S black; L metallic; D
Bopaque; DE 6,4; H 2-3; CL - imperfect; F -
uneven; M pseudo-hexagonal tabular crystals,
massive.
Origin and occurrence: Hydrothermal in low- to
medium-temperature ore veins, associated with
Pearceite. 15 mm xx, Guanajuato. Mexico
Stephanite
Ag 5 SbS 4
ORTHORHOMBIC
Properties: C black; S black; L - metallic; D -
opaque; DE - 6,3; H 2-2,5; CL - imperfect; F -
conchoidal; M short prismatic to tabular striated
crystals, massive.
Origin and occurrence: Late hydrothermal mineral in
Ag deposits, associated with proustite. acanthitc,
silver, tctrahedrite, galena, sphalerite and pyrite.
Crystals up to 40 mm (17i in) long come from
Pribram and Jachymov, Czech Republic and from St.
Andreasberg, Germany. Crystals up to 50 mm (2 in)
across found in the Las Chispas mine, Arizpe, Sonora,
Mexico and Hiendelaencina. Spain. Smaller crystals
occurred in Freiberg, Schneeberg and Annaberg,
Germany. Application: Ag ore.
Pearceite
A
g|4As2Sl I
MONOCLINIC
MONOCLINIC
Livingstonite
HgSb4S8
MONOCLINIC
55
Bournoniie. 62 mm, Cornwall. UK
Bournonite Aikinite
PbCuSbSj PbCuBiSj
ORTHORHOMBIC ORTHORHOMBIC
Andorile
PbAgSb 3 S 6
ORTHORHOMBIC
Betekhtinite
Cu| 0 (Fe,Pb)S 6
ORTHORHOMBIC
57
Freieslebenite. 2 mm .oc. Baia Sprie, Rumania
MONOCLINIC
Diaphorite
Properties: C - light steel-gray, lead-gray to silver- Pb 2 Ag 3 Sb 3 S3
white; S - light steel-gray, lead-gray to silver-white;
L - metallic; D opaque; DE - 6,2; H - 2-2,5; CL - MONOCLINIC
imperfect: F - conchoidal to uneven; M prismatic,
striated crystals. Properties: C - steel-gray: S - steel-gray; L - metal-
Origin and occurrence: Hydrothermal in ore deposits, lic; D opaque: DE - 6,0; H - 2,5-3; CL none; F
associated with acanthitc, pyrargyrite. silver, galena, conchoidal to uneven; M prismatic striated crys-
siderite and andorite. tals.
Crystals up to 20 mm ("/ in) across come from the Origin and occurrence: Hydrothermal in medium-
Santa Cecilia, Guadalajara, Spain; Freiberg, Germany; temperature ore veins, associated with galena.
ret
sphalerite, pyrargyrite, pyrite and other minerals. Rathite. 60 mm. Binntal. Switzerland
Beautiful striated crystals up to 10 mm ('/in) come
from the cavities of quartz veins in Poibram; rare
small crystals, several mm across found in the
cavities of quartz veins in the St. Antoni de Padua
gallery in Kutna Hora, Czech Republic. Complica-
ted combinations of crystals were described from
Braunsdorf, Germany. Crystals up to 80 mm (3'A
in) long occurred in Hiendelaencina, Guadalajara,
Spain. It is also reported from Catorce, San Luis
Potosi, Mexico.
Sartorite
PbAs 2 S 4
Rathite
MONOCLINIC (Pb,TI)3AssS|0
59
Jordanite. I 2 mm x. Binntal. Switzerland
MONOCLINIC
An
Jamesonite. 30 mm xx. Sombrerete. Mexico
Zinkenite
Pb9Sb22S 4 2
HEXAGONAL
Jamesonite
Pb4FeSb6S|4
MONOCLINIC
61
Semseyite good; M - acicular striated crystals, fibrous and felt-
Pb9Sb8S2| like aggregates.
Origin and occurrence: Hydrothermal in low- and
MONOCLINIC medium-temperature ore veins, together with other
Pb sulfosalts, galena, sphalerite and other minerals.
Properties: C - gray to black: S - black; L Fine needles over 100 mm (4 in) long come from
metallic; D - opaque; DE - 6,1; H - 2,5; CL - cavities in quartz in Pribram, Czech Republic. It is
perfect; M tabular and prismatic crystals and their common in the Cocur d'Alene district, Idaho, USA.
rosette-like aggregates. Acicular crystals up to 30 cm (12 in) long were
Origin and occurrence: Hydrothcrmal in medium- found in Trepea. Serbia and Leadville, Colorado,
temperature veins, associated with jamesonitc, USA. It is also known from Wolfsberg. Germany and
bournonite, zinkenite, sphalerite and other minerals. Bolivia (Colqucchaca, Huanuni, Isca-Isca).
Fine rosctte-Iike aggregates of crystals over 10 mm
('/ in) across come from Baia Sprie, Hetja and
Rodna, Romania. It was also found in the San Jose Cosalite
mine, Oruro, Bolivia: Wolfsbcrg, Germany and PbjBijSs
Huancavelica, Peru.
ORTHORHOMBIC
pyrite, pyrite, cobaltitc and other minerals. Elonga- Kobellite. 20 mm xx. Roz'nava, Slovakia
ted crystals are known from Crodo, Italy. Fine
needles up to 40 mm (PA in) long, included in
quartz crystals, were found in Kara-Oba, Kazakh-
stan. It occurs also in Au deposits (Homestake mine.
South Dakota. USA) or in skams (Bai(a Bihorului.
Romania).
Kobellite
Pb22CU4(Bi,Sb)30S69
ORTHORHOMBIC
63
4-
Orpiment
AS2S3
MONOCLINIC
Properties: C - lemon-yellow to bronze-yellow; S -
light lemon-yellow; L - resinous to pearly; D transpa-
rent to translucent; DE - 3,5; H - 1,5-2; CL - perfect;
M prismatic crystals, foliated and fibrous aggregates.
Origin and occurrence: Hydrothermal in low-tempcra-
ture veins, together with realgar, stibnite. calcite etc.,
also from hot springs and fiimaroles. It is also a com-
mon product of realgar oxidation. The best crystals up
r t
Getchellite, 60 mm. Khaidarkan. Kyrgystan
to 100 mm (4 in) long come from Shimen, Hunan.
China. Fine clcavable lamellae occur in Lukhumi,
Georgia and Men-Kyule, Yakutia, Russia. Crystals up
to 50 mm (2 in) across found in the La Libertad mine,
Quiruvilca and Huayllapon. Ancash, Peru. Crystals up
to 80 mm (3'/ in) long described from the Getcheil
mine, Nevada, USA.. Fine specimens are also known
from Allchar. Macedonia and Khaidarkan. Kyrgyzstan.
Application: As ore, pigment.
Getch el lite
AsSbS 3
MONOCLINIC
65
3. Halides
Fluellite. 10 mm x. Horni Slavkov. Czech Republic
Fluellite
Al2 ( P 0 4 ) F 2 ( 0 H ) .7 H z O
ORTHORHOMBIC
67
Creedite. 70 mm, Santa Eulalia, Mexico pyramidal and tabular crystals, granular; LU -
strong; R decomposes under wet conditions.
Origin and occurrence: Sedimentary, one of the last
products of evaporation of salty solutions; also
supergene as a product of a reaction of older salts
with solutions, rich in potassium, associated with
halite, sylvite and other minerals. Crystals up to 40
mm (17:> in) across are known from the vicinity of
Carlsbad, New Mexico, USA. Nice crystals come
also from Stassfurt and Alexanderhall, Germany.
Massive aggregates are common in many salt
deposits, like in Saskatchewan, Canada; in Kalush,
Ukraine and elsewhere.
Application: : the most important potassium salt,
used as fertilizer and for production of metal Mg.
Atacamite
Cu2CI(OH)J
ORTHORHOMBIC
Carnallite
KMgClj .6 H 2 0
ORTHORHOMBIC
ro
Alacamile, 78 mm, Atacama. Chile
69
Cumengite, 21 mm. Boleo, Mexico boleite cubes. Origin and occurrence: Secondary in
the oxidation zone of Cu deposits in the arid climate,
associated with boleite. The largest crystals up to 35
mm (IV. in) are known from Boleo, Baja California,
Mexico. It is also reported from Newport Beach near
Falmouth. Cornwall, UK.
lodargyrite
P-Agl
HEXAGONAL
Villiaumite
NaF
CUBIC
lodargyrite, 2 mm XX. Rudabdnya, Hungary Villiaumite, 10 mm xr. Khibiny Massif. Kola. Russia
Halite mcntary, as a result of evaporation of sea water,
NaCI associated with sylvitc, eamallitc and other minerals.
Very fine cubes over 10 mm ('/ in) are known from
CUBIC Weliczka and Bochnia, Poland. Blue cleavable aggre-
gates are found in Bernburg, Germany. Salt deposits
Properties: C - colorlcss, gray, white, red. blue; S - in Austria (Hallstatt, Hallein) are also important.
white; L vitreous; DE - 2.2; H - 2; CL - perfect; F Huge halite deposits, associated with potassium salts
- conchoidal; .W - cubic crystals, granular, massive; are mined in the vicinity of Stassfurt, Germany. Fine
R - soluble in water. skeletal crystals are known from many localities in
Origin and occurrence: Product of high-temperature California, USA.
fumaroles (Etna. Mt. Vesuvius; Italy); mainly sedi- Application: food and chemical industries.
Halite. 18 mm xx, Sonora, Mexico
71
Sylvite, 77 mm. California. U.S.A. Sal ammoniac. 10 mm x, Batonyterenye. Hungary
CUBIC cubic
Properties: C - white, gray, blue, red; S - white; L - Properties: C - colorless, white, gray, yellow, brown; S
vitreous; D - transparent; DE - 2; H - 2; CL - per- - white; L - vitreous; D transparent; DE - 1.5; H -
fect; F - uneven; M - cubic crystals and their com- 1-2; CL - imperfect; F - conchoidal; M -
binations; granular, massive; R - soluble in water. combinations of cubic crystals, dendritic and skeletal
Origin and occurrence: Sedimentary as a result of aggregates; earthy.
evaporation of sea water, together with halite, Origin and occurrence: Typical mineral for
carnallite and other minerals. Nice cubes up to 50 fumaroles and burning coal dumps, associated with
mm (2 in) come from Stassfurt; it forms stalactites in sulfur and other minerals. Complicated crystals are
Wathlingen, Germany. Crystals are also known from known from Mt. Vesuvius. Etna and Vulcano, Italy.
Kalush. Ukraine and from Salton Sea, California, Crystals over 10 mm (V in) in size occurred on
USA, where it occurs as octahedra on halite crystals. burning coal dumps near Kladno, Czech Republic;
Application: chemical industry. similar from localities in Eastern Pennsylvania, USA
and near Ste-Etienne, France.
TETRAGONAL
Fluorite
CaF2
CUBIC
73
4. Oxides
Zincite. 11 mm x. Franklin, U.S.A.
Cuprite
CujO
CUBIC
75
Tenorite. 3 mm xx. Bisbee. U.S. A
Ten o rite
CuO
MONOCLINIC
77
Franklinite. SO mm, Sterling Hill. U.S.A. across are known from there. It is rare in Langban,
Sweden and Ocna de Fier, Romania.
Application: Zn ore.
Chromite
FeCr204
CUBIC
Hausmannite
Mn2+Mn3+204
Franklinite
(Zn,Mn2+,Fe2+)(Fe3+,Mn2+)204 TETRAGONAL
78
Minium M - earthy and pulverulent aggregates, massive.
Pb2+2Pb4+04 Origin and occurrence: Secondary mineral, as a
result of the galena oxidation. It occurs in
TETRAGONAL Langban, Sweden; in Anarak. Iran: in Leadhills,
Scotland, and in Broken Hill, New South Wales,
Properties: C - red S - orange-yellow; L - dull to Australia.
greasy; D - opaque; DE - 8.9; H - 2.5; CL - perfect;
Hausmannite. 42 mm, Kuruman, South Africa
79
Chrysoberyl, 35 mm. Espirito Santo. Brazil
Valentinite
Sb203
ORTHORHOMB1C
81
Bixbyile, /1 mm x, Thomas Range, U.S.A. Leucosapphire, 30 mm. Sri Lanka
CUBIC
Corundum
Properties: C - black; S - black; L - metallic to sub- Al
23
metallic; D - opaque; DE - 5; H - 6-6.5; CLB
imperfect; F - conchoidal to uneven; M - cubic TRIGONAL
crystals, also twins.
Origin and occurrence: Hydrothermal in rhyolite Varieties: ruby, sapphire, leucosapphire, emery
cavities and mctamorphic. Cubes up to 12 mm ('Vm
in) are found together with topaz in Thomas Range, Properties: C - colorless (leucosapphire), yellow,
Utah, USA. Crystals up to 25 mm (1 in) occurred in pink, red (ruby), blue (sapphire), purple, green.
Corundum. 10 mm xx. Miass. Russia Ruby, 15 mm xx. Kola, Russia
82
Corundum. 4 mm. Montana. U.S.A. Ruby, 16 mm x. Jegdalek. Afghanistan
83
Hematite, 50 mm. 1M Fibbia. Switzerland
Ilmenite
FeTiOj
TRIGONAL
r *
Ilmenite, 1I mm x, 11 inula!, Switzerland
ORTHORHOMBIC
85
Slibiconite, 230 mm, Catorce. Mexico San Luis Potosi, Mexico. Similar pseudo-morphs
were also found in Kostainik, Serbia; in the Ichino-
kawa mine, Japan and in Pereta, Italy. Pseudo-
morphs after stibnite up to 20 cm (7'/ in) long occur
also in Cukuroren, Turkey.
Bindheimite
Pb2Sb206(0,0H)
CUBIC
Pyrochlore
(Na,Ca)2Nb206(0H,F)
CUBIC
87
Quartz, 60 mm. Herkimer, U.S.A.
se
Rock crystal. 95 mm. La Gardette, France Citrine. 32 mm. Charcas. Mexico
89
Morion. 100 mm, Agadir, Kazakhstan Amethyst. 100 mm. Bochovice. Czech Republic
type veins; secondary in the oxidation zone of ore Uri. Grimsel and Furka, Switzerland: perfect
deposits; also in different types of sedimentary- crystals are known from the cracks in marbles near
rocks and in organic remains, also in placers. Carrara, Italy; it also occurs in the quartz veins in
Probably the most common mineral in the Earth's Herkimer, New York and Hot Springs, Arkansas,
crust and the most important rock-forming mineral, USA. Citrine occurs mainly in granitic pegmatites
as well. and large crystals come from Goias, Brazil; from
Large crystals of rock quartz up to 7 m (23 ft) long Suky and Netin, Czech Republic; from Murzinka,
come from pegmatites in the Bctafo region in Ural mountains, Russia. Smoky quartz originates
Madagascar and from the Alpine-type veins, like mostly in granitic pegmatites, it also occurs in the
91
Chalcedony. 68 mm, High Adas. Morocco Chrysoprase. 60 mm. Szklary. Poland
93
Agate. 50 mm. Zeleznice. Czech Republic Onyx. 65 mm. Brazil
rt a
V
60 mm. Brazil
localities in the USA; in Idar-Oberstein, Germany; Application: important raw material in glass indus-
in Podkrkonosi, Czech Republic. The most famous try, many colored varieties, like amethyst, smoky
localities of onyx and sardonyx are in Brazil and citrine, citrine, onyx, sardonyx, and heliotrope are
Uruguay. cut as gemstones.
Rich aggregates of aventurine come from Miass,
Ural mountains, Russia; Mariazell, Austria; Belany,
India. Heliotrope occurs in Idar-Oberstein, Germa-
ny; Kozakov. Czech Republic and in Brazil.
Aventurine. SO mm, India Tiger s eye. 50 mm. Griqualand. South Africa
95
Tridymite, 9 mm. Big Luc Ml.. U.S.A.
TETRAGONAL
97
Opal. 47 mm. Opal Butte, U.S.A.
99
Melanophlogite, SO mm, Fortullino. Italy is also known from Chvaletice, Czech Republic,
where it forms crystals up to 2 mm ('/i in) in size, in
Alpine-type veins.
Rutile
Ti02
TETRAGONAL
TETRAGONAL TETRAGONAL
Properties: C - colorlcss, brown, black; S - white, Properties: C - black; S - brown; L - metallic to ada-
grayish, brown; L - metallic to adamantine, dull; mantine; D - opaque; DE - 9.6; H 5.5; CL - none;
D - transparent to opaque; DE - 6.3-7.2; I t - 6-7; CL M - acicular crystals, botryoidal aggregates, massive.
- imperfect; F - conchoidal to uneven; M - Origin and occurrence: Secondary, as a result of the
dipyramidal and short prismatic crystals, multiple oxidation of other Pb minerals, together with pyro-
twins, granular, massive. morphite, hemimorphite and other minerals. Fine
Origin and occurrence: Magmatic in pegmatites, crystals come from Mina Ojuela, Mapimi, Durango.
hydrothermal in high-temperature deposits, meta- Mexico and from the Blanchard mine, New Mexico,
morphic and in placers, together with wolframite, USA. Botryoidal aggregates, weighing up to 100 kg
topaz and other minerals. Crystal twins up to 150 (220 lb), were found in the Morning mine, Mullan.
mm (6 in) in size come from Horni Slavkov, Czech Idaho, USA.
Republic. Crystals of similar size were also found in
Panasqueira, Portugal. Fine twins up to 80 mm (3'/J Plattnerite. 150 mm, Mapimi, Mexico
in) were found in Rossarden. Tasmania, Australia.
Crystals up to 70 mm (2% in) in size were found in
Llallagua, colorless and transparent crystals up to 50
mm (2 in) in size in Viloco, Bolivia. Crystals up to
110 mm (4Vii in) occurred lately in Tenkcrgin,
Chukotka, Russia. Crystals up to 130 mm (5Vi in) in
size arc known from pegmatites in Minas Gerais,
Brazil (Fazenda do Funil). New finds of shiny
crystals up to 100 mm (4 in) long were made in
Hunan and Yunnan provinces, China.
Application: Sn ore.
101
Pyrolusite. 88 mm. Baraga. U.S.A.
i m
Todorokite, 60 mm. Kamogun. Japan
L - metallic to dull; D - opaque; DE 3.5-3.8; H - I;
CL perfect; M - platy crystals, stalactitic and
nodular aggregates.
Origin and occurrence: Secondary mineral, as a result
of the oxidation of Mn minerals. Crystals are reported
from several mines in the Kalahari region, South
Africa (Hotazel, Smart). It was originally described
from the Todoroki mine, Hokkaido, Japan. It is an
important constituent of occanic Mn concretions.
Ferrotapiolite
FeTa206
TETRAGONAL
Ferrotapiolite. mm. MarSikov, Czech Republic
Properties: C - black, brown; V - red-brown; L - sub-
metallic, adamantine, resinous; D - opaque; DE - 7-
7.8; H - 6-6.5; CL none; F - uneven to conchoidal;
M dipvramidal and short prismatic crystals, massive.
Origin and occurrence: Magmatic in pegmatites,
together with manganotantalite, microlitc, cassiterite
and other minerals. Crystals up to 40 mm (PA<. in) in
size are known from the vicinity of Govcrnador
Valadares, Minas Gerais, Brazil. A crystal 120 mm
(47i<. in) long has been described from Angarf,
Morocco. Short prismatic crystals come from
pegmatites nearTopsham and Paris, Maine, USA.
TETRAGONAL
103
Anatase 5.8; H - 2; CL - perfect: M acicular and thin
Ti02 tabular crystals, radial aggregates, pulverulent.
