DISLOCATIONS IN HCP LATTICE

Class: M.Sc. Physics (III Sem) CBCS

Paper: III & IV(A)- Condensed Matter Physics
Lecture : 8

PROF.RAKESH BAJPAI
Department of Physics & Electronics,
Rani Durgavati Vishwavidyalaya, Jabalpur (M.P.), India
HCP LATTICE
FIG. Closed packed hexagonal structure: :
(a) unit cell of the lattice and the
hexagonal cell showing the
arrangements of atoms.
(b) ABAB… stacking sequence
of the atomic planes
perpendicular to the c-axis.
DISLOCATION IN HCP

• In hcp metals the (0001) basal plane is close-packed and closed packed directions are 1120 .
• The shortest lattice vectors are 1/3
1120 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑎 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒.
• Furthermore, this dislocation may split into two 1/3 101 0 partials, analogous of Shockley
partials.
• Examine dislocations in basal plane, produced by slip and by aggregation of point defects.
• Since three 1120 slip vectors are coplanar, reaction between slip dislocations can only form a
network of dislocations in the basal plane. In the notation of Fig., the reaction is
• AB + BC → 𝐴𝐶
1
• 1/3 1210 + 1120 → 2110 ----------------------------(1)
3
• The splitting of a perfect dislocation can also be shown in Fig.
• AB → 𝐴𝜎 + 𝜎𝐵
1
• 1/3 1210 → 1 100 + 1/3 0110 --------------------(2)
3
 DISLOCATIONS IN HCP

• Between the partials A𝜎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜎𝐵, 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑐𝑘𝑙𝑒𝑦 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑠,
• 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝐹𝐶𝐶 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔. The sequence ABABABA becomes
ABACBCB. The order of the partials on successive basal planes must alternate,
that is, if it is A𝜎 − 𝜎𝐵 𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒 it must be 𝜎𝐵 − 𝐴𝜎 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑒𝑥𝑡.
• This is in contrast to the splitting of perfect dislocations in an FCC metal, where
the order of Shockley partials must always be the same, if same type of stacking
fault is to be produced.
• In metals of small c/a ratio, the 1/3 2110 dislocations slips quite easily on a
prism