Origin and occurrence: Secondary, resulting from
TETRAGONAL the oxidation of AuBTe ores. Crystals up to 10 mm
(3/s in) long occurred in the Kawazu and Susaki
Properties: C - black-gray, brown, red-brown, blue, mines, Japan. Beautiful specimens were found in
rare colorless; S - white; L - submetallic to adaman- Moctezuma, Sonora. Mexico: it also comes from
tine; D - transparent to opaque; DE - 3.8-4; H - 5.5- Cripple Creek. Colorado, USA.
6; CL - perfect; F - conchoidal; M - dipyramidal
and tabular crystals.
Origin and occurrence: Hydrothermal in the Alpine- Brookite
type veins, associated with brookite and quartz, also Ti02
sedimentary and metamorphic. Beautiful crystals up
to 50 mm (2 in) long were found in Alpa Lercheltini, ORTHORHOMBIC
Binntal, Switzerland. Famous black-blue crystals
reaching up to 30 mm (1 'At in) come from Mats- Properties: C - light to dark brown, yellow-brown,
korhae, Hardangervidda, Norway. Crystals up to 15 black; S white to gray: L - submetallic to adaman-
mm (l*/j! in) were recently found in Dodo, Polar Ural. tine; D - transparent to translucent, opaque: DE
Russia. Crystals up to 30 mm (l Vis in) in size occurred 4.1; H - 5.5-6: CL - imperfect; F - conchoidal to
in the Old Lot and Vulcan mines, Colorado, USA. uneven; M - tabular, dipyramidal, long and short
prismatic crystals.
Origin and occurrence: Hydrothermal along the
Tellurite fissures of the Alpine-type veins and in granitic and
Te02 alkaline pegmatites; it occurs as pseudo-morphs after
titanite and ilmenite; also in sedimentary rocks. Perfect
ORTHORHOMBIC tabular crystals up to 50 mm (2 in) in size found in
Rieder Tobel, Switzerland: Magnet Cove, Arkansas.
Properties: C - yellow, yellow-orange; S - USA; Passo di Viza, Italy. New finds of crystals up to
yellowish; L - adamantine: D - transparent; DE - 50 mm in size made in Dodo, Polar Ural. Russia.
Anatase. 16 mm, Hardangervidda, Norway Brookite. SO mm. Puiva, Polar Urals. Russia
1 L\A
Tellurite, I mm x. Fata Baii. Romania quartz. Perfect tabular crystals up to 120 mm (4Vit
in) in size found in the Quartz Creek mine, Colora-
do, USA; also in Ci'novec, Czech Republic;
Panasqueira, Portugal; Ehrenfriedersdorf. Ger-
many and Potosi, Bolivia.
Application: W ore.
Hubnerite
MnW04
MONOCLINIC
105
ruanowodginite. 20 mm, Tanco, Canada
Ferrocolumbite
FeNb206
ORTHORHOMBIC
i n/r
Euxenite-(Y). 40 mm. Ambatofotsy, Madagascar Aeschynite-(Ce). 45 mm, Hittero. Norway
to conchoidal; M prismatic to tabular crystals, with zircon and oxides of rare earth elements.
granular, massive. Crystals up to 190 mm (Tr.t in) long occur in
Origin and occurrence: Magmatic in granitic peg- Quadeville. Ontario, Canada; other localities are
matites and granites; also in placers. Crystals up to Kragero, Norway; Trout Creek Pass, Colorado, USA.
100 mm (4 in) in size come from Li-bearing peg-
matites in the Tanco Mine, Bernic Lake, Manitoba,
Canada; also from Sao Jose da Safira, Minas Gerais, Stibiotantalite
Brazil. SbTa04
Application: Ta ore.
ORTHORHOMBIC
ORTHORHOMBIC
107
Uraninite usually associated with other U minerals, e.g.
uo2 coffinite and secondary alteration products, mainly
U micas. Perfect crystals up to 100 mm (4 in) in size
CUBIC and weighing up to 2.5 kg (5 lb 8 oz) come from the
Fissure mine, Wilberforce, Ontario, Canada, where
Properties: C - black, black-brown, black-gray; S - they occur in simple pegmatites, cross-cutting
black, black-brown to greenish; L - submetallic, marbles.
greasy, earthy; D - opaque; DE - 7.5-10,6; H - 5-6. Crystals are also known from Dieresis, Spain and
earthy aggregates 3; CL - imperfect; F - uneven to Shinkolobwc, Zair. Rich botryoidal aggregates were
conchoidal; M - cubic crystals, botryoidal aggre- found in Jachymov and Slavkovice, Czech Republic;
gates, granular, massive; R - strong radioactive. in Bois-Noirs and Margnac, France.
Origin and occurrence: Mainly hydrotherma! in ore Application: U ore.
veins, skarns; magmatic in granitic pegmatites; in
sedimentary rocks; also in placers.
i no
Gibbsite, SO mm, Gamba, Brazil Brucite. 30 mm. Azbesl, Russia
Gibbsite Diaspore
AI(OH)3 AIO(OH)
MONOCLINIC ORTHORHOMBIC
Properties: C - colorless, gray, white, greenish; S - Properties: C - colorless, gray, white, greenish,
white; L vitreous, pearly; D - transparent to yellowish, pink, purplish; S white; I vitreous,
translucent; DE - 2.4; H - 2.5-3.5; CL - perfect; F - pearly; D transparent to translucent; DE - 3.4; H -
uneven; M tabular crystals, lamellar and earthy 6.5-7; CL - pcrfcct; F - conchoidal; M - tabular
aggregates, coatings and stalactitic films, granular, crystals, foliated aggregates, stalactitic films,
massive. granular, massive.
Origin and occurrence: Hydrothcrmal as a product Origin and occurrence: Hydrothermal as a product
of alteration Al-rich rocks; secondary in the of alteration Al-rich minerals, e.g. andalusite,
oxidation associated with goethite; metamorphic in typically with pyrophyllite and corundum; meta-
weakly metamorphosed Al-rich rocks, typically with morphic in Al-rich rocks: a constituent of bauxites.
diaspore: a constituent of bauxites. Tabular crystals Tabular crystals up to 120 mm (47 in) in size come
up to 100 mm (4 in) in size were found in Zlatoust. from Menderess, Turkey: also from Naxos, Greece;
Ural mountains. Russia; also in Villa Rica, Minas Chester. Massachusetts, USA.
Gerais, Brazil.
Diaspore. 35 mm. Milas. Turkey
Brucite
Mg(OH)2
TRIGONAL
109
Goethite. 77 mm. Santa Eulalia. Mexico
stalactitic films, earthy, granular, massive.
Origin and occurrence: S e c o n d a r y a s o n e o f the
most common minerals of the oxidation zone of ore
deposits, it forms a significant part of limonite;
hydrothermal in ore veins, in cavities in pegmatites
and volcanic rocks. It forms pseudo-morphs after
pyrite and other Fe sulfides. Rich botryoidal
aggregates of velvet ore with a velvety surface come
from Pribram, Czech Republic; acicular crystals up
to 50 mm (2 in) long are known from Bottalack and
Redruth. Cornwall, UK; it also occurs in Siegen and
Horhausen, Germany; in Florissant, Colorado, USA.
Application: Fe ore.
Manganite
Goethite, 60 mm. Pribram, Czech Republic
Mn3+0(0H)
MONOCLINIC
Lithiophorite Curite
(AI,Li)Mn4+02(0H)2 P b 2 U 5 0 | 7 .4 H 2 0
MONOCLINIC ORTHORHOMBIC
Properties: C - black, commonly with bluish tint; Properties: C dark orange to red-orange; S - light
S - black-gray to black; L metallic to dull; D - orange; L - adamantine to earthy; D transparent to
opaque; DE - 3.3; H - 3; CL - perfect; F uneven; translucent; DE - 7.4; H - 4-5; CL - good; F - uneven;
M - scaly crystals, botryoidal and earthy aggregates, M acicular crystals, earthy aggregates, coatings,
coatings, granular, massive. massive; R - strong radioactive.
Origin and occurrence: Secondary in the oxidation Origin and occurrence: Secondary in the oxidation
zone of ore deposits and along the cracks in zone of U deposits, associated with other secondary U
sedimentary rocks. Botryoidal aggregates occur in minerals, e.g. torbernite, kasolite and uranophane.
Schnecbcrg, Germany; Jivina and Zajecov, Czech Rich aggregates were found in Shinkolobwe, Zaire;
Republic; Miyazaki, Japan. also known from La Crouzille, France; South
Alligator, Northern Territory, Australia.
111
5. Carbonates
Smithsonite. 32 mm. Tsumeb. Namibia
Magnesite
MgCOj
TRIGONAL
113
Siderite. 26 mm. Governador Valadares, Brazil - perfect; F - uneven to conchoidal; M - rhombohedral
crystals, granular, massive.
Origin and occurrence: Hydrothermal in medium-
and low-temperature deposits, sedimentary. Crystals
up to 40 cm long found in Mont St.-Hilaire. Quebec,
Canada. Crystals up to 100 mm (4 in) in size come
from Panasqucira, Portugal. Crystals up to 30 mm
(17, s in) in size occurred in Neudorf, Germany.
Rhombs up to 20 mm f ' / n in) also found in Pribram,
Czech Republic. Pseudo-morphs of goethite after
siderite up to 70 mm (2% in) across described from
Pikes Peak, Colorado, USA. Deposits of massive
siderite in Erzberg and Huttcnberg, Austria yielded
crystals up to 50 mm (2 in) long. Fine crystals
reported from Tavistock. Devon and Redruth,
Cornwall, UK.
Application: important Fe ore.
Sfaerocobaltite
CoCOi
TRIGONAL
Properties: C pink, gray, brown; S - red; L -
vitreous; D - transparent to translucent; DE - 4.1; H
- 4; CL - perfect; M - scalenohedral and
Siderite rhombohedral crystals, radial aggregates, massive.
FeCOj Origin and occurrence: Secondary, as a product of
the oxidation of primary Co minerals. The best
TRIGONAL specimens, with crystals up to 30 mm (l'At in) long,
come from Zaire (Musonoi; Kakanda). Crystals up
Properties: C - yellow, brown, black; S yellowish- to 10 mm (4 in) long known from Bou Azzer,
white; L vitreous; D - translucent; DE - 4; H-4; CL Morocco.
4
Rhodochrosite, 117 mm. Sweet Home Mine. U S A.
TRIGONAL
115
Calcite, 150 mm, Elmwood Mine, U.S.A.
117
Kutnohorite. 60 mm, Kutna Hora, Czech Republic Huntite, 110 mm, Koksin, Czech Republic
TRIGONAL
Huntite
Properties: C white, gray, pink, yellowish; S - CaMg(C03)2
white; L - vitreous; D translucent; DE - 3.1; H -
3.5-4; CL - perfect; F - conchoidal; M - poorly TRIGONAL
developed crystals, granular, massive.
Origin and occurrence: Hydrothermal and metamor- Properties: C - white; S - white; L earthy; D
phic, associated with ankerite, quartz and other mine- opaque; DE - 2.7; H 1.5; CL - none; F -
rals. Poorly developed crystals are known from Kut- conchoidal; M fibrous aggregates, earthy.
na Hora. Czech Republic. Small crystals several mm Origin and occurrence: Secondary mineral resulting
in size are described from Mont St.-Hilaire, Quebec. from the oxidation of dolomite, associated with
Canada. Large crystals occurred in Moncurc, North magnesite and dolomite. Fine fibrous aggregates come
from Koksin. Czech Republic. It also occurs in the Ala- vitreous; D transparent to opaque; DE 3; H - 3.5-
Mar deposit, Nevada, USA. Massive aggregates are 4.5; CL imperfect; F conchoidal; M - prismatic
known from the Boquira mine, Bahia, Brazil. crystals, oolitic, banded, columnar and dcndritic
aggregates, massive: LU - locally weak cream
yellow.
Aragonite Origin and occurrence: Primary as a late hydro-
CaCOj thermal mineral of high-temperature deposits more
commonly secondary as a product of the oxidation
ORTHORHOMBIC of siderite and pyritc. It also results from
precipitation of thermal springs, it is sedimentary
Varieties: flos ferri, hot-spring tufa, peastone. tamo- and metamorphic. Fine white prismatic crystals up
witzite. to 70 mm (2'A in) long found together with blue
Properties: C colorless, white, yellow, reddish, celcstite crystals in _pania Dolina. Slovakia.
greenish, purplish, bluish, gray; S white: L Similar crystals come from sulfur deposits in
Cianciano, Italy and Tarnobrzeg, Poland. Maybe
Peastone. 35 mm. Karlovy Vary, Czech Republic the best aragonite crystals in the world are known
from the gossan of the magnesite deposit in
Podrecany. Slovakia, where druses of crystals up to
200 mm (77 in) long were found. Wine yellow
crystals up to 100 mm (7 in) long occurred in
cavities of volcanic rocks in Horenec near Bilina,
Czech Republic. Those crystals were the only gem
rough, suitable for facetting, in the world. Very
interesting copper pscudo-morphs after aragonite
come from Corocoro, Bolivia. Banded and oolitic
aggregates found in Karlovy Vary, Czech Republic.
Dendritic aggregates from Erzberg, Austria and
elsewhere are known as flos ferri.
Application: decorative stone.
119
Strontianite, 34 mm. Hardin Co., U.S.A. Bleibcrg, Austria. Smaller crystals known from
Strontian. Scotland. Crystals up to 50 mm long found
in marls in Ahlen near Miinster, Germany.
Witherite
BaCOj
ORTHORHOMBIC
Barytocalcite
BaCa(C03)2
MONOCLINIC
121
Azurite, 48 mm, Touissit, Morocco Malachite, 63 mm, Mashamha West, Zair
Malachite
CU2(C03)(0H)2
MONOCLINIC
l ->-t
Rosasite, 270 mm, Gleeson, U.S.A.
oxidation zone of Cu and Zn deposits, together with
other secondary minerals of Cu. Spherical aggre-
gates of acicular crystals up to 10 mm ('/in) found
in Mina Ojuela, Mapimi, Durango, Mexico. Similar
finds were made in Bisbee. Arizona, USA.
Hydrozincite
Zn5(COj)2(OH)6
MONOCLINIC
Aurichalcite
province, Zaire, where stalactites up to 500 mm (20 (Zn,Cu)5(C03)2(0H)6
in) long were also found.
Application: Cu ore, production of decorative objects ORTHORHOMBIC
and jewelry.
Properties: C - light green, blue-green, blue; S -
blue-green; L silky to pearly; D - translucent; DE -
Rosasite 4; H I -2; CL - pcrfcct; M acicular crystals, crusts.
(CU,Zn)2(C03)(0H)2 Origin and occurrence: Secondary in the oxidation
zone of Cu and Zn deposits in the arid climate,
MONOCLIN1C associated with linarite and other minerals. Laige
prismatic crystals comc from Mina Ojuela. Mapimi,
Properties: C - green, blue; S - greenish; D - Durango, Mexico. Nice rosettes of acicular crystals arc
opaque; DE - 4.0-4.2; H - 4.5; CL good; M - small known from Bisbee and from the 79 mine. Banner
acicular crystals, fibrous and botryoidal crusts. district, Arizona. USA. It also occurred in Montcponi,
Origin and occurrence: Secondary, forming in the Sardinia. Italy.
123
Dawsonite, 2 mm aggregate. Recsk, Hungary Dawson ite
NaAI(C03)(0H)2
ORTHORHOMBIC
Bastnasite-(Ce)
(Ce,La)(COj)F
HEXAGONAL
i -i/i
Bastnasite-(Ce). 6 mm x. Ariege. France hydrothermal and rarely metamorphic, together with
bastnasite-(Ce) and other minerals of rare earth
elements. Crystals several cm long come from Quincy,
Massachusetts, USA. Crystals up to 80 mm (3'A in)
long occurred in pegmatites near Hundholmen,
Norway. Crystals up to 23 cm ( 9 i n ) long found in
the Snowbird mine, Montana. USA. Transparent
crystals up to 15 mm (17s: in) were lately reported in
the Trimouns quarry, France. Very unusual association
have been described from Muzo, Columbia, where
crystals up to 50 mm occur together with emeralds.
Phosgenite
Pb2(C03)CI2
TETRAGONAL
Parisite-(Ce)
CaCe2(C03)3F2
TRIGONAL
125
Bismutite, 3 mm xx. Brdarka, Slovakia Gayiussile, 30 mm. Natron Lake. Tanzania
Weloganite
Na2Sr3Zr(C03)6 . 3 H z O
TRICLINIC
126
Aninite. 10 mm. Felhiya, Turkey Hydrotaiciie. I mm xx. Dunabogdany, Hungary
Hydrotalcite
Mg6AI2(C03)(0H)|6.4H20
TRIGONAL
127
Stichtite, 35 mm. Rouchovany. Czech Republic
Alum ohydrocalcite
C a A I 2 ( C 0 " 3 ) 2 ( 0 H ) 4 .3 H z O
TRICLINIC
Stichtite
Mg6Cr2(C03)(0H)|6.4H20 Ancylite-(Ce)
S r 3 ( C e , L a ) 4 ( C 0 3 ) 7 ( 0 H ) 4 .3 H 2 0
TRIGONAL
ORTHORHOMBIC
Properties: C - pink to purple; S white to light
purple; L - pearly, waxy to greasy; D - translucent; Properties: C - colorless, yellow, yellow- brown,
DE - 2.2; H - 1.5-2; CL - perfect; M - lamellar and light purple, brown; S - while; L - vitreous to grea-
fibrous aggregates, massive. sy; D - transparent to opaque; DE - 4; H - 4-4.5; CL
Origin and occurrence: It occurs in serpentinites as - none; F - splintery; M - short to long prismatic
scaly aggregates and veinlets in Bou Azzer, and pseudo-octahedral crystals.
Morocco; in Dundas. Tasmania, Australia and in Origin and occurrence: Hydrothermal in alkaline
Barberton, South Africa. rocks, associated with nepheline and other minerals.
Crystals up to 6 mm ('A in) long are known from
Alumohydrocalcite, 70 mm. Ladomirovo, Slovakia
119
6. Borates
Inderitc. 230 mm. Boron. U.S.A.
Ludwisite
Mg2Fe3+BOs
ORTHORHOMBIC
Gaudefroyite
Ca4Mn3*3(B03)3C03(0,0H)3
HEXAGONAL
Properties: C - black; S black: L - adamantine to
dull; D - opaque; DE - 3.4; H - 6; CL - good; F -
uneven; M prismatic crystals, fibrous and acicular
aggregates.
Origin and occurrence: Hydrothermal in calcite
veins. Prismatic crystals up to 50 mm (2 in) long
Gaudefroyite, 40 mm. Kuruman, South Africa
Ludwigite. 120 mm. Ocna de pier, Romania
Inderite
MgB303(0H)s . 5 HjO
MONOCLINIC
131
Inyoite, 90 mm, Turkey Borax, 60 mm x, Searles Lake, U.S.A.
133
Kernite, 100 mm. Boron, U.S.A. Hambergite, 64 mm. Pamir. Tadzliikistan
Rhodizite
(K,Cs)AI4Be4(B,Be)|2028
CUBIC
135
7. Sulfates
Anglesite Anglesite. 81 mm. Touissit. Morocco
PbS0 4
ORTHORHOMBIC
Anhydrite
CaS04
ORTHORHOMBIC
137
Celestite matic crystals, massive; LU - sometimes blue.
SrS04 Origin amI occurrence: Hydrothermal, it originates
under medium and low temperatures, also sedi-
ORTHORHOMBIC mentary, together with fluorite. calcite, cinnabar and
other minerals. Beautiful barite crystals tip to 50 mm
Properties: C colorless, white, yellowish, blue; S - (2 in) found in hydrothermal veins in Pribram, Czech
white; L - vitreous; D - transparent to translucent; Republic. Blue tabular crystals up to 100 mm (4 in)
DE - 4; H - 3-3.5; CL - perfect; F uneven; M - from Dedova bora, Czech Republic. Beautiful tabular
prismatic and tabular crystals, columnar aggregates, crystals up to 100 mm (4 in) known from Banska
concretions. Stiavnica, Slovakia; Cavnic and Baia Sprie,
Origin and occurrence: Rare hydrothermal, mainly Romania. Very fine crystals of up to 200 mm (Ti\ in)
sedimentary, together with halite, anhydrite and occurred in Alston Moor, Frizington and Mowbray,
gypsum. Beautiful blue crystals several cm long occur Cumbria, UK. Beautiful druses of honey-brown
in cavities of concretions in the Sakoany mine, crystals up to 70 mm (2% in) long found in Pohla,
Madagascar. Prismatic crystals up to 100 mm (4 in) Germany. Fine druses of prismatic crystals known
long in sulfur deposits in Poland (Tarnobrzcg) and from Elk Creek, South Dakota, USA; so called
Italy (Caltanissetta). Fine blue tabular crystals
associated with aragonite crystals found in _pania Antlerile, 60 mm. Chuquicamaia, Chile
Dolina. Slovakia. Fine crystals are known from marls
in Tunisia and Libya.
Barite
BaS04
ORTHORHOMBIC
i l P t
desert roses (crystals with inclusion of sand grains) acicular crystals, crusts and earthy aggregates.
originating in desert climate occur in the vicinity of Origin and occurrence: Secondary, resulting from
Norman. Oklahoma, USA. Shiny crystals come from weathering of Cu ores, associated with other secondary
Freiberg and Ilalsbrucke. Germany. Cu minerals. It is a principal mineral of the oxidation
Application: an ingredient of drilling fluids, chemical, zone in Chuquicamata. Chile, where it forms crystals
glass, paper and rubber industries. up to 5 mm ('At in). Acicular crystals, up to 20 mm ( : ! A:
in) long, occurred in Bisbec. Arizona. USA.
Crystalline crusts arc known from Spania Dolina and
Antler tie Picsky, Slovakia.
CU5(S04)J(OH)4.3H2O
ORTHORHOMBIC Brochantite
CU4(S04)(0H)6
Properties: C green: S - light green; L - vitreous:
D - translucent; DE - 3.9; H 3.5; CL - perfect; F MONOCLINIC
- conchoidal to uneven; M - short prismatic and
Properties: C - green; S - light green; L vitreous,
Brochantite. 14 mm aggregate, Bingham. U.S.A. in cleavage planes pearly; D - translucent to
transparent; DE - 4; H - 3.5-4: CL - good; F
conchoidal to uneven; M long prismatic to acicular
crystals, granular.
Origin and occurrence: Secondary, as a result of the
oxidation of Cu ores usually in the arid climate,
together with other secondary Cu minerals. Crystals
up to 70 mm (2V> in) long found in Bisbee, together
with pscudo-morphs of malachite after brochantite.
Crystals arc also known from Tsumeb, Namibia.
Prismatic crystals up to 50 mm (2 in) long from
Cerro Verde, Peru. Emerald-green crusts occur in
L'ubictova, Slovakia.
139
Linarite. 23 mm xx. Graham Co., U.S.A.
Linarite Alunite
PbCu(S04)(0H)2 KAI3(S04)2(0H)6
MONOCLINIC TRIGONAL
HEXAGONAL
Leadhillite
Properties: : C colorless, yellowish; S - colorless; Pb4(S04)(C03)2(0H)2
L - vitreous to dull; D - transparent to translucent;
DE - 2.6; H - 3.5; CL - good; F - uneven; M - MONOCLINIC
tabular to short prismatic crystals.
Origin and occurrence: Sedimentary in salt lake Properties: C - colorless, yellowish, gray; S - color-
sediments, together with halite, borax and other less; L - resinous to adamantine; D - transparent to
minerals. Crystals up to 200 mm (7% in) found in translucent; DE - 6.5; H - 2.5-3; CL perfect; F
Searles Lake. California, USA. It is also known from conchoidal: M - pseudo-hexagonal tabular crystals.
borax deposits in the Death Valley, California. USA. Origin and occurrence: Secondary' mineral from the
oxidation zone of Pb deposits, associated with
cerussitc. anglesite, linarite and other minerals. The
Caledonite largest crystals, measuring up to 15 cm, come from
Cu2Pb5(S04)3(C03)(OH)6 Tsumeb, Namibia. Crystals up to 25 mm (1 in) found
in the Mammoth mine, Tiger, Arizona, USA.
ORTHORHOMBIC Crystals in Leadhills, Scotland UK were of similar
size.
Properties: C - green to blue-green; S - light green;
L - resinous; D - transparent to translucent; DE -
5.6; H - 2.5-3; CL perfect; F - uneven; M - Chalcantite
prismatic crystals, radial aggregates. CuS04 . 5 H 2 0
Melanterite
FeS04 . 7 HzO
MONOCLINIC
143
Epsomite Coquimbite
M g S 0 4 .7 H 2 0 F e ^ S O ^ .9 H 2 0
ORTHORHOMBIC TRIGONAL
144
Coquimbite. 110 mm. Cerritos Bajos. Chile Alunogen, SO mm. Dubnik, Slovakia
USA. Fine aggregates occur on the walls of Halotrichite. 'JO mm. Recsk, Hungary
underground workings in the old opal mines in
Dubnik, Slovakia.
Halotrichite
F e A I 2 ( S 0 4 ) 4 . 22 H z O
MONOCLINIC
Apjohnite
M n A I 2 ( S 0 4 ) 4 . 22 H 2 0
MONOCLINIC
145
Bilinite, 60 mm. Bifina, Czech Republic Origin and occurrence: Secondary in the brown coal,
also on burning dumps and as a product of solfataras.
Skeletal crystals up to 10 mm (7 in) in size arc known
from the brown coal basin near Most and Bilina, Czech
Republic. Original locality Kcrmniky, Czech Republic
yielded fibrous crusts, up to 50 mm (2 in) thick. Fine
octahedra. up to 10 mm (7s in) come from burning
dumps near Zastavka near Brno, Czech Republic. Oc-
tahedra occur also in Geysers, California, USA. Small
crystals on Etna, Sicily. Italy are of volcanic origin.
Polyhalite
KCa2Mg(S04)4 .2 H z O
Bilinite TRICLINIC
Fe2+Fe3+2(S04)4 22 H
2
Properties: C - colorless, brown, red-brown: S -
MONOCLINIC colorless; L - vitreous; D transparent to trans-
lucent; DE - 2.8; H - 3-3.5; CL - perfect: M -
Properties: C - white to wellowish; S - white: L - acicular to prismatic crystals, columnar, scaly and
silky; D - opaque; DE - 1.9; H - 2; M - fibrous fibrous aggregates.
aggregates; R - soluble in water. Origin and occurrence: Sedimentary, as a consti-
Origin and occurrence: Secondary, as a lesult of the tuent of salt deposits, also as a product of volcanic
pyrite oxidation, associated with other sulfates. activity. Tabular and prismatic crystals are found
Fibrous aggregates arc known from Svitcc near rarely together with massive polyhalite aggregates in
Bilina, Czech Republic. Also described from Bisbee, Stassfurt. Germany. Fibrous aggregates come from
Arizona, USA. Halslatt, Austria. Large deposits of polyhalite arc
located near Carlsbad. New Mexico, USA. Coatings
occur on Mount Vesuvius. Italy.
Tschermigite
( N H 4 ) A I ( S 0 4 ) 2 . 12 H 2 0
Gorgeyite
CUBIC K2Ca5(S04)6 . H 2 0
1 A r.
Gypsum. 62 mm. Carneville. Utah. U.S.A.
Origin and occurrence: Rare primary hydrothermal,
mostly sedimentary and as a weathering product,
associated with anhydrite, halite and other minerals.
Crystals up to 50 mm from Cavnic, Romania are
probably hydrothermal. Huge crystals up to 1.5 m (5
ft) long found in karst cavities (Cave of Swords) in
gossan in the PbBZn deposit Naica, Chihuahua,
Mcxico. Crystals up to 9 m (29 ft 6 in) long from
Santa Eulalia, Chihuahua, Mexico, where they were
found combined with interesting aggregates, callcd
'ram's horns' from their shape. Crystals up to 4 m
(13 ft) long occurred in Tarnobrzeg, Poland. Com-
mon crystals are also known from Gorguel, Spain.
The 'desert roses' or crystal druses, from Sahara
desert in Tunisia and Algeria, with sand grain inclu-
sions arc mineralogically interesting. Large slabs of
the transparent variety, called Maria-glass, found in
Fricdrichsrodc, Germany. Fine-grained variety ala-
baster occurs e.g. in Italy. Fibrous variety selenite
(sometimes also callcd satin spar) comes from the
Sylva river basin, Perm. Russia.
Application: building, chemical and medical
industries.
Gorgeyite. SO mm. Inder Lake. Kazakhstan Langite. 49 mm. Allihies. Cork, Ireland
147
Fibroferrite. 70 mm. Dubnik. Slovakia Aluminite, 60 mm. Bicske-Csordakut. Hungary
Aluminite
AI2(S04)(0H)4 . 7 HjO
MONOCLINIC
1/18
Devilline. 10 mm xr. Spania Dolina. Slovakia Serpierite, 80 mm, Pribram. Czech Republic
Copiapite
( F e 1 + , M g ) F e 3 + 4 ( S 0 4 ) 6 ( 0 H ) 2 .20 H 2 0
TRICLINIC
Serpierite
C a ( C u , Z n ) 4 ( S 0 4 ) 2 ( 0 H ) 6 .3 H z O
MONOCLINIC
149
Etlringite, 45 mm. Kuruman. South Africa Slurmanite, 35 mm xx. Kuruman. South Africa
Ettringite Johannite
Ca6AI2(S04)3(0H)|2.26 H20 C U ( U 0 2 ) 2 ( S 0 4 ) 2 ( 0 H ) 2 .8 H 2 0
HEXAGONAL TRICLINIC
Zippeite
Sturmanite K 4 ( U O 2 ) 6 ( S O 4 ) 3 ( O H ) | 0 .4 H 2 O
C a 6 F e 3 + 2 ( S Q 4 ) 2 [ B ( O H ) 4 ] , ( O H ) , 2 25 H 2 Q ORTHORHOMBIC
acicular aggregates arc known from Jachymov, hydrothermal in greisens and metamorphic; para-
Czech Republic and Central City. Colorado. USA; geneses vary significantly according to the origin.
also occurs in Shinkolobwe, Zaire. Beautiful brownish crystals up to 100 mm (4 in) in
size come from Tacwha and Tongwha in Korea. Si-
milar crystals were recently found in China. Orange
Scheelite crystals up to 40 mm (l'/ in) in size arc associated
CaW04 with cassiterite crystals on quartz crystals from lultin
and Tenkergin, Russia. Clear crystals, weighing up to
TETRAGONAL 50 kg (110 lb), occurred in pegmatites near Natas.
Namibia. Crystals up to 70 mm (2Vi in) reported
Properties: C - colorless, gray-white, yellow-brown, from several mines near Traversella, Italy. Beautiful
orange, red, greenish; S - white; L - greasy to ada- red crystals up to 20 mm ( ,s /n in) were very rare in
mantine; D translucent; DE - 6.1; H - 4.5-5; CL Poibram, Czech Republic. Yellow crystals up to 40
good; F - conchoidal to uneven; M pseudo-octa- mm (17,6 in) arc known from quartz veins with
hedral crystals, granular, massive; LU - blue-white. pumpellyite in Oboi Dsl, Czech Republic.
Origin and occurrence: Magmatic in pegmatites, Application: W ore.
151
Slotitc, 20 mm. Arizona. U.S.A. Crocoite, 44 mm, Dundas, Australia
Stolzite Crocoite
PbW04 PbCr04
TETRAGONAL MONOCLINIC
ORTHORHOMB1C TETRAGONAL
Properties: C - yellow, whitish; S - light yellow; L - Properties: C - yellow, orange, brownish, red,
adamantine, silky, earthy; D - opaque; DE - 4.4; H - greenish; S - white; L - greasy to adamantine; D -
1-2; M - small acicular crystals, fibrous and radial transparent to translucent; DE - 6.3-7; H - 3; CL -
aggregates, earthy. good; F - uneven to conchoidal; M thin tabular and
Origin and occurrence: Secondary, as a product of dipyramidal crystals, granular, massive.
the molybdenite oxidation. Microscopic crystals were Origin and occurrence: Secondary, as a result of
found in Glen Inncs, New South Wales, Australia. It the galena oxidation, together with cerussite,
occurred as yellow coatings in Climax and Telluride. vanadinite and other minerals. The best specimens
Colorado, in the Getchell mine, Nevada, USA; also in are known from the Red Cloud mine near Yuma,
Hsrky near Eista, Czech Republic. Arizona, where red tabular crystals found up to 50
mm (2 in) diameter. Yellow-brown crystals up to
100 mm (4 in) come from the Glove mine, Arizona,
Betpakdalite USA. Thick tabular orange crystals up to 20 mm
C a F e 3 + H 8 ( M o 0 4 ) 5 ( A s 0 4 ) 2 .8 H z O ("In in) in diameter found in the Erupcion mine.
Villa Ahumada, Los Lamentos, Chihuahua. Beau-
MONOCLINIC tiful yellow plates up to 60 mm (2V in) with
orange mimetite spheres occurred in the San
Properties: C - lemon-yellow; S - yellow; L - Francisco mine, Magdalena, Sonora, Mexico. Rare
vitreous, waxy, dull: D - opaque; DE - 3; H - 3; CL tabular crystals up to 70 mm (2% in) across come
- good; M - short prismatic microscopic crystals, from Tsumeb, Namibia. Fine orange-yellow
pulverulent. tabular crystals up to 20 mm (M/ in) across, and
Origin and occurrence: Secondary mineral. Origi- pyramidal crystals are known from Bleiberg,
nally described from Kara-Oba, Kazakhstan. It also Austria and Mezica , Slovenia. Crystals up to 100
occurred in Tsumeb, Namibia and in Krupka. Czech mm (4 in) were found recently in Touissit,
Republic. Morocco.
i r\r
8. Phosphates
Lithiophosphate Beryllonite. 31 mm. Paprok. Afghanistan
Li3P04
ORTHORHOMBIC
i r\r
Lithiofilit
LiMnP04 Mn3*P04
ORTHORHOMBIC ORTHORHOMBIC
Properties: C - pink, red-brown, brown; S - white; L Properties: C - pink, purple, dark brown; S B red-
- vitreous; D - transparent to translucent; DE - 3.3; purple; L dull to velvet; D - translucent to opaque;
H - 4-5; CL - good; F - uneven; M - short prismatic DE - 3.7; H - 4-4.5; CL - good; F - uneven; M B
crystals, granular, massive. granular, massive.
Origin and occurrence: Magmatic in granitic peg- Origin and occurrence: Hydrothermal, as a product of
matites. It is sometimes associated with triplite and lithiophillite replacement in granitic pegmatites. It is
triphyllite, typically replaced by many secondary usually associated with many secondary phosphates. It
phosphates. Large masses of lithiophillite, reaching is known from Kitumbe, Rwanda; Usakos and
up to 1 m (39'/ in), occur in Karibib, Namibia; Sandamab, Namibia; the Tip Top and Bull Moose
Kitumbc, Rwanda. Other localities are Mangualdc. mines. Custer, South Dakota and Branchville,
Portugal; Tanco mine, Bernie Lake, Manitoba, Connecticut, USA.
Canada; Stewart Lithia Mine, Pala, California, USA.
Purpurite, 40 mm, Usakos, Namibia
Berzeliite
(Ca,Na) 3 (Mg,Mn) 2 ( A s 0 4 ) 3
CUBIC
Whitlockite
Ca9(Mg,Fe)H(P04)7
TRIGONAL
Xenotime-(Y)
YPO4
TETRAGONAL
i r\r
Monazite-(Ce) HydroxyIh erderite
CeP04 CaBe(P04)(0H,F)
MONOCLINIC MONOCLINIC
Properties: C - yellow, brown, red-brown, orange, Pmperties: C - colorless, white, yellowish, greenish;
gray-green: S - white; L - vitreous to resinous; D - S - white; L - vitreous to dull: D - transparent to
transparent, translucent to opaque: DF. - 4.6; H 5- translucent; DE - 3.0; H - 5-5.5; CL - good; F -
5.5; CL - good; F conchoidal to uneven; M - long conchoidal to uneven: M - prismatic to tabular
prismatic to tabular crystals, granular; R crystals, radial aggregates, granular.
sometimes weakly radioactive and metamict. Origin and occurrence: Hydrothermal in cavities in
Origin and occurrence: Magmatic in granitic and granitic pegmatites and in greisens. Pcrfcct crystals,
alkaline pegmatites, granites, syenites, carbona- up to 120 mm (4"/isin) long come from Marilaca and
tites; hydrothermal in the Alpine-type veins and together with colored tourmalines from Virgem da
greisens; mctamorphic in gneisses; common in pla- Lapa. Minas Gerais, Brazil; also known from
cers. Topsham and Stoncham. Maine. USA.
It is associated with apatite, xenotime-(Y) and
zircon. Perfect prismatic crystals up to 200 mm (77s
in) come from Mars Hill. North Carolina. Trout Amblygonite
Creek Pass, Colorado. USA; also from Arendal. LiAI(P04)(F,0H)
Norway; Ambatofotsikely and Ampangabe. Mada-
gascar. where masses weighing several kg are com- TRtCLINIC
mon: crystals, up to 200 mm (7V* in) across found
in Minas Gerais. Jaguaragu, Brazil. Pmperties: C colorless, white, yellowish, bluish,
Application: ore of rare earth elements. gray; S - white: L vitreous to dull; D transparent
to translucent: DE - 3.1; H - 5.5-6; CL - good; F -
conchoidal to uneven: M - short prismatic crystals,
granular, massive.
Monazite-(Ce). 31 mm. Felicio. Brazil Hydroxylherderite. 22 mm. Anza, California. U.S.A.
i rf>
Montebrasite, HO mm, White Picacho, Arizona. U.S.A. Wagnerite, IX mm x, H'erfen. Austria
Origin and occurrence: Magmatic in granitic Origin and occurrence: Magmatic in granitic
pegmatites and some granites; rare hydrothermal in pegmatites: metamorphic in gneisses and eclogites;
greisens and in ore veins. Large amblygonite masses, hydrothermal in quartz veins and in salt deposits.
several meters across, come from pegmatites, like The most famous finds come from the quartz veins
the Beecher, Custer and Hugo mines, Keystone. in Hollgraben and Radelgrabcn. the Alps, Austria,
South Dakota, USA, where its blocks weighed up to where wagnerite occur together with lazulite and
200 tons; also known from Viitaniemi, Finland; Uto. forms crystals up to 30 mm (1'/ in) across: also
Sweden. Typical representative of the quartz- known from Mangualde. Portugal and Bodenmais.
amblygonite veins is Vcrnerov, Czech Republic. Germany.
Application: Li ore and raw material for ceramics.
TRICLINIC
Wagnerite
Mg2(p4)(F-OH)
MONOCLINIC
i r\r
Zwieselite, 30 mm grain. Dolni Borv. Czech Republic Triplite. 70 mm, Viitaniemi, Finn/and
Zwieselite
Fe2(P04)(F,0H)
MONOCLINIC
Libethenit
CU2(P04)(0H)
ORTHORHOMBIC
l / A
Olivenite, SO mm, Tsumeb, Namibia
Adamine
Zn2(As04)(0H)
ORTHORHOMBIC
i r\r
Lazulite. 11 mm x, Lincoln Co.. U.S.A. Big Fish River. Yukon. Canada and near Werfen,
Austria.
Scorzaiite
FeAI2(P04)2(0H)2
MONOCLINIC
Lazulite Rockbridgeite
MgAI2(P04)2(0H)2 Fe2+Fe3+4(P04)3(0H)5
MONOCLINIC ORTHORHOMBIC
Properties: C - dark to light blue, blue-green; S - Properties: C dark and light green, black-green: S -
white; L - vitreous; D transparent to translucent; green; L dull; D translucent to opaque; DE - 3.4:
DE - 3.1; H - 5.5-6; CL - imperfect; F conchoidal H - 4.5; CL - good; F - uneven; VI - acicular crystals,
to uneven; M short prismatic and dipyramidal radial aggregates and crusts, granular, massive.
crystals, granular, massive. Origin and occurrence: Secondary in granitic pegma-
Origin and occurrence: Hydrothermal in quartz tites and in Fe deposits. It mostly originates from the
veins and granitic pegmatites, where it is formed by hydrothermal alteration of primary phosphates, mainly
decomposition of primary phosphates: metamorphic triphyllite. and it is associated with other secondary
in quartzites. phosphates. Rich radial aggregates up to 50 mm (2 in)
Imperfect crystals up to 100 mm (4 in) across come across come from llagendorf, Germany; the Tip Top
from I lorrsjoberg, Sweden; perfect crystals about 50 mine. Custer. South Dakota and the Fletcher mine.
mm found in Ashudi. Pakistan; also known from Groton, New Hampshire, USA.
Scorzaiite. HO mm. Palermo Xo.2 Mine, U.S.A. Rockbridgeite, 70 mm. llagendorf, Germany
t f r\
Frondelite. 15 mm xx. Custer. U.S.A. Dufrenite, V mm. iMncaster. U.S.A.
Frondelite Pseudomalachite
MnFe3+4(P04)3(OH)5 CUs(P04)2(0H)4
ORTHORHOMBIC MONOCLINIC
MONOCLINIC
i r\r
Cornubite, 30 mm, Farbiste, Slovakia Augelite, 34 mm. Yukon Territory, Canada
Cornubite Augelite
CU5(AS04)2(0H)4 AI2(P04)(0H)J
TRICLINIC MONOCLINIC
Properties: C light to dark green; S - light green: Properties: C - colorlcss, white, yellowish, pinkish;
L - vitreous to dull: D translucent: DE - 4.8; H S- white; L - vitreous to dull; D - transparent to
not determined: CL - not determined; F - uneven: M translucent: DE - 2.7; H- 4.5-5; CL - good; F
- botryoidal aggregates, massive. uneven: M - thick tabular to prismatic crystals,
Origin and occurrence: Secondary in Cu deposits. It granular, massive.
was found together with olivenite and clinoclase in Origin and occurrence: Hydrothermal in granitic
the Bedford United quarry. Cornwall, UK: also in pegmatites as a product of primary phosphates
Ashburton Downs. Western Australia. Australia and replacement; rare metamorphic in quartzites.
Farbiste, Slovakia. Massive aggregates several decimeters across occur
in pegmatites in Burango, Rwanda; also in the Hugo
Cornetite, 10 mm aggregate. Lumumbashi. Zair mine. Custer, South Dakota and Mount White,
California, USA. Crystals up to 20 mm ("A: in)
across comc from Rapid Creek, Yukon, Canada and
from the Champion mine, California; rare small
crystals found in the Palermo No. 1 mine. North
Groton. New Hampshire, USA.
Cornetite
CU3(P04)(0H)3
ORTHORHOMBIC
Clinoclase Duftite
Cu3(As04)(0H)3 PbCu(As04)(0H)
MONOCLINIC ORTHORHOMBIC
Conichalcite
CuCa(As04)(0H)
ORTHORHOMBIC
i r\r
Descloiziie, 38 mm. Grootfontein, Namibia
Descloizite
PbZn(V04)(0H)
ORTHORHOMBIC
A rsendescloizite
PbZn(As04)(0H)
ORTHORHOMBIC
i r\r
Origin and occurrence: Secondary in base metals
Cajdrsite. 9 mm x. Binntal. Switzerland
deposits, associated with mimetite and goethite.
Found rarely as crystals of 1 mm ( 7 in) in size in
Tsumeb, Namibia; also Mina Ojucla, Mapimi,
Durango, Mexico.
Mottramite
PbCu(As04)(0H)
ORTHORHOMBIC
i r\r
Bayldonite, 34 mm. Tsumeb. Namibia
Carminite
PbFe3+2(As04)2(0H)2
ORTHORHOMBIC
Bayldonite
PbCu3(As04)2(0H)2 . H 2 0
MONOCLINIC
Vesignieite
BaCu3(V04)2(0H)2
MONOCLINIC
i r\r
Vesigneite. <10 mm. Vrancice. Czech Republic
Arsentsumebite
Pb2Cu(As04)(S04)(0H)
MONOCLINIC
i r\r
Fluorapatite, 50 mm, Dusso, Pakistan
i r\r
sive apatite located in Kola Peninsula, Russia; Hydroxylapatite, 2 mm xx. Tornaszentandrds, Hungary
crystals weighing up to 300 kg (660 lb) from the f ' ^iaii *
vicinity of Clear Lake, Ontario, Canada.
Application: main source of P, chemical industry,
fertilizer.
Chlorapatite
Cas(P04)3CI
HEXAGONAL
Hydroxylapatite
Cas(P04)3(OH)
HEXAGONAL
Carbonate-fluorapatite
Cas(P04,C03)3F
HEXAGONAL
i r\r
Pyrvmorphite. 41 mm, Les Farges, France
Pyromorfite
Pbs(P04)3CI
HEXAGONAL
I 7T
Mimetitc. 14 mm x, Johanngeorgenstadt. Germany
Vanadinite
Pb5(V04)3CI
HEXAGONAL
i r\r
Atelestite, 70 mm, Schneeberg. Germany Variscite. 30 mm. Eairfield. U.S.A.
Hureaulite ORTHORHOMBIC
Mn5(P04)2[P03(0H)]2.4H20
Properties: C - colorless, greenish, blue-green; S -
MONOCLINIC white; L - vitreous; D - transparent to translucent;
DE - 2.6; H 3.5-4.5; CL - good; F - uneven; M -
Pmperties: C orange-red. pink, purplish, white, isometric crystals, botryoidal aggregates, nodules,
gray; S - white; L vitreous: D - transparent to coatings, massive.
translucent; DE - 3.2; H - 3.5; CL - good; F - Origin and occurrence: : Hydrothermal in cracks in
uneven; M - prismatic to tabular crystals, coatings, sedimentary rocks, rich in Al and P. also in phos-
granular, massive. phates deposits. It is associated with apatite,
wavellite and other phosphates. Renowned greenish
Hureaulite, 53 mm. Shingus, Pakistan
nodules up to 30 cm (12 in) in diameter come from
Clay Canyon. Fairfield, Utah, USA; also known
from Ronneburg, Germany and Jivina near Bcroun,
Czech Republic.
Strengite
Fe3+(P04) . 2 H z O
ORTHORHOMBIC
Scorodite
Fe3+(AsQ4) .2 H j O
ORTHORHOMBIC
i r\r
Phosphophyllile, 18 mm x. Potosi. Bolivia Ludlamile, 36 mm, Morococala, Bolivia
MONOCLINIC TRICLINIC
Ludlamite
Fe3(P04)2.4H20 Viviantie
Fe3(P04)2 . 8 H 2 0
MONOCLINIC
MONOCLINIC
Properties: C - light green, green: S white; L
vitreous; D transparent to translucent: DE 3.2; 11 Properties: C colorless when fresh, quickly
- 3.5; CL perfect; F - uneven; M - thin to thick oxidizes to blue, green, purple, black-bluc; S white
tabular crystals, granular, massive. to bluish; L vitreous; D - transparent, translucent to
Origin anil occurrence: S e c o n d a r y in the oxidation opaque; DE 2.7; H - 1.5-2; CL - perfect; F -
zone of ore deposits: in granitic pegmatites, where it uneven: M - long prismatic to acicular crystals,
replaces primary phosphates. Perfect crystals up to fibrous, earthy to pulverulent aggregates, coatings,
90 mm (37K. in) across known from the San Antonio granular, massive.
mine, Santa Eulalia, Chihuahua. Mexico: also from Origin and occurrence: Secondary in the oxidation
Morococala. Bolivia and the Blackbird district, zone of Fe deposits; in granitic pegmatites, where it
Idaho. USA. forms by the replacement of primary phosphates and
in sedimentary rocks in proximity of organic
Anapaite. 18 mm aggregates. Anapa. Ukraine
material; hydrothermal in the ore deposits. Crystals lucent: DE - 3.2; H - 1.5-2.5; CL - perfect; F -
up to 1.5 m (5 ft) long found in clay sediments in uneven: VI long prismatic, acicular to tabular
Anloua, Cameroon: crystals up to 200 mm (77* in) crystals, earthy aggregates, coatings, granular,
across known from Morococala. Bolivia. Smaller massive.
crystals comc from Trepca. Serbia; Lcadville, Origin anil occurrence: S e c o n d a r y in the oxidation
Colorado, Bingham Canyon, Utah, USA; also from zone of Co, Ni and U deposits. Tabular crystals up to
Kerch and Anapa, Crimea. Ukraine. 60 mm (27* in) long comc from Bou Azzer,
Morocco. Other important localities are Schneebcrg,
Germany; Talmcssi. Iran; Cobalt. Ontario. Canada;
Erythrine VIount Cobalt. Queensland, Australia.
C o j ( A s 0 4 ) 2 .8 H 2 0
Vivianile. 48 mm. Morococala. Bolivia
MONOCLINIC
i r\r
Phosphophyllite, IS mm x. Potosi, Bolivia Ludiamite, 36 mm, Morococala, Bolivia
Phosphophyllite Anapaite
Zn2Fe(P04)2 .4 H 2 0 Ca2Fe(P04)2 .4 H 2 0
MONOCLINIC TRICLINIC
Ludlamite
Fe3(P04)2.4H20 Vivianite
Fe3(P04)2.8 H 2 0
MONOCLINIC
MONOCLINIC
Properties: C - light green, green; S - white; L
vitreous; D transparent to translucent; DE - 3.2; I I Properties: C - colorless when fresh, quickly
- 3.5; CL - perfect; F - uneven: M - thin to thick oxidizes to blue, green, purple, black-blue: S - white
tabular crystals, granular, massive. to bluish; L - vitreous; D - transparent, translucent to
Origin and occurrence: Secondary in the oxidation opaque; DE 2.7; H - 1.5-2; CL - perfect; F
zone of ore deposits; in granitic pegmatites, where it uneven; M long prismatic to acicular crystals,
replaces primary phosphates. Perfect crystals up to fibrous, earthy to pulverulent aggregates, coatings,
90 mm (37i<. in) across known from the San Antonio granular, massive.
mine. Santa Eulalia, Chihuahua, Mexico; also from Origin and occurrence: Secondary in the oxidation
Morococala, Bolivia and the Blackbird district, zone of Fe deposits; in granitic pegmatites, where it
Idaho. USA. forms by the replacement of primary phosphates and
in sedimentary rocks in proximity of organic
i r\r
Anapaite. IS mm aggregates. Anapa. Ukraine
material; hydrothermal in the ore deposits. Crystals lucent; DE - 3.2; H - 1.5-2.5; CL - perfect; F -
up to 1.5 m (5 ft) long found in clay sediments in uneven; M - long prismatic, acicular to tabular
Anloua. Cameroon; crystals up to 200 mm (77. in) crystals, earthy aggregates, coatings, granular,
across known from Morococala. Bolivia. Smaller massive.
crystals come from Trepca. Serbia; Leadville. Origin and occurrence: Secondary in the oxidation
Colorado, Bingham Canyon. Utah, USA: also from zone of Co, Ni and U deposits. Tabular crystals up to
Kerch and Anapa. Crimea, Ukraine. 60 mm (27* in) long come from Bou Azzer,
Morocco. Other important localities are Schneebcrg,
Germany; Talmessi. Iran; Cobalt, Ontario, Canada;
Erythrine Mount Cobalt, Queensland, Australia.
COJ(AS04)2 .8 HJO
i r\r
Annabergite, 51 mm. Laurion, Greece
Annabergite
Ni3(As04)2 8 H20
MONOCLINIC
Symplesite
Fe3(As04)2 .8 H 2 0
TRICLIN1C
Picropharm acolite
C a 4 M g H 2 ( A s 0 4 ) 4 . 12 H z O
TRtCLINIC
Brushite
CaH(P04) .2 H z O
MONOCLINIC
Legrandite
Zn2(As04)(0H) . H 2 0
MONOCLINIC
i r\r
Euchroite, 10 mm xx, L'ubietova, Slovakia Slrunzile. it) mm .tx. Hagendorf, Germany
Euchroite
Cu2(As04)(OH) . 3 HzO
ORTHORHOMBIC
Strunzite
MnFe3+2(P04)2(0H)2 .6 H 2 0
MONOCLINIC
Cacoxenite Diadochite
( F e 3 * , A I ) 2 5 ( P 0 4 ) | 7 0 6 ( 0 H ) | 2 .75 H 2 Q Fe3+2(P04)(S04)(0H).5H20
HEXAGONAL TRICLINIC
Properties: C - light yellow, yellow-brown, orange; S Properties: C - yellow-brown, brown, red-brown, yel-
yellow; L - silky; D transparent to translucent; DE - low-green, gray-green; S yellow to light brown; L -
2.3; H - 3-4; CL not determined; F - uneven; M - dull, waxy; D - translucent to opaque; DE - 2.0-2.4;
acicular and fibrous aggregates, often with radial H - 3; CL - not determined; F - uneven, conchoidal,
structure, botryoidal crusts and coatings. earthy: M - nodules, coatings and crusts, massive.
Origin and occurrence: Hydrothermal on the cracks Origin and occurrence: Secondary in the oxidation
of sedimentary Fe ores, associated with wavellite; zone of Fe deposits. Diadochite caves in abandoned
rare as secondary in granitic pegmatites, as a product mines are known from Saalfeld. Germany; nodules
of weathering of primary phosphates. Crystals up to found in New Idria, California and Eureka, Nevada,
10 mm (7s in) across come from the Horcajo mine, USA.
Ciudad Real, Spain; golden-yellow acicular aggre-
gates occur in Hrbek near Svata Dobrotiva and Diadochite, 40 mm, Recsk, Hungary
Trenice, Czech Republic and in Amberg, Germany.
Beraunite
Fe2+Fe3+s(P04)4(0H)s .4 HzO
MONOCLINIC
i r\r
Wavellite, 40 mm. Trenice. Czech Republic
Wavellite
AI3(P04)2(0H,F)3 .5 H 2 0
ORTHORHOMBIC
Eosphorite
MnAI(P04)(0H)2 . H 2 0
ORTHORHOMBIC
Turquoise
CuAl6(P04)4(0H)8.4H20
TRICLINIC
1CT
Turquoise. 3 mm aggregates. Humboldt Co.. U.S.A.
i r\r
Chenevixite, 100 mm. Chuquicamata. Chile Tyrolite, 90 mm, Novoveska Hula. Slovakia
Chenevixite Delvauxite
Cu2Fe3+2(As04)2(0H)4 . HjO C a F e 3 + 4 ( P 0 4 , S 0 4 ) ( 0 H ) 8 .4-6 H 2 0
MONOCLINIC AMORPHOUS
Tyrolite
CaCu5(As04)2(C03)(0H)4 . 6 H 2 0
ORTHORHOMBIC
1 oA
Bukovskyite, 40 mm. Kahk. Czech Republic
Veszelyite
(Cu,Zn)3(P04)(0H)3 .2 H 2 0
MONOCLINIC
Chalcophylite
C u | 8 A I 2 ( A s b 4 ) 3 ( S Q 4 ) 3 ( O H ) 2 7 .36 H 2 Q
TRIGONAL
Properties: C - emerald-green, blue-green: S light
green; L - vitreous, pearly; D transparent to
translucent; DE - 2.6; H - 2; CL - perfect; F -
Bukovskyite uneven; M tabular crystals, scaly, fan-shaped
F e 3 + 2 ( A s 0 4 ) ( S 0 4 ) ( 0 H ) .7 H 2 0 aggregates, coatings, massive.
Origin and occurrence: Secondary in the oxidation
TRICL1NIC zone of Cu deposits, usually associated with tyrolite.
Rich aggregates occur in the Majuba Hill, Nevada
Properties: C yellow-green, gray-green; S - yellow- and in theTintic district, Utah, USA. Nice specimens
ish white: L - dull to earthy; D translucent to opaque; also come from Novovcska Huta and Piesky,
DE - 2.3: H not determined; CL - not determined; F Slovakia; Nizhniy Tagil. Ural mountains. Russia;
- earthy; M B botryoidal aggregates and nodules. Cap Garrone, France.
Origin and occurrence: Secondary on the old mine
Veszelyite, 13 mm. Philipsburg. U.S.A.
dumps where it forms as a product of arsenopyrite
weathering. Nodules up to 60 cm (24 in), occur on me-
dieval dumps in Kank near Kutna Hora. Czech
Republic.
i r\r
Liroconiie. 86 mm. Cornwall. UK
Evansite
AI3(P04)(0H)6.6H20
AMORPHOUS 3
Evansite. 5 mm aggregates. Sirk - Zeleznik. Slovakia Whiteite-(CaFeMg). 65 mm. Yukon Territory. Canada
i r\r
Jahnsite-(CaMnMg), 60 mm. Custer. U.S.A. Wardite, 48 mm. Yukon Territory. Canada
Jahnsite-(CaMnMg) Cyrilovite
C a M n M g 2 F e 3 + 2 ( P 0 4 ) 4 ( 0 H ) 4 .8 H z O NaFe3+3(P04)2(0H)4 . 2 H 2 0
MONOCLINIC
Properties: C yellow, lighl to dark brown; S light Pmperties: C - yellow, orange, brown-yellow; S -
yellow; L. - vitreous; D transparent to translucent; yellow; L - vitreous: D - transparent to translucent;
DE 2.6; H - not determined; CL good; F - DE - 3.1: H 4; CL good; F - conchoidal: M
uneven; M short to long prismatic crystals, tabular and dipyramidal crystals, coatings and crusts.
granular. Origin and occurrence: Secondary in granitic
Origin and occurrence: Secondary in granitic pegmatites, where it forms as a result of replacement
pegmatites, where it forms as a result of replace- of primary phosphates. Small crystals occur in
ment of primary phosphates. Perfect crystals up to Cyrilov, Czech Republic; llagendorf, Germany and
10 mm (7> in) across occur in the Tip Top mine, Sapucaia. Minas Gerais, Brazil.
Custer, South Dakota, USA. It is also known from
Cyrilovite. 60 mm. Iron Monarch. Australia
llagendorf, Germany.
Wardite
NaAI3(P04)2(0H)4 . 2 H 2 0
TETRAGONAL
i r\r
Liroconite, S6 mm, Cornwall. UK Evansite
AI3(P04)(0H)6.6H20
AMORPHOUS 3
Evansite. 5 mm aggregates. Sirk Zeleznik. Slovakia Whiteite-(CaFeMg). 65 mm. Yukon Territory. Canada
i r\r
Jahnsite-(CaMnMg), 60 mm. Custer. U.S.A. Wardite. 48 mm. Yukon Territory, Canada
MONOCLINIC
Properties: C yellow, light to dark brown; S light Properties: C - yellow, orange, brown-yellow: S -
yellow; L - vitreous; D transparent to translucent; yellow; L - vitreous; D - transparent to translucent:
DE - 2.6; II - not determined: CL good; F - DE - 3.1; H - 4; CL good; F - conchoidal; M
uneven; M - short to long prismatic crystals, tabular and dipyramidal crystals, coatings and crusts.
granular. Origin and occurrence: Secondary in granitic
Origin and occurrence: Secondary in granitic pegmatites, where it forms as a result of replacement
pegmatites, where it forms as a result of replace- of primary phosphates. Small crystals occur in
ment of primary phosphates. Pcrfcct crystals up to Cyrilov, Czech Republic: llagendorf, Germany and
10 mm (7> in) across occur in the Tip Top mine, Sapucaia. Minas Gerais. Brazil.
Custer, South Dakota, USA. It is also known from
Hagendorf. Germany. Cyrilovite. 60 mm. Iron Monarch, Australia
Wardite
NaAI3(P04)2(0H)4 . 2 H 2 0
TETRAGONAL
i r\r
Pharmacosiderite. 35 mm. Cornwall. UK Pharmacosiderite
K F e 3 + 4 ( A s 0 4 ) 3 ( 0 H ) 4 .6 H 2 0
CUBIC
A rseniosiderite
C a F e 3 + 3 ( A s 0 4 ) 3 0 2 .3 H j O
MONOCLINIC
Lavendulane
NaCaCu5(As04)4CI . 5 H z O
ORTHORHOMBIC
i r\r
Kovdorskite. 15 mm x. Kovdor. Kola. Russia Kovdorskite
M g 5 ( P 0 4 ) 2 ( C 0 3 ) ( 0 H ) 2 .4,5 H 2 0
MONOCLINIC
Torbernite
CU(U02)2(P04)2.8-I2 H20
TETRAGONAL
+-
i r\r
Aulunile, 15 mm xx. Troncasa. Portugal Novacekite, 70 mm. Brumado, Brazil
Novacekite
M g ( < J 0 2 ) 2 ( A s 0 4 ) 2 . IO H 2 O
TETRAGONAL
with tyuyamunite. Platy crystals, up to 2 mm (Vi in)
Properties: C - straw-yellow, light yellow; S light across found in the Mashamba West mine, Zaire.
yellow; L - vitreous to dull; D - transparent to Earthy and pulverulent aggregates occur in many
translucent; DE - 3.7; H - 2.5; CL - perfect; F - localities in the Colorado Plateau, e.g. Paradox
uneven; M tabular crystals, lamellar, earthy and Valley, Colorado and La Sal, Utah, USA. Also
pulverulent aggregates, massive; LU - dark green; R known from Tyuya Muyun, Uzbekistan and Radium
strongly radioactive. Hill, Southern Australia. Australia.
Origin and occurrence: Secondary in the oxidation Application: U a n d V ore..
zone of U deposits. Tabular crystals up to 50 mm (2
in) across come from the Pedra Preta Mine,
Brumado, Bahia, Brazil. Lamellar aggregates arc Tyuyamunite
known from Zalcsi, Czech Republic; Aldama, C a ( U 0 2 ) 2 ( V 0 4 ) 2 . 5-8 H 2 0
Chihuahua. Mexico; Wittichen, Germany.
ORTHORHOMBIC
Carnotite
K2(U02)2(V04)2 . 3 H 2 0
MONOCLINIC
i r\r
9. Silicates
Phenakite. 200 mmx. Kragero. Norway
Phenakite
Be2Si04
TRIGONAL
Willemite
Zn2Si04
TRIGONAL
i r\r
Forsterite. 40 mm. Suppat. Pakistan
Forsterite Olivine
OLIVINE GROUP OLIVINE GROUP
Mg2Si04 (Mg,Fe)2Si04
ORTHORHOMBIC ORTHORHOMBIC
up to 100 mm (4 in) across occurred. It is also known It is also known from Strzegom, Poland and the
from the San Carlos Indian Reservation. Arizona, Sawtooth Batholith, Idaho, USA.
USA. Olivine was found in many basaltic rocks in
Laaeher See. Germany; Rockport. Massachusetts,
USA and elsewhere. Tephroite
Application: chrysolite is cut as a gemstone. OLIVINE GROUP
Mn2Si04
Fayalite ORTHORHOMBIC
OLIVINE GROUP
Fe2Si04 Properties: C - gray, olive-green, red-brown; S -
white: L dull to vitreous: D - translucent to trans-
ORTHORHOMBIC parent; DE 4.2; H - 6; CL good; F B conchoidal
to uneven; M prismatic crystals, granular.
Properties: C black-green to black; S - gray; L - Origin and occurrence: Metamorphic in skams
dull to vitreous; D opaque; DE 4.2; H - 6.5-7; CL and Mn-rich metamorphosed sediments, together
- good: F B conchoidal to uneven; M - imperfect with rhodonite, franklinite and spessartine. Granu-
prismatic crystals, granular. lar aggregates and perfect crystals up to 50 mm (2
Origin and occurrence: Magmatic in granitic peg- in) across known from Franklin, New Jersey, USA;
matites, granites and syenites, associated with ortho- Langban, Sweden. It comes also from Tarnobrzeg,
clase. gadolinite-(Y) and epidote; rare metamorphic. Poland, in crystals, up to 80 mm (3 V in) across.
Poorly developed crystals up to 150 mm (6 in) long
found in pegmatites near Bavcno, the Alps, Italy.
Fayalite. SO mm. Rockport, U.S.A. Tephroite. 60 mm. Harstigen. Sweden
i r\r
Pyrope, 3 mm grains. Trebivlice. Czech Republic
translucent; DE - 3.5; H - 7-7.5; CL - none; F B
conchoidal to uneven; M - isometric crystals,
granular.
Origin and occurrence: Magmatic in some ultra-
basic rocks, e.g. lherzolites, peridotites, kimberlites,
eclogitcs and serpentinites; metamorphic in quartz-
ites; also known from placers. It is associated with
diopside, magnetite and diamond. It comes from
many localities in ultrabasic rocks, like Trebenice
and Mirunice, Czech Republic; Zoblitz, Germany;
Madras, India; Kimberley, South Africa. Crystals up
to 250 mm (9'Vio in) across were found in Dora
Maria, the Alps, Italy.
Application: cut as a gemstone.
Almandine
GARNET GROUP
Fe3AI2Si30| 2
Pyrope CUBIC
GARNET GROUP
Mg3AI2Si30|2 Properties: C - red to purple-red, black-brown; S -
white; L vitreous; D - transparent to translucent;
CUBIC DE - 4.3; H - 7; CL - none; F B conchoidal to
uneven: M B well-formed crystals, granular.
Properties: C - red to purple-red, light purple, black- Origin and occurrence: Metamorphic in regionally
brown; S - white; L - vitreous; D - transparent to metamorphosed rocks, as chlorite schists, gneisses.
Almandine, 3H mm x. Otztal. Austria Spessartine, 96 mm, Gi/git. Pakistan
i r\r
Grossular, 17 mm x. Asbestos, Canada
i r\r
Andmdite, 30 mm xx, Graham Co.. U.S.A. Andradite
GARNET GROUP
CajFe-^SijOij
CUBIC
1 AO
Uvarovite. 2 mm xx. Sarany. Russia
Zircon
ZrSi04
TETRAGONAL
199
Eulylile, 2 mm xx, Schneeberg, Germany Sillimanite, II) mm grains, HavlHhSv Brod, C:ecli Republic
CUBIC
Euclase
Properties: C - brown, yellow, gray, colorless; S - BeAISi04(0H)
white; L greasy: D translucent; DE 6.6; H
4.5; CL - good; F B conchoidal to uneven; M - small MONOCLINIC
dipyramidal crystals, radial aggregates, granular.
Origin and occurrence: Secondary in Bi deposits, Properties: C - colorless, white, greenish, blue; S -
typically associated with bismuth. white; L - vitreous; D - transparent to translucent:
Its small crystals come from Horni Slavkov, Czech DE - 3.1; H - 7.5; CL - good: F B conchoidal to
Euclase. 42 mm. Minas Novas, Bm:il
7.00
Andalusite, 28 mm x. Aracuay. Minas Gerais, Brazil
uneven: M - long prismatic crystals, radial aggre-
gates. granular.
Origin and occurrence: Hydrothermal occurs in
pegmatites, greisens and in quartz and Alpine-type
veins: rare in placers. Well-formed crystals up to 80
mm (3Vi in) in size known from Santa do Encoberto,
Minas Gerais, Brazil. Blue crystals up to 50 mm (2
in) across occurred in the Last Hope Mine, Karoi.
Zimbabwe. It also come from the sediments of
Sanarka River, Ural mountains, Russia. Dark blue
crystals up to 150 mm (6 in) across were found
recently in the Chivor Mine. Colombia.
Application: locally cut as a gemstone.
Sillimanite
AI2SiOs
ORTHORHOMBIC
Andalusite
AI2SiOs
ORTHORHOMBIC
201
Topaz. IS mm xv, Ghundao Hill. Pakistan
Kyanite
AI2SiOs
TRICLINIC
Topaz
AI2Si04(F,0H)
ORTHORHOMBIC
Varieties', pyenite
om
Topaz. 49 mm. Ramona, U.S.A.
203
Staurolile, 80 mm, Keivy, Kola, Russia
Sapphirine
Mg2AI4SiO|0
MONOCLINIC
Chondrodite Chapmanite
Mg5Si208(0H.F)2 SbFe^+2Si208(0H)
MONOCLINIC MONOCLINIC
MONOCLINIC
205
Braunite, 60 mm. Langban, Sweden
sedimentary rocks rich in Mn and in hydrothermal
veins, associated with hausmanite, pyrolusite and
other Mn minerals. Its perfect crystals up to 70 mm
(2% in) long, come from Kacharhavee and Tirodi,
India. It is also known from Langban, Sweden; Ilfcld
and Ilmenau, Germany; St. Marcel, Italy; Tizi
Bashkun, Morocco.
Application: Mn ore.
Thaumasite
C a 6 S i 2 ( C 0 3 ) 2 ( S 0 4 ) 2 ( O H ) | 2 .24 H 2 0
HEXAGONAL
Titanite
Braunite CaTi0Si04
Mn2+Mn3+6SiO|2
MONOCLINIC
TETRAGONAL
Properties: C - colorless, yellow, brown, green, gray-
Properties: C - black, black-gray, black-brown: S - to black: S - white: L vitreous to dull; D - trans-
gray: L - submetallic to metallic: D opaque; DE - 4.7; parent, translucent to opaque; DE - 3.5: H - 5-5.5:
H - 6-6.5; CL - perfect; F uneven to conchoidal; M - CL - good; F uneven to conchoidal; M - tabular
dipyramidal crystals, granular. crystals and their combinations, granular, massive.
Origin and occurrence: Metamorphic in regionally Origin and occurrence: Metamorphic and magmatic
and contact metamorphosed rocks; hydrothermal in as a common accessory mineral in many igneous and
Thaumasite. 3 mm aggregate, Maglovec, Slovakia Fersmanite. 10 mm .t, Khibiny Massif. Kola. Russia
mctamorphic rocks and pegmatites: hydrothermal in Fersmanite
the Alpine-type veins; also in placers. (Na,Ca)4(Ti,Nb)2Si20! |(OH,F)2
The most beautiful crystals up to 180 mm (7'/i in)
long occur in Alpine-type veins in Tavctsch and TRICL1N1C
Binntal. Switzerland; Zillertal and Felbertal, Austria;
Dodo, Polar Ural. Russia. Large, poorly developed Properties: C - light to dark brown; S -white; L -
crystals weighing up to 40 kg (88 lb), come from vitreous to dull: D translucent: DE - 3.5; H 5-5.5;
Eganville. Ontario, Canada and Rossie. New York. CL - none; F - uneven to conchoidal; M - tabular
USA. crystals.
Origin and occurrence: Magmatic to hydrothermal in
alkaline pegmatites together with pectolite, apatite and
sulfides. Crystals up to 30 mm (lVu in) across known
Chloritoid. 30 mm. /lie de Croix, France from Mount Evcslogchorr, Khibiny massif. Kola
Peninsula, Russia.
Chloritoid
Fe2AI4Si2O|0(OH)2
MONOCLINIC, TRICLINIC
207
Datolite, 30 mm .Of, Dalnegorsk, Russia
ORTHORHOMBIC
Howlite
Ca2B5Si09(0H)5
MONOCLINIC
Kornerupine
Mg4AI6(Si,AI,B)502|(0H)
ORTHORHOMBIC
209
Cuproskiodowskiie. 82 mm, Musonoi. /.air
nn
Akermanite, 5 mm xv. Ml. Vesuvius, Italy
the Mashamba West mine. Musonoi, Zaire. It also
occurred in Jachymov, Czech Republic.
Uranophane
C a ( U 0 2 ) 2 S i 2 0 7 .6 H z O
MONOCLINIC
Akermanite
Ca 2 MgSi 2 Oy
TETRAGONAL
211
Ilvaite, 20 mm., Dalnegorsk, Russia
Ilvaite
CaFe2+2Fe3+Si208(0H)
ORTHORHOMBIC
Bertrandite
Be4Si207(0H)2
ORTHORHOMBIC
Hemimorphite
Zn4Si207(0H)2 . H 2 0
ORTHORHOMBIC
214
Lamprophylite radial aggregates.
Na2Sr2Ti3Si4"o 16(OH,F)2 Origin and occurrence: Magmatic in alkaline syenites
and their pegmatites, associated with nepheline,
MONOCLINIC aegirinc and eudialyte. The best crystals up to 150 mm
(6 in) long come from Mount Flora, Lovozero massif,
Properties: C - brown to dark brown; S - white; L - Kola Peninsula, Russia. It is also known from
vitreous to submetallic; D - translucent; DE - 3.5; H - Langesundsljord Norway and Mont St.-Hilairc,
2-3; CL - perfect; F - uneven; M - tabular crystals, Quebec, Canada.
Hemimorphite, 26 mm, Arizona, U.S.A. Lamprophyllite, 50 mm xx, lovozero Massif. Kola. Russia
213
Clinozoisite. 36 mm. Eden Mills. U.S.A.
- good: F - uneven; M - prismatic crystals,
columnar and radial aggregates, granular, massive.
Origin and occurrence: Metamorphic in marble/
granite contacts; hydrothermal in the Alpine-type
veins and in hydrothermally altered rocks, typically
associated with albite, prehnitc and amphibole. Its
green crystals up to 140 mm (5'/i in) long, were
found in Sobotin, Czech Republic. Perfect crystals
up to 100 mm (4 in) across come from Knappcn-
wand, Austria. Thick tabular crystals occur in Prince
of Wales Island, Alaska. USA. Fine crystals,
resembling Austrian crystals, were found recently in
Alchuri, Shigar, Pakistan. Fine columnar aggregates
of crystals are known from Pampa Blanca, Peru and
also reported from Arendal, Norway.
Piemontite
Ca2(AI,Mn3+)3Si30|2(0H)
MONOCLINIC
Clinozoisite
Ca2AI3Si30|2(OH)
MONOCLINIC
Epidote
Ca2(AI,Fe3+)3Si3012<OH)
MONOCLINIC
in) long come from St. Marcel. Piedmont, Italy and uneven; M tabular crystals, granular; R - usually
Otakiyama, Japan. metamict.
Origin and occurrence: Magmatic in pegmatites and
granites; metamorphic in various types of meta-
Allanit-(Ce) morphic rocks, e.g. migmatitcs, amphibolitcs and
(Ca)Ce>Y)2(AI>Fe3+)3Si30,2(OH) gneisses. Grains, up to 70 cm (277 in) across found
in pegmatites near Bancroft. Ontario, Canada. Also
MONOCLINIC occurs in Barringer Hill, Colorado: Amelia district,
Virginia, USA; Arcndal and Hittero, Norway; Ytter-
Properties: C black to dark brown; S - light gray; by and Riddarhyttan, Sweden; Yates mine. Quebec,
L greasy to submetallic: D translucent to opaque: Canada.
DE 3.9*; H 5.5-6; CL none: F - conchoidal to
Piemontite, 45 mm. Todyryact. Morocco Afianile-tCe). 40 mm, Vizcaya. Spain
215
Tanzanite. 37 mm, Arusha. Tanzania
Zoisite
Ca2Al3Si30|2(0H)
ORTHORHOMBIC
t r
Vesuvianite, i 10 mm. Asbestos. Canada
Vesuvianite
Ca 1 9 (AI,Mg,Fe), 3 S i , 8 0 6 8 ( 0 H , F , 0 ) , 0
TETRAGONAL W m v l
Properties: C - brown, yellowish, green, blue, purple, feypMB
colorless; S - white; L - vitreous to dull; D -
transparent to translucent; DE - 3.3; H - 6-7; CL -
imperfect; F - uneven to conchoidal; M - prismatic to
tabular crystals, columnar aggregates with radial
structure, granular, massive.
Origin and occurrence: Metamorphic and hydro-
thermal in contact metamorphosed Ca-rich rocks,
1
mainly in skarns, in marble contacts, also in
rodingites; rarely magmatic in alkaline rocks. It is
usually associated with grossular, wollastonite and
diopside. Perfect green crystals up to 180 mm (77i<.
in) long and purple crystals up to 70 mm (2% in)
long come from the Jeffrey quarry. Asbestos,
Quebec, Canada. It is also known from Hazlov. S B
Czech Republic; Crestmore, California. Franklin.
New Jersey. USA; Monzoni, Italy. 1 1
g a l B^'ISH
n
V\Unite E
Ca 1 9 (AI,Mg) 1 3 B 5 Si 1 8 O 6 8 ( 0 , 0 H ) , 0
TETRAGONAL
Properties: C - dark green, gray-brown; S - white; L Origin and occurrence: Metamorphic in serpenti-
- vitreous to dull; D - transparent to translucent; DE nized skarn. associated with grossular. Its perfect
- 3.4; H - 6; CL - imperfect; F uneven to con- prismatic crystals up to 50 mm (2 in) long are only
choidal; M - prismatic crystals. known from the Vilui River basin, Yakutia, Russia.
Viluite, SO mm xx. Vilui River. Russia
217
Benitoite 150 mm (6 in) across. Crystals up to 30 mm (17M in)
BaTiSijOj across come from Mount Yukspor, Khibiny massif,
Kola Peninsula. Russia. It is also known from Lange-
TRIGONAL sundstjord, Norway; Magnet Cove, Arkansas. USA.
Benitoite. 2S nun x, San Benito Co.. U.S.A. Catap/eiite, 37 mm. Mont St.-Hilaire, Canada
Eudialyte, 20 mm grain. Khibiny Massif, Kola. Russia Ferroaxinite, 62 mm, Khapalu, Pakistan
Tinzenite
Ca(Mn,Fe)2AI2BSi40,5(OH)
TRICLINIC
219
Beryl parent to translucent; DE - 2.6; H - 7.5-8; CL -
Be3AI2Si60|8 imperfect; F - uneven to conchoidal; M - long pris-
matic to tabular crystals, columnar and radial
HEXAGONAL aggregates, granular, massive.
Origin and occurrence: Magmatic in pegmatites and
Varieties: emerald aquamarine, heliodor, morganite, granites; hydrothermal in greisens, in cavities in
goshenite, red beryl (bixbite). rhyolite, in quartz veins; metamorphic in mica
schists. Perfect prismatic crystals of common beryl
Properties: C - variable in different varieties: up to 9 m (29 ft 6 in) long found in the Etta mine,
common beryl - mostly yellow, yellow-green, light Keystone, South Dakota, USA. Crystals weighing up
green to white, rare blue; varieties: emerald - dark to 177 tons, come from Namivo, Alto Ligonha, Mo-
emerald-green; aquamarine - light to dark blue- zambique. Other localities are Pici. Brazil; lveland,
green: morganite - pink; heliodor - light yellow to Norway; Antsirabe. Madagascar. Emerald crystals
yellow-green; goshenite - white to colorless: red occur in mica-schists, marbles and ultrabasic rocks,
beryl B red; S - white; L - vitreous to dull; D - trans- associated with other Be minerals, phenakite and
221
Heliodor. 87 mm. Volodarsk Volvnskii. Ukraine
associated with tourmaline, quartz and albite. Intense
blue crystals are known from many pegmatites in
Minas Gerais, Brazil, where in the Marambaia mine,
crystals, up to 70 cm (27Vre in) long and weighing up
to 110 kg (242 lb) found. Very beautiful gemmy crys-
tals over 30 cm (12 in) long rcccntly occurred in the
Medina Mine. It also come from Murzinka, Ural
mountains and Adun Chilon, Siberia, Russia. It also
comes from Spitzkopje. Namibia; Gilgit. Pakistan and
elsewhere. Morganite is a typical mineral of granitic
pegmatites, where it occurs in mainly in cavities,
usually associated with color varieties of tourmaline,
quartz and albite. Its tabular crystals up to 100 mm (4
in) across found in the White Queen mine, Pala, Cali-
fornia, USA. Smaller crystals come from San Piero in
Campo, I:lba, Italy. Crystals up to 50 cm (20 in)
across reported from several localities in Minas
Gerais, Brazil. Heliodor also occurs in pegmatite ca-
vities, hydrothermal veins and in gneisses, commonly
associated with quartz and albite. Prismatic crystals
up to 200 mm (77 in) long, come from Volodarsk
Volynskii, Ukraine. It is also known from Nerchinsk.
Siberia. Russia and several mines in Minas Gerais,
Brazil. Goshenite occurs only in pegmatites. Its
prismatic crystals come from Goshen, Massachusetts,
223
Bazzite. 70 mm. Tordal. Norway Sekaninaite. 40 mm x, Dolni Bory. Czech Republic
Cordierite Sekaninaite
Mg2AI4SisO|8 Fe2AI4SisO|8
ORTHORHOMBIC ORTHORHOMBIC
- white; L - vitreous to dull; D - transparent to somatic rocks; magmatic in some granitic peg-
translucent; DE - 2.8; H - 7-7.5; CL - imperfect; F matites; hydrothermal in quartz veins and ore veins,
uneven to conchoidal; M - short prismatic crystals, also known from placers. Brown to dark brown
granular. perfect crystals up to 200 mm (77/ in) long come
Origin anil occurrence: M a g m a t i c in granitic peg- from mica schists near Dravograd, Slovenia. It is also
matites and some granites, associated with andalu- known from marbles in Gouvcrneur, New York,
site and tourmaline; metamorphic in gneisses and USA. Crystals up to 150 mm (6 in) across found in
migmatites. Conical, imperfect crystals, up to 70 cm Yinnictharra. Western Australia, Australia. Crystals
(277i6 in) long typically come from Dolni Bory. up to 50 mm (2 in) long were recently found in
Czech Republic: also known from San Piero in Gujarkot, Nepal.
Campo. Elba. Italy. Application: transparent crystals are cut as gem-
stones.
Dravite
TOURMALINE GROUP Buergerite
NaMg3AI6(B03)3Si60,8(OH)4 TOURMALINE GROUP
NaFe3+3AI6(B03)3Si602|F
TRIGONAL
TRIGONAL
Properties: C - light to dark black-brown, blue,
colorless, commonly pleochroic; S - white; L - Properties: C black, strongly pleochroic; S -
vitreous to dull; D - transparent to translucent; DE yellow-brown: L vitreous to dull; D-translucent to
3.0; H - 7-7.5: CL - none; F - uneven to conchoidal; opaque: DE - 3.3: H - 7; CL - none; F - uneven to
M - long to short prismatic crystals, columnar to conchoidal: M B prismatic crystals, granular.
acicular aggregates, granular. Origin and occurrence: Hydrothermal in rhyolites.
Origin and occurrence: Metamorphic in migmatites, Its black crystals, up to 40 mm (19/16 in) long, are
gneisses, mica schists, marbles and in contact meta- known from Mexquitic, San Luis Potosi, Mexico.
225
Schorl. 40 mm. Gilgit. Pakistan
Schorl Povondraite
TOURMALINE GROUP TOURMALINE GROUP
NaFe3AI6(B03)3Si60|8(0H)4 NaFe3-f-3Mg2Fe3-'-4(B03)3Si60,8(OH)4
TRIGONAL TRIGONAL
Elbaite
TOURMALINE GROUP
Na Li
( I ,5ai I ,s)Ali(B03)3si6 I 8 ( h ) 3 f
TRIGONAL
227
ties in many localities. Rubellite crystal called 'The none: F - uneven to conchoidal; M long to short
Rocket' (109 em/435/w in long) was found in the prismatic crystals, columnar aggregates, granular.
Jonas mine, Minas Gerais. Brazil. Rubellite crystals Origin and occurrence: Metamorphic in Ca-rich
up to 40 cm (15% in) long come from Alto Ligonha rocks, marbles, skarns; magmatic in some peg-
district, Mozambique. Rubellite crystals up to 250 matites; hydrothermal in ore veins.
mm (9"/i6 in) long occurred in the Stewart Lithia, Perfect green and red crystals, up to 30 mm ( V/K in)
Tourmaline King and Tourmaline Queen mines, across, occur in Brumado. Bahia, Brazil. It is also
Pala. California, USA. Verdelitc crystal 270 mm known from Gouverneur and Pierrepont, New York,
(10V in) long, is known from the Dunton mine, USA.
Newry, Maine, USA. Other important localities
include San Piero in Campo, Elba, Italy; Malkhan,
Transbaikalia, Russia; Rozna . Czech Republic; Uto, Liddicoatite
Sweden: Gilgit. Pakistan; Paprok, Afghanistan. TOURMALINE GROUP
Application: commonly used as a gemstone. Ca(Li2AI)AI6(B03)3Si60,8(OH)3F
TRIGONAL
Uvite
TOURMALINE GROUP Varieties: rubellite, vcrdelite
CaMg4AI5(B03)3Si60,8(OH,F)4
Properties: C - varies in different varieties, mainly pink,
TRIGONAL green, green-brown to yellow-brown; S - white; L -
vitreous to dull; D - transparent to translucent; DE - 3.1;
Properties: C - gray, black, brown, green, red. H - 7; CL none; F - uneven to conchoidal; M -
pleochroic; S - white; L - vitreous to dull; D - prismatic crystals, columnar aggregates, granular.
translucent to opaque; DE - 3.3; H - 7-7.5; CL - Origin and occurrence: Magmatic in granitic peg-
matites in association with lepidolite, spodumcnc Anjanabonoina. It is also known from Blizna, Czech
and albitc. Its perfect red and green crystals up to Republic.
250 mm (9 V. in) long come from pegmatite cavities Application: cut as a gemstone.
in many localities in Madagascar, e.g. Sahatany and
Liddicoatite, 41 mm. Madagascar
229
Foitite Dioptase
Cu
TOURMALINE GROUP 6Si6l8 6 H
2
Fe2AIAI6(B03)3Si60|8(0H)4
TRIGONAL
TRIGONAL
Properties: C - emerald-green to blue-green; S
Properties: C - black to black-purple; S - white; L light blue-green; L - vitreous to dull; D transparent
vitreous to dull: D translucent to opaque; DE - 3.3; to translucent; DE - 3.3; H 5; CL - good; F -
H - 7; CL - none: F - uneven to conchoidal; M - uneven to conchoidal; M - long to short prismatic
prismatic crystals, acicular aggregates. crystals, granular.
Origin and occurrence: Magmatic in granitic Origin and occurrence: Secondary in the oxidation
pegmatites and granites; hydrothermal in pegmatite zone of Cu deposits, associated with other secondary
cavities. Foitite typically forms black tips of elbaite Cu minerals. Beautiful crystals up to 50 mm (2 in)
crystals (moors heads) in Dobra Voda, Czech across occur in Tsumeb, Namibia; Altyn Tyube.
Republic; San Piero in Campo, Elba, Italy; White Kazakhstan; Renneville, Congo. It also comes from
Queen mine, Pala, California, USA. It occurs the Mammoth mine. Tiger, Arizona, USA.
together with schorl in some granitic pegmatites, like
Rozna. Czech Republic.
Milarite
H
KCajAIBejSi 12^30 2
Rossmanite
TOURMALINE GROUP HEXAGONAL
LiAI2AI6(B03)3Si60|8(0H)4
Properties: C - colorless, white, gray, light green; S
TRIGONAL white; L - vitreous to dull; D - transparent to
translucent; DE - 2.5; II - 5-6; CL none; F -
Properties: C - pink; S white; L vitreous to dull: uneven to conchoidal: M long prismatic to acicular
D - transparent to translucent; DE - 3.1: H - 7; CL crystals, granular.
none: F uneven to conchoidal: M - prismatic Origin and occurrence: Hydrothermal in the Alpine-
crystals, columnar aggregates. type veins, in pegmatites and hydrothermal veins,
Origin and occurrence: Magmatic in granitic associated with adularia. Crystals up to 40 mm (l*/u
pegmatites. Prismatic crystals, up to 20 mm (~7m in) in) long come from Jaguarapu. Minas Gerais, Brazil.
long, were found in massive lepidolite in Rozna. also It was also found in St. Gotthard, Switzerland: Klein
in Lastovieky, Czech Republic. Spitzkopje, Namibia; Valencia mine, Guanajuato,
Mexico.
Foitite. 20 mm x, Dobra Voda. Czech Republic Rossmanite. 10 mm xx. Lastovieky, Czech Republic
Dioptase, 40 mm, Mindouli, '/Mir
231
Bronzite. 15 mm, Minas Gerais, Brazil Chrome diopside, 5 mm grains. Inagli, Russia
' * *
m .TS*
&
iM A
Diopside
PYROXENE GROUP
CaMgSi206
MONOCLINIC
Hedenbergite
PYROXENE GROUP
CaFeSijOj
MONOCLINIC
Augite
PYROXENE GROUP
(Ca,Mg,Fe,AI)(Si.AI) 2 0 6
MONOCLINIC
233
Omphacite, 90 mm, St.Leonhard. Austria
Omphacite
PYROXENE GROUP
(Ca,Na)(Mg,Fe2+,Fe3+,AI)(Si,AI)206
MONOCLINIC
Aegirine
PYROXENE GROUP
NaFe3+Si206
MONOCLINIC
235
Spodumene. 52 mm x. Kunar, Afghanistan Hiddenite. 35 mm. Adams Property. U.S.A.
MONOCLINIC
Tli.
Carpholite. 70 mm, llorni Slavkov, Czech Republic cross-cutting greisens, associated with fluorite.
quartz and cassiterite; also in metamorphic rocks. It
was described from Horni Slavkov, Czech Republic,
where it forms acicular crystals up to 10 mm (Vi in)
long and radial aggregates. It is also known from
Meuville. Belgium and Wippra, Germany.
Lorenzenite
Na 2 Ti 2 Si 2 09
ORTHORHOMBIC
Ajoite
( K , N a ) C u 7 A I S i 9 0 2 4 ( 0 H ) 6 .3 H 2 0
TRICLINIC
Carpholite
MnAI2Si206(OH)4 Properties: C - blue-green: S - light green; L - vitreous
to dull; D - translucent to opaque; DE - 3.0; H - not
ORTHORHOMBIC determined; CL - not determined; F - uneven to
conchoidal: M prismatic crystals, massive.
Properties: C - various hues of yellow; S - white: L Origin and occurrence: Secondary in Cu deposits,
- vitreous to dull; D - translucent; DE 3.0; II 5- associated with shattuckite. It occurs rarely as small
5.5; CL - good: F - uneven to conchoidal: M - crystals in the New Cornelia mine. Ajo, Arizona,
acicular crystals and their aggregates. USA. It is also known as inclusions in quartz crystals
Origin and occurrence: Hydrothermal in veins, in the Messina mine, Transvaal, South Africa.
Lorenzenite, 20 mm xx, Flora Mt.. Kola. Russia Ajoite, 60 mm, Ajo. U.S.A.
237
Holmquislile, 60 mm. IMC Malartic. Canada
scrpentinites and at the contact of serpcntinitcs and
pegmatites, usually with actinolite or Iremolite and
cordicrite. Crystals up to 150 mm (6 in) long come
from the Marbridge No. I mine, Quebec, Canada. It
is also known from Bodenmais, Germany: Snarum.
Sweden and Hermanov, Czech Republic.
Holmquistite
AMPHIBOLE GROUP
Li2Mg3AI2Si8022(0H,F)2
ORTHORHOMBIC
Tremolite Edenite
AMPHIBOLE GROUP AMPHIBOLE GROUP
Ca2MgsSI8O20(OH)2 NaCa2(Mg,Fe)5Si7AI022(0H)2
MONOCLINIC MONOCLINIC
Properties: C white, gray, greenish, green, brown, Properties: C - white, gray to dark green; S - white;
pink; S - white; L - vitreous to dull; D transparent L vitreous to dull; D - transparent, translucent to
to translucent; DE - 2.9; H - 5-6; CL - good; F opaque; DE - 3.1; H - 5-6; CL good; F uneven
uneven to conchoidal: M - columnar, acicular and to conchoidal; M - prismatic crystals, granular.
radial aggregates, granular. Origin and occurrence: Mctamorphic in regionally
Origin and occurrence: Metamorphic in contact and metamorphosed basic rocks and marbles; magmatic
regionally metamorphosed rocks, dolomites and in diorites and gabbros. Typical rock-forming
ultrabasic rocks: hydrothermal in the Alpine-type mineral, its crystals up to 40 mm (1 '/it in) long come
veins, typically associated with diopside, talc, from Edenvillc, New York, USA and Bancroft.
dolomite and calcite. It is a typical rock-forming Ontario, Canada.
mineral, known from many localities. Prismatic
crystals up to 40 cm (15% in) long come from
Brumado, Bahia, Brazil. It occurs also in Campo- Edenite. 48 mm. H'illterforce, Canada
lungo, Switzerland; Zillcrtal, Austria: Gouverneur.
New York. USA and elsewhere.
Actinolite
AMPHIBOLE GROUP
Ca2(Mg,Fe)sSi8O20(OH)2
MONOCLINIC
239
Common Amphibole. 50 mm x. Lukov, Czech Republic
Pargasite
AMPHIBOLE GROUP
NaCa2(Mg,Fe)4AISi6AI2022(0H)2
MONOCLINIC
Common Amphibole
AMPHIBOLE GROUP
(Ca,Na)2(Mg,Fe,AI)5(Si,AI)8Q22(OH,F)2 Richterite
AMPHIBOLE GROUP
MONOCLINIC Na2Ca(Mg,Fe,AI)s(Si,AI)8022(0H,F)2
-Mfl
Riebeckite, 45 mm, Griqualund. South Africa Aenigmatite, 40 mm xx, Eveslogchorr, Kola, Russia
Riebeckite Aenigmatite
AM PHI BOLE G R O U P Na2Fe5TiSi6O20
Na(Fe2+,Mg)3Fe3+2Si8022(0H)2
TRICLINIC
MONOCLINIC
Properties: C - black; S - red-brown; L - submetal-
Varieties: crocidolitc (tiger's eye) lic to dull; D -almost opaque; DE - 3.8; H - 5.5; CL
perfect: F - uneven to conchoidal; M - long pris-
Properties: C dark blue to black, crocydolite - gray- matic crystals, columnar aggregates, granular.
blue; S - white; L - vitreous to dull; D - translucent to Origin and occurrence: Magmatic in alkaline
opaque; DE - 3.4; H - 5; CL - perfect: F - uneven to syenites and volcanic rocks, associated with aegirinc
conchoidal; M long prismatic crystals, acicular to and arfvedsonitc. It occurs in Julianehab, Greenland;
fibrous aggregates. Lipari Island, Italy and elsewhere.
Origin and occurrence: Magmatic in alkaline rocks,
as granites, syenites and rhyolites; metamorphic in
regionally metamorphosed Fe rich shales. Large Wollastonite
crystals up to 150 mm (6 in) long come from CajSi309
Khangay, Mongolia. Crocidolitc is famous from
Griqualand, South Africa. TRICLINIC
H'ollastonite. 44 mm. Crestmore. U.S.A. Properties: C white, gray, light greenish, pink; S -
white; L - vitrous to dull; D - transparent to
translucent; DE - 3.0; H - 4.5-5; CL - good; F -
uneven to conchoidal; M - tabular to short prismatic
crystals, columnar and radial aggregates, granular:
LU - orange.
Origin and occurrence: Metamorphic mainly in
contact metamorphosed rocks, as marbles, skarns,
less common in pyroxene gneisses and quartzites,
associated with grossular. diopside and vesuvianite.
Columnar and acicular aggregates up to 180 mm
( 7 ' / i s in) long occur in the Strickland quarry,
Connecticut, USA. It also come from Crestmore,
California, USA; Ciclova, Romania and Zulova ,
Czech Republic. Short prismatic crystals up to 30 cm
(12 in) across are known from the Santa Fe mine,
Chiapas, Mexico.
241
Buslamite, 20 mm xx, Broken HH1. Australia
Pectolite
Ca2NaSi308(0H)
TRICLINIC
TRICLINIC Seraudite
Mn2NaSi308(0H)
Properties: C - pink to red-brown; S - white; L
vitreous to dull; D transparent to translucent; DF. - TRICLINIC
3.4; H - 5.5-6.5; CL - good; F uneven to
conchoidal; M tabular crystals, acicular Properties: C pink, red; S white; L - vitreous to
aggregates, massive. dull: D transparent lo translucent; DE 2.9; H - 4.5-
Origin and occurrence: Metamorphic or hydro- 5; CL - good; F uneven to conchoidal; M tabular
thermal in Mn rich metamorphic rocks or skarns. It and prismatic crystals, granular.
is associated with rhodonite and other Mn silicates in Origin and occurrence: Hydrothermal in cavities of
Franklin, New Jersey, USA; Langban. Sweden; igneous rocks (alkaline syenite, carbonatite) together
Broken Hill. New South Wales, Australia. with aegirine and analcimc. Perfect pink crystals up
lo 200 mm (7'/ in) long come from Mont St.-
Pectolile, 70 mm. Zelechovske udoli, Czech Republic Serandite. 25 mm. Mont St.-Hilaire. Canada
Charoite. 50 mm. Sirenevyi Kamen. Russia
Hilaire, Quebec. Canada; crystals up to 60 mm (2'U
in) long found in the Yubileinaya dike, Mount
Karnasurt, Lovozero massif. Kola Peninsula, Russia.
Charoite
(K,Sr,Ba)(Ca,Na) 2 (Si,AI) 4 O| 0 (OH,F)
TRICLINIC
Agrellite
N a C a j S i ^ O | QF
TRICLINIC
Okenite
CaSi204(OH)2 . H 2 0
TRICLINIC
Origin and occurrence: Hydrothcrmal in basalt
Properties: C - white, yellowish: S white; L cavities together with zeolites. Rich acicular
vitreous to dull; D - transparent to translucent: DE - spherical aggregates up to 80 mm (3Vs in) in
2.3; H 4.5-5; CL good; F - uneven to conchoidal; diameter come from basalt cavities in the vicinity of
M B blade-shaped crystals, acicular crystals and Poona, India; also known from Faeroc Islands.
their spherical aggregates.
Agrellite, 120 nun. Kipawa. Canada Okenite. 125 mm, Mum ha i, India
243
Xonotlile. 20 mm vein. Stare Ransko, Czech Republic
basic and ultrabasic rocks and in the Alpine-type
veins, associated with calcite and zeolites: rare meta-
morphic in skarns and in contact metamorphosed
marbles. It comes from Tetcla de Xonotla, Puebla,
Mexico; Crestmore, California, USA; Mihara mine,
Japan. It is was also found in Stare Ransko. Czech
Republic.
Elpidite
N a 2 Z r S i 6 0 | S .3 H 2 0
ORTHORHOMBIC *
Babinetonite
Ca2Fe2*Fe3+Si50,4(OH)
TRICLINIC
245
Kinoite South Wales, Australia. Its spherical aggregates up to
CajCujSijC^OH^ 30 mm (l J /:t in) in diameter are known from the
Wesscls mine, Kuruman, South Africa.
MONOCLINIC
Kinoite. 36 mm. Christmas Mine, U.S.A. Inesite. 50 mm. Kuruman. South Africa
Neptunite, 2X mm, Sun Benito Co.. U.S.A.
247
Prehnite, 28 mm, Brandberg, Namibia Fluorapophyllile. 47 mm. Poona, India
Fluorapophyllite
KCa4Si8O20(F.OH) . 8 H 2 0
TETRAGONAL
-MS
Pyrophyllite. 37 mm, California. U.S.A. Agalmatolite, 70 mm, India
Virginia, USA. Other localities are St. Andreasberg. uneven; M - tabular crystals, foliated aggregates,
Germany; Bento Gongalves. Rio Grande do Sul. massive.
Brazil. Origin and occurrence: Metamorphic in metamor-
phosed basic rocks and dolomites, together with
actinolite. dolomite and chlorite; hydrothcrmal in veins.
Pyrophyllite Tabular crystals up to 20 mm (:s/n in) across come from
A
'2Si4l'o(H)2 Brumado, Bahia, Brazil and Chester, Massachusetts,
USA. Rich foliated aggregates are known from Ziller-
MONOCLINIC tal, Austria. Pscudo-morphs after quartz crystals come
from St. Gotthard, Switzerland. Large deposits of
Varieties: agalmatolite massive talc arc mined in China.
Application: as a filling material in textile, paper and
Properties: C - white, greenish, yellow, gray; S chemical industries, heat-resistant material.
white; L greasy to pearly; D - translucent to
Talc, 61 mm, Rochester, U.S.A.
transparent; DE - 2.8; H - 1-2; CL - perfect; F -
uneven; M B foliated and lamellar aggregates,
massive (agalmatolite), radial to acicular aggregates.
Origin and occurrence: Metamorphic in Al-rich
rocks, together with andalusite and kyanite; hydro-
thermal in veins with quartz and micas. Rich foliated
and radial aggregates and poorly-formed crystals up
to 10 mm ('/* in) across arc known from Zermatt.
Switzerland: Bcrezovsk, Ural mountains, Russia and
the Champion mine, California, USA.
Application: heat-resistant material, agalmatolite as
dccorative stone.
Talc
M
g3Si4l0(H>2
MONOCLINIC
249
Muscovite Celadonite
MICA GROUP MICA GROUP
KAI3Si3Ol0(OH,F)2 KFe3+(Mg,Fe2+,AI)Si40,0(OH)2
MONOCLINIC MONOCLINIC
Glauconite
MICA GROUP
K 0 8 (AI,Fe 2 - t -,Fe 3 + .Mg)(Si,AI) 4 Q, Q ( O H ) 2
MONOCLINIC
complcx pegmatites, associated with albite. elbaitc Properties: C - light green, yellow-green to blue-
and lepidolitc. Fine-grained scaly aggregates were green; S - light green; L dull; PS translucent to
described from the Little Three mine, Ramona, opaque: DE - 2.9; H - 2; CL B perfect; F - uneven;
California, USA; also in Recice, Czech Republic. M B earthy and platy aggregates, massive.
Origin and occurrence: 1 lydrothermal in sedimen-
tary' and volcanic sedimentary rocks, also as a pro-
Paragonite duct of replacement of mafic minerals in volcanic
MICA GROUP rocks. Common in sandstones and limestones,
NaAI3Si3O|0(OH,F)2 locally associated also with phosphorites. It occurs
in many localities in the Karpathians, Poland; in
MONOCLINIC Polabi region, Czcch Republic. Massive aggregates
are known from the N'Chwaning No. 2 mine,
Properties: C - white, greenish, yellowish, pinkish: Kuruman. South Africa.
S - white; L - vitreous to pearly; D transparent to
Glauconite. >S0 mm. Malomerice. Czech Republic
translucent; DE - 2.8: H - 2.5; CL B perfect; F -
uneven: VI tabular crystals, scaly aggregates,
massive.
Origin and occurrence: Metamorphic in various
rock types, as mica schists and gneisses. Fine-
grained scaly aggregates are known from Pizzo
Fomo. Switzerland and elsewhere.
Boromuscovite. 40 mm. Ramona. U.S.A.
251
Annile, 120 mm. Budec. Czech Republic Phlogopite. 45 mm. Sludvanka, Russia
Annite Biotite
wm
MICA GROUP MICA GROUP
KFe3AISi3O|0(OH,F)2 K(Fe,Mg)3AISi3O|0(OH,F)2
MONOCLINIC MONOCLINIC
Properties: C - black, locally with reddish or Properties: C - brown to black, commonly with red
greenish tint: S - colorless; L - vitreous to pearly; D or green tint; S colorless; L - vitreous to pearly; D
- transparent to translucent, locally opaque; DE - transparent to translucent, locally opaque; DE -
2.8; H - 2.5-3; CL - perfect: F - uneven; M - tabular 2.8: H - 2.5-3; CL - perfect: F - uneven; M - tabular
crystals, lamellar aggregates, massive. crystals, scaly aggregates, massive.
Origin and occurrence: Metamorphic in skarns; Origin and occurrence: Metamorphic in various
magmatic in some pegmatites and granites. Its rock types, as mica schists, gneisses, migmatites and
lamellar aggregates are known from Langban. Swe- different types of metamorphosed shales; magmatic
den and Cape Ann, Massachusetts, USA. Crystals up in pegmatites, granites, syenites and dioritcs, rare in
to 150 mm (6 in) across come from Mont St.-Hilaire, basalts and ultrabasic rocks. Typical rock-forming
Quebec, Canada. mineral, usually associated with quartz, feldspars
and muscovite. Rich scaly aggregates arc known
from a pegmatite in Evje, Norway, where its crystals
Phlogopite reach up to several meters across. Other famous
MICA G R O U P localities are Bessnes, France; Uluguru mountains,
KMg3AISi3O|0(OH,F)2 Tanzania; Silver Crater mine. Ontario, Canada and
Laacher See, Germany.
MONOCLINIC
on
Biolite, 30 mm x. Ontario. Canada
lies are known from Virgcm da Lapa, Minas Gerais,
Brazil. Massive aggregates come from the Stewart
Lithia mine, Pala, California and the Brown Derby
No. 1 mine, Colorado, USA; Varutrask, Sweden:
Rozna . Czech Republic: Meldon Quarry, Devon,
UK.
Application: Li and Cs ore.
Zinnwaldite
MICA GROUP
KLiFeAI2SijO|0 (F,OH)2
MONOCLINIC
MONOCLINIC
Polvlithionite. 30 mm. lAtvozero Massif. Kola. Russia Zinnwaldite. 10 mm xx, Cinovec. Czech Republic
253
Margarite. 73 mm. Chester, U.S.A.
Margarite Clintonite
CaAI4Si2O,0(OH)2 Ca(Mg.Al)3(AI3Si)O|0(OH)2
MONOCLINIC MONOCLINIC
MONOCLINIC
255
Cookeile, 60 mm. Dohra Voda. Czech Republic Clinochfore. 5 mm xx. Sarany. Russia
MONOCLINIC
Clinochlore
Properties: C white, yellowish, pinkish, brown; S - CHLORITE GROUP
colorless; L - vitreous to pearly; D transparent to (Mg,Fe)5Al2Si3O10(OH)8
translucent; DE - 2.6; H 2.5-3.5; CL - perfect; F -
uneven: M B scaly, locally radial aggregates, MONOCLINIC
massive.
Origin and occurrence: Hydrothermal in cavities in Varieties: kammererite
Li-bearing pegmatites, associated with elbaite,
lcpidolite, fluorapalite and albite, it also replaces Properties: C greenish, gray, white, yellowish,
spodumcne; metamorphic in Al-rich shales, together brown, red-purple (kammererite); S - colorless; L -
with diasporc and pyrophyllite. Massive aggregates, vitreous lo pearly; D transparent to translucent; DE
replacing spodumcne, occur in the Tanco mine, - 2.7; H - 2-2.5; CL - perfect; F - uneven: M B
Bernic Lake, Manitoba. Canada. It also comes from poorlv-developed tabular crystals, foliated and radial
cavities in pegmatites in the Little Three mine, aggregates, massive.
Kammererite, /1 mm xx, Kop Daglari, Turkey
y
Chamosite. 70 mm. Hajan, Hungary Dickite, 100 mm. Nona Ruda, Poland
Origin and occurrence: Mctamorphic in various granites and arcoses. It forms large deposits in
types of shales and marbles; hydrothermal in quartz China, France, UK and Czech Republic.
veins and Alpine-type veins, occasionally replaces Application: raw material for ceramics.
certain minerals as biotitc. Crystals up to 50 mm (2
in) across, associated with chondrodite and magne-
tite, are known from the Tilly Foster mine. Brewster, Dickite
New York and Chester, Pennsylvania, USA. It also AI2Si2Os(OH)4
occurs in Val d'Ala, Italy and Zillertal, Austria.
Scales up to 40 cm (15% in) across come from MONOCLINIC
Beramy, Madagascar. Kammererite crystals up to 20
mm ("hi in) across found in Kop Daolari, Erzerum, Properties: C - white, yellowish; S colorless; L
Turkey. earthy to pearly; D - translucent to opaque; DE -
2.6; H - 1; CL - perfect; F - uneven; M - earthy and
platy aggregates, massive.
Chamosite Origin and occurrence: Hydrothermal in cavities in
CHLORITE GROUP hydrothermal veins, together with quartz, carbonates
( F e . M g J j A l j S i j O | q(OH)Q and sulfides. It occurs in Essen, Germany; Anglesey,
Wales , UK; Kladno, Czech Republic. Microscopic
MONOCLINIC crystals come from Mas d'Alary, France.
Kaolinite. 50 mm. St.Austell. UK
Properties: C - gray, gray-green, brown; S - gray-
green; L vitreous to dull; D - translucent to opaque:
DE - 3.2; H - 2-2.5; CL - perfect; F - uneven; M B
scaly and oolitic aggregates, massive.
Origin and occurrence: Metamorphic to hydro-
thermal in various types Fe-rich sediments, typically
associated with siderite and magnetite.
It is common in Chamoson, Switzerland; Nueice.
Czech Republic. Spherical aggregates up to 15 mm
("/ in) in diameter found in Mont St.-Hilaire,
Quebec, Canada.
Kaolinite
AI2Si2Os(OH)4
TRICLINIC
257
Nabite. 70 mm. Rochlitz. Germany earthy; D - translucent to opaque; DE - 2.6; H -
2.5-3.5; CL - perfect; F - uneven; M B foliated,
lamellar and fibrous aggregates, massive.
Origin and occurrence: Metamorphic in serpenti-
nites, marbles and other Mg-rich rocks; hydrother-
mal in veins cross-secting these rocks. It is important
rock-forming mineral. It occurs in Kraubat, Austria;
Hrubsice, Czech Republic; Antigorio, Italy and
elsewhere.
Amesite
Mg2AI(SiAI)Os(OH)4
TRICLINIC
Allophane
approximately A I 2 S i O j . n H 2 0
AMORPHOUS
259
Palygorskite. 120 mm. Bunia. Hungary
Sepiolite
M
g4Si6l5(H>2-6 H
2
ORTHORHOMBIC
Zeophylite
Ca4Si308(0H,F)4 .2 H 2 0
TRICLINIC
Nepheline
(K,Na)AISi04
HEXAGONAL
261
Peralile, 23 mm, Paprnk, Afghanistan
quartz and spodumcne. Gigantic crystals several
meters long, come from Bikita, Zimbabwe: and
Varutrask, Sweden. Clear gemmy crystals up to 230
mm (9'Ar. in) across found in pegmatite cavities in
Paprok, Afghanistanand also in San Piero in Canipo,
Elba, Italy. Crystals up to 100 mm (4 in) across occur
in Araguai, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
Application: ceramic industry.
Chkalovite
NajBeSijOj
ORTHORHOMBIC
Petalite
LiAISi4O|0
MONOCLINIC
263
Microcline. 110 mm. Lake George. Teller Co.. U.S.A.
Microcline Hyalophane
FELDSPAR GROUP FELDSPAR GROUP
KAISijOg (K,Ba)AI(Si,AI) 3 0 8
TRICLINIC MONOCLINIC
Origin and occurrence: Magmatic in phonolitcs: good; F - uneven to conchoidal; M - tabular crystals
metamorphic in various rock types, as marbles, and their twins, platy aggregates, granular, massive.
gneisses and Mn-rich rocks; hydrothermal in the Origin and occurrence: Magmatic in granites,
Alpine-type and ore veins. Crystals up to 100 mm (4 syenites and their pegmatites; metamorphic in various
in) across found in Alpine-type veins near Busovaca, rock types, as orthogneisses. migmatites, phyllites
Bosnia-Hercegovina. and metamorphosed shales; hydrothermal in the
Alpine-type veins and ore veins, a typical rock-
forming mineral. Well-formed tabular to platy cleave-
Albite landite crystals up to 150 mm (6 in) across occur in
FELDSPAR GROUP pegmatite cavities in the Amelia district, Virginia and
NaAISijOg the Pala district, California, USA. Albite crystals also
come from Strzegom, Poland; San Picro in Campo,
TRICLINIC Elba, Italy; Murzinka, Ural mountains, Russia; many
localities in Minas Gerais, Brazil. Pericline crystals
Varieties: pericline. cleavelandite are known from the cracks along Alpine-type veins in
Grossgreincr, Austria; St. Gotthard. Switzerland; also
Properties: C - colorless, white, yellowish, pinkish, from ore veins in Roznava, Slovakia.
gray, greenish, bluish; S - white; L vitreous; D -
transparent to translucent; DE 2.6; 11 - 6-6.5; CL -
Oligociase
Albite. 85 mm. Covernador Valadares. Brazil FELDSPAR GROUP
( N a Q,9-0,7 C a 0,1 -0.3 AI 1,1-1,3 Si 2,9-2,78
TRICLINIC
265
Andesine, 50 mm. Bodenmais. Germany Anorthite. 10 mm xx. Pasmaada. Filmland
Anortite
FELDSPAR GROUP
CaAljSijOg
TRICLINIC
ORTHORHOMBIC
Cancrinite
Na6CaAI6Si60 2 4 ( C 0 3 ) .2 H 2 0
HEXAGONAL
Cancrinite, 70 mm. Ditrau. Romania Leifite. 100 mm. Mont St.-Hilaire. Canada
267
Socialite, 50 mm. Bancroft, Canada
zircon and titanite; hydrothermal in marbles. Gra-
nular aggregates are known from the Princess
Sodalite mine. Bancroft, Ontario, Canada and
Ditrau, Romania. Crystals up to 100 mm (4 in)
across come from Kangerdluarssuk. Greenland.
Application: cut as a gemstone.
Noseane
Na8AI6Si6024(S04)
CUBIC
Lazurite
(Na,Ca)8AI6Si6024(S,S04)
CUBIC
Danalite
Tugtupite Fe4Be3Si30|2S
NagBejA^SigC^C^
CUBIC
TETRAGONAL
Properties: C - gray,yellow,pink, red, brown; S -
Properties: C - white, pink, red bluish; S - white; L white; L - vitreous; D - transparent to translucent;
- vitreous; D transparent to translucent; DE - 2.3; DE - 3.4; H - 5.5-6; CL - imperfect; F - uneven to
H - 5; CL - good; F - uneven to conchoidal; M - conchoidal; M - isometric crystals, granular,
small crystals, granular, massive. massive.
Origin and occurrence: Hydrothermal in alkaline Origin and occurrence: Magmatic in granitic peg-
syenites and their pegmatites, also as a product of matites; hydrothermal in greisens, skarns and ore
chkalovite alteration. Aggregates up to 60 mm (2JA veins. It occurs in Cape Ann, Massachusetts, USA;
in) across come from the Umbozero mine. Mount Hortekollen, Norway and Coolgardie, Western
Alluaiv, Lovozero massif. Kola Peninsula, Russia Australia, Australia.
Tugtupite. 90 mm, Wimaussaq. Greenland Danalite, 70 mm. Yxjoberg, Sweden
269
Helvire, 2 mm xx. Cavnic, Romania
Marialite
SCAPOLITE GROUP
Na8(AISi3Q8)6 (CI2>S04)
TETRAGONAL
CUBIC
Pollucite
ZEOLITE GROUP
(Cs,Na)AISi206 . H 2 0
CUBIC
TETRAGONAL
271
NatroUle. 47 mm, Maricopa Co., Arizona. U.S.A.
ORTHORHOMBIC
274
V
Mesolite. J50 mm. Mahrashitra. India
Skolecite
ZEOLITE GROUP
C a A I 2 S i 3 O | 0 .3 H 2 0
MONOCLINIC
ORTHORHOMBIC ORTHORHOMBIC
273
Gonnardite, 10 mm xx, Zalahalap. Hungary
Edingtonite
ZEOLITE GROUP
BaAI2Si3O|0 .3 H z O
TETRAGONAL
Dachiardite-Ca
ZEOLITE GROUP
(Cao 5 , N a , K ) 5 A I 5 S i | 9 0 4 8 . 13 H 2 0
MONOCLINIC
Ferrierite-Ca. 2 mm aggregates. Regec. Hungary Laumontite. 120 mm. Markovice. Czech Republic
275
Heulandite-Ca, 8 mm xx, Parana, Brazil
M fe
' '-iSfe
V:
v v.--
Clinoptilolite-Ca Epistilbite
ZEOLITE GROUP ZEOLITE GROUP
(Cao 5 , N a , K ) 4 , s A I 9 S i 2 7 0 7 2 . 24 H 2 0 (Ca,Na2)AI2Si40|2 .4 H 2 0
MONOCLINIC MONOCLINIC
Properties: C - colorless, white, yellowish, pinkish, Properties: C - colorless, white, yellowish, pinkish,
red. greenish; S - white; L vitreous; D - trans- light brown: S - white; L - vitreous; D - transparent
parent to translucent; DE 2.2; H - 3.5-4; CL - to translucent; DE - 2.2; H - 4; CL - good; F -
perfect; F uneven to conchoidal: M - platy crystals, uneven to conchoidal; M - prismatic crystals, radial
massive. aggregates.
Origin and occurrence: Hydrothermal in volcanic- Origin and occurrence: Hydrothermal in cavities in
sedimentary rocks. Large industrial deposits occur in volcanic rocks: associated with other zeolites. Clear
New Zealand, Japan and Australia. Crystals come and white tabular crystals and their twins up to 30
from Agate Beach, Oregon, USA. mm (1V>6 in) across come from Jalgaon, India; also
Application: construction, chemical industry and in Teigarhorn, Iceland and Faeroe Islands.
agriculture.
Stilbite-Ca, S3 mm, N'asik, India
Stilbite-Ca
ZEOLITE GROUP
( C a 0 5 > N a , K ) 9 A I 9 S i 2 7 0 7 2 . 28 H j O
MONOCLINIC
Properties: C - colorless, white, yellowish, pinkish,
brown; S - white; L - vitreous, locally pearly: D -
transparent to translucent; DE - 2.2; H - 3.5-4; CL -
good; F uneven to conchoidal: M prismatic and
tabular crystals, commonly complicated interpenetra-
tion twins and sheaf-like aggregates, granular,
massive.
Origin and occurrence: Hydrothermal in cavities of
volcanic rocks, along Alpine-type fissures, in ore
veins, also in sedimentary rocks and hot springs,
typically associated with calcitc and other zeolites.
Colorless and white tabular crystals and their combi-
nations up to 200 mm (77/ in) across come from the
Pandulena Hill Quarries, India. Crystals arc also
known from Teigarhorn, Iceland; Faeroe Islands;
West Paterson, New Jersey, USA and elsewhere.
277
Gismondine, 2 mm xx, Tapolca-Diszel. Hungary Phitiipsite-K, 3 mm xx. Limberg, Germany
MONOCLINIC
Phillipsite-K
Properties: C colorlcss, white, bluish, pinkish: S - ZEOLITE GROUP
white; L vitreous: D transparent to translucent; (K.Na.Cag s ) A l s S i | | 0 3 2 . 12 H 2 0
DE - 2.3; H - 4.5; CL - good: F uneven; M -
complex twins of crystals, platy aggregates. MONOCLINIC
Origin and occurrence: Hydrothermal in cavities in
Pmperties: C - colorless, white, reddish; S white;
Harmotome. 79 mm. Slrontian. UK
L - vitreous: D transparent to translucent; DE -
2.2; H 4-4.5; C'L good; F - uneven; M - prismatic
crystals and complex intcrpenetration twins,
granular, massive.
Origin and occurrence: Hydrothermal in cavitics in
volcanic rocks, sedimentary rocks and hot springs;
associated with calcite and other zeolites. Colorless
and white interpenetration twins up to 20 mm ("/ in)
across come from Capo di Bove, Italy: Doughboys.
Tasmania, Australia; Sovincc near Litomioce, Czech
Republic and elsewhere.
Harmotome
ZEOLITE GROUP
(Ba 0 5 ,Cao 5 , K , N a ) s A I 5 S i | | 0 3 2 . 12 H z O
MONOCLINIC
MONOCLINIC
Chabasite-Ca
ZEOLITE GROUP
( C a 0 5 , N a , K ) A I 4 S i 8 0 2 4 . 12 H z O
279
10. Organic compounds
Whewellite sedimentary in coal basins, associated with barite,
CaC204.HzO ankerite and other minerals. Hydrothermal crystals up
to 70 mm (2% in) long, come from U-bearing veins in
MONOCLINIC PrRbram, Czech Republic. Similar crystals, up to 70
mm (2-Vi in) long, occurred in Cavnic, Romania. Heart-
Properties: C - colorless, white, grayish: S - color- shaped and butterfly twins, up to 100 mm (4 in) found
less; L - vitreous; D - transparent to translucent; DE in concretions near Kladno, Czech Republic. Similar
- 2,2; H - 2,5; CL - good; F - conchoidal; M - pris- specimens are known from Burgk near Dresden,
matic crystals, commonly twinned. Germany. Interesting flat radial aggregates found along
Origin and occurrence: Rare hydrothermal, mainly cracks in clays in the vicinity of Most, Czech Republic.
281
Mellite, I70 mm, Bicskc-Csordakitt, Hungary
Mellite Fichtelite
A I 2 [ C 6 ( C O O ) 6 ] . 18 H 2 0 c
I9h34
TETRAGONAL MONOCLINIC
Evenkite
C
24H50
MONOCLINIC
1CI
Fichtelile, SO mm. Mazice, Czech Republic
Origin and occurrence: Secondary, typical mineral
of peat-bogs. Its crystals arc known from Borkovice
near Sobeslav. Czech Republic; also known from
Marktredwitz. Germany.
Amber
a mixture of hydrocarbons
AMORPHOUS
283
11. Rocks, meteorites and tektites
Granite. 6) mm. Norway
Rocks consist of minerals and often of fragments of
other rocks and organic matter. Since rocks are
mixtures, we cannot determine certain physical /
chemical data (chemical formula, crystal system,
hardness, etc.). Unlike minerals, some rocks form
huge bodies which may cover several thousand kirr
so no single localities are shown in this book. Rocks
are mainly used for building, in agriculture, and as
raw materials for chemicals, ceramics and metals.
Rocks are generally divided into three principal
groups according to their origin:
1. igneous rocks
2. sedimentary rocks
3. m e t a m o r p h i c rocks.
1. Igneous rocks
Properties: C - light gray, gray, white, brown, black,
gray-green, pinkish, red-brown: D - opaque, rare
transparent to translucent; L - dull, rare vitreous, DE forming minerals arc quartz, orthoclase, microcline,
- varies from 2.6 up to about 3.8: F uneven, rare plagioclasc, biotite. muscovite, amphiboles, pyroxenes,
conchoidal; M - coarse to fine grained, commonly olivine and nepheline. Rocks may solidify at various
massive aggregates, consisting of microscopic or depths, according to which they are either intrusive,
larger grains or crystals of various minerals, up to dyke or effusive. They can be grouped according to
several decameters across, glass is also present chemical composition (Si02 content):
rarely. Minerals in rocks usually have characteristic felsic - granite, syenite, pegmatite, rhyolite, obsidian
texture features, like graphic granite and others. intermediate diorite. andesit basic - gabbro, basalt
Origin and classification: Igneous rocks form at high utrabasic pcridotite. varies from 1.0 up to about 2.8;
temperature and commonly at high pressure in F - uneven, sometimes conchoidal: M - coarse to fine
solidification of mainly silicate magma of variable grained and massive aggregates, consisting of grains or
composition. The mineral composition reflects a crystals, from microscopic to several dm in size, also
chemical composition of magma. Typical rock- of rock fragments and organic matter, banded textures
are typical and some rocks arc fossiliferous.
Orbicular granite, 150 mm, Sweden
Pegmatite, 65 mm, Dolni Bory, Czech Republic Diabase, 65 mm. Ro'zany, Czech Republic
Sandstone. 65 mm, Buffalo Gap. South Dakota. U.S.A. Conglomerate. 65 mm. St.Alhan. UK
- wmsm
287
Iron meteorite, 50 mm, Sikhote-Alin. Russia
289
Recommended literature
Anthony J.W. et al. (1990, 1995, 1997): Fleischer M., Mandarino J.A. (1995):
Handbook of Mineralogy 1. II. III. Glossary of Mineral Species.
Mineral Data Publishing, Tucson. Mineralogical Record, Tucson.
291
Rejstfiik
/V Argentite 23 Boromuscovite 250
Acanthile 23 Argentopyrite 32 Bort 16
Actinolite 239 Argyrodite 25 Botryogen 148
Adamite 154, 161 Arsendescloizile 166 Boulangerite 62
Adularia 263 Arsenic 14 Bournonire 56
Aegirine 235 Arseniosiderite 188 Braunite 206
Aenigmatite 241 Arsenolamprite 15 Brazilianite 167
Aeschynite-(Ce) 107 Arsenolite 81 Breithauptite 33
Agahnatolite 249 Arsenopyrite 48 Brochantite 139
Agate 88. 94. 95 Arsentsumebite 169 Brookite 104
Agrellite 243 Artinite 127 Brucite 109
Aguilarite 24 Astivphyllite 248 Brushite 179
Achroite 227 Atacamite 68 Buergerite 225
Aikinite 56 Atelestite 174 Bukmskyite 185
Ajoite 237 Augelite 164 Bustamite 242
Akermanite 211 Augite 233
Alabandite 34 Aurichalcite 123
Alabaster 147
Albite 265
Aurostibite 44
Autunite 190
c
cabrerit 178
Alexandrite 80 Aventurine 88. 95 cafarsit 167
Algodonite 19 Azurite 122 calaverit 42
Allanite-(Ce) 215 caletlonit 142
AUargentum 19 carnallit 68
Allophane 259 B carnotit 191
Almandine 196 Babingtonite 245 carrolit 38
Altaile 36 Balas 16 cavansit 260
Aluminite 148 Barite 136. 138 celestin 138
Atumohydrocalcile 128 Barytocalcite 121 cerusit 120
Alunite 140 Bastnasite-(Ce) 124 cinabarit 37
Alunogen 144 Baumhauerite 59 citrin 88
Amazonite 264 Bavenite 247 clausthalit 35
Amber 280, 283 Bayldonite 168 clevelandit 265
Amblygonite 158 Bazzite 224 clintonit 254
Amesite 258 Benitoite 218 colemanit 133
Amethyst 74. 88. 91 Beraunile 181 coloradoit 27
Analcime 271 Berthierite 53 cookeit 256
Anapaite 176 Bertrandite 212 copiapit 149
Anatase 104 Beryl 220 coquimbit 144
Ancylite-(Ce) 128 Beryllonite 155 cordierit 224
Andalusite 201 Berzelianite 21 cornetit 164
Andersonite 129 Berzeliite 156 cornubit 164
Andesine 266 Beiajite 87 coronadit 102
Andorite 57 Betekhtinite 57 cosalit 62
Andradite 198 Betpakdalite 153 covellin 38
Anglesite 137 Beudantite 141 creedit 68
Anhydrite 137 Bilinite 146 cristobalit 96
Ankerite 117 Bindheimite 86 cronstedtit 258
Annabergite 178 Biotite 252 cubanit 31
Annite 252 Bismuth 15 cumengit 70
Anorthite 266 Bismulhinite 40 curit 111
Anthophyllite 238 Bismuthite 126 cylindrii 37
Antigorile 258 Bixbite 220. 223 cyrilovit 187
Antimony 14 Bixbyite 82 A
Antlerite 139 Boleite 69 a
Apjohnite 145 Boracite 135 aaroit 243
Aquamarine 220 Borax 133 akalovit 262
Aragonite 119 Bornite 22
293
D ferrierit-Ca 275
ferrimolybdil 153
hessil 24
hessonit 197
dachiardit-Ca 275
fcrroaxinit 218 heulandil-Ca 276
danalit 269
ferrocolumbit 106 hiddenil 236
danburil 267
ferrotapiolit 103 hollandit 102
datolil 208
fersmanit 207 holmquistit 238
dawsonit 124
fibroferril 147 howlit 209
delvauxit 184
fichteli! 282 hrachovec 119
dimantoid 198
flogopil 252 hiibnerit 105
descloizlt 166
fluellit 67 liun/il 118
devillin 149
Jluorapalil 170 hureaulit 174
diadochit 181
fluorapofyli1248 hyacint 199
diaforit 58
Jluorit 66. 73 hyalit 97
diamant 16
foitii 230 hvalofan 264
diaspor 109
forsleril 194 hydmialkit 127
dickil 257
fosfofylit 176 hydraxylapatit 171
diopsid 232
franckeit 36 hydraxylherderii 158
dioplus 230
franklinii 78 livdmzinkii 123
djurleil 20
freibergit 30
dolomil 117
domeykit 19
freieslebenit 58
J'rondelit 163
CH
drah' opal 97, 99 chabasil-Ca 279
fuchsit 250
dravil 225 chalcedon 88. 92. 93
dresseril 129 chalkanlit 142
dfievif opal 97. 98 G chalkofylil 185
dufrenit 163 gadolinit.(Y) 20N rhatknpyrit 27
dufrinoysit 59 galmit 76 chalkosideril 183
duftit 165 galenit 35 chalkosin 20
dumortierit 209 gaude/royit 131 chalkoslibit 52
dyskrasit 20 gaylussil 126 chalkotrichit 75
gehlenit 211 chamosil 257
E geokronil 60
germanit 28
chapmanit 205
chcnevixit 184
edenii 239
gersdorffit 45 chiastolit 201
edingtonit 274
gelchellil 65 chlorapalil 171
egirin 235
geysiril 97 chloritoid 207
elbait 227
gibbsil 109 chondrodi! 205
elpidil 244
gismondin 278 chromdiopsid 232
emplektil 53
glaukonil 251 chromit 78
enargit 30
goclhit 110 chryzoberyl 80
enigmatit 241
gonnardi! 274 chryzokol 259
enstalit 232
goosecreekit 279 chn'zopras 88. 92
eosforit 182
gorgeyil 146
epididymit 246
epidol 214
epistilbit 277
goshenil 220. 223
grafit 15
I
ilmenil 84
greenockit 30
epsomil 144 ilmenorulil 103
gmsular 197
erythrin 177 ilvaii 212
gudmundit 48
eltringil 150 inderil 131
eudialyt 218 indigolil 227, 229
euchroit 180 H inesit 246
euklas 200 lialii 71 inyoil 132
eufytin 200 lialolrlchit 145
euxenit-fY) 107 hambergit 134
hanksii 142
J
evansil 186 jadeii 235
evenkit 282 harmolom 278 jahnsit-(CaMnMg) 187
haueril 43 jalpaii 25
F hausmannil 78
hedenbergit 233
jameson it 61
jantar 280. 283
Jarmakosiderii 188 heliodor 220. 222
/assail 232 jargon 199
heliotwp 88 jarosit 141
fayalit 195 helvin 270 jaspis 88. 92
fenakil 193 hemalil 84 jeffersonit 232
ferberit 105 hemimorfi! 212 jodargyrit 70
OA A
johannii 150 liddicoaiir 228
jordanit 60 linarit 140 N
linneit 38 nagyagil 41
K lirokonil 186 nakrii 258
kakoxen 181 lilhiojilil 156 nalrojarosii 14!
kalcil 112. 116 lilhioforil 111 nalrolit 272
kalomel 72 liihiofosfdi 155 nefelin 261
kammererit 256 livingsionit 55 nefrii 235
kampyiit 173 lollingil 47 neptunit 246
kankrinit 267 loparit-(Ce) 85 nikelin 33
kaolinit 257 lorandil 55 niklskuiterudil 49
karhonado 16 lorvnzenit 237 nosean 268
karbonat-fluorapatit 171 ludlamit 176 novaaekit 191
karfolii 237 ludwigit 131
karminit 168 hissatit 96 0
kasilerii 101 luzonii 28 ohniv' opal 97. 99
kasottt 211 okenil 243
kaiapleit 218 M oligoklas 265
kermesit 40 magmaticki hominy 285 olivenii 161
kernil 134 magnesit 113 olivin 194
kinoil 246 magnelii 77 olovo 12
kirovil 143 malachil 122 omfacit 234
kleiofan 26 manganit 110 onyx 88. 94
klinohumil 205 manganogedril 238 opal 97. 98. 99
klinochlor 256 manganolanlalit 106 onoklas 263
klinoklas 165 margarit 254
klinoptilolit-Ca 277 marial'u 270 P
klinozoisil 214 marianske skto 147 palygorskil 260
kobaltin 44 markazil 6. 46 paragon it 251
kobellit 63 marmalit 26 pargasir 240
konichalcil 165 masov"opal 97 parisit-(Ce) 125
kornerupin 209 maslek 249 pearcei! 54
korund 82 initi 9 pektolil 242
kovdorskit 189 mejonil 270 penllandil 26
krenneril 42 melanojlogil 100 periklin 265
krokoii 152 melanit 198 peristertit 265
kmkydolit 241 melanleril 143 perovskil 85
kruEait 44 mellil 282 peialil 262
kryolit 67 musiani kamen 263 phillipsit-K 278
kfiemen 88 mesolil 273 phosgenit 125
kjiiliJu,! 88 melamorfavane hominy 28 7 piemonlil 214
kunzil 236 meteority 288 pikrofarmakoli! 179
kuprii 75 miargyrit 36 pisanil 143
kuprosklodowskit 210 mikroklin 264 plaiina 13
kuinohoril 118 mikrolit 87 plaitnerit 101
kvanit 202 milarit 230 pleonasl 76
millerii 34 pollucit 271
L mimetit 173 polybasil 54
labradoril 266 minium 79 polyhalil 146
lamprofylit 213 mixit 189 polylilhionil 252
langii 147 mlean" opal 97 povondraii 226
laumonlil 275 mofybdenit 48 pre/mil 248
lavendulan 188 monazit-(Ce) 158 proustit 50
lazulil 162 monlebrasil 159 pseudomalachil 163
lazurii 268 montmoriUonit 255 purpuri! 156
leudhillii 142 morenosit 144 pyknit 202
legrandii 179 morganit 220, 223 pyrargyrit 51
leijii 267 morion 88. 90 pyrii 42
lepidohvkil 110 moschellandsbergil 12 pyrofylil 249
leucil 271 mot/ramil 167 pyrochlor 86
leukosafir 82 muskovit 250 pyrolusit 102
libelhenil 160 pyromorjil 172
295
pyrop 196 spessarlin 197 uranocircit 190
pyrostilpnit 51 spinel 76 uranofan 211
pyrrliotin 32 spodumen 236 uvarovil 199
stannin 28 uvit 228
R staurolit 204
rammelsbergit 47
rathit 59
stefanit 54
steinmannit 35
V
valentinit 81
realgar 64 slernbergil 32 vanadinit 173
rhodizit 134 stibarsen 14 variscit 174
riebeckit 241 slibiconil 86 vauxit 180
richterit 240 slibiotantalii 107 verdelit 227. 228
rockbriilgeil 162 stichtit 128 vermicutit 255
rodochrozit 115 stilbil-Ca 277 vesignieit 168
rodonit 245 stilpnomelan 255 vesuvian 217
rosasit 123 stolzit 152 veszelyit 185
rossmanll 230 sirengil 174 viljujit 217
nut 11 stromeyerit 25 villiaumit 70
rubelit 227. 228 stroncianit 120 viridin 201
rubin 82 slrunzil 180 vivianit 176
rulil 100 stfiibro 8. 10 vfiidlovec 119
rOfenin 88. 90 slurmanit 150
sugilit 231
sylvanit 41
w
wagnerit 159
sadrovec 147 sylvin 72
wardit 187
safflorit 47 symplesit 178
wave/it 182
safir 82 weloganit 126
safirin 204 whewelit 281
salmiak 72 tanzanit 216 whiteit-(CaFeMg) 186
sametka 110 tarnowitzit 119 whitlockit 156
samsonit 52 tefroit 195 willemit 193
sanidin 263 lekiiry 289 witherit 120
saponil 255 lellur 17 wittichenit 53
sardonyx 88 lellurii 104 wollaslonit 241
sartorit 59 lennantit 28 wulfenit 153
scorzalit 162 lenoril 76 wurtzit 30
sedimen/drnl hominy 286 letradymit 4!
sckaninail 224
seladonit 250
letraedril 29
thaumasit 206
X
xanthokon 51
selen 17 ihomsonil 273 xenotim-(Y) 157
selenii 147 ihulit 216 xonotlit 244
semseyit 62 linzenit 219
senarmontit 81 tirolit 184
sepiolil 260 litanil 206
zdhnuda 88
serandit 242 titanowodginil 106
zaratit 127
serpierit 149 todorokit 102
zeojylit 260
sfaleril 18. 26 topaz 192. 202
zeunerit 191
sferokobaltit 114 torbernit 189
zinkenit 61
scheelii 151 tremolil 239
zinkil 75
siderii 114 tridymit 96
zinnwaldil 253
silimanit 201 trifylin 155
zippeit 150
sira 16 triliihionit 253
zirkon 199
skolecil 273 triplit 160
zlato 11
skorodil 175 tsavorit 197
zoisit 216
skoryl 226 tscliermigii 146
zwieselit 160
skullerudil 48 tugtupit 269
sluneani kamen 265 tujamunil 191
smaragd 220 tygfii oko 88. 95
tyrkys 182 felezn" kvut 119
smirek 82 lelezo 12
smilhsonil 113 ulexit 133
sodalit 268 ullmanit 46
sokoli oko 88 umangit 22
sperrvlit 44 uraninit 108
THE C O M P L E T E
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF
MINERALS
T H E C O M P L E T E
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF
MINERALS
The Complete Encyclopedia of Minerals is a book for
all the people, who are interested in the beautiful
world of minerals. They can find here hundreds of pho-
tographs of beautiful crystals and crystal aggregates,
together with a list of classic and new occurrences for
each mineral species. Minerals are arranged into chap-
ters according to the mineral system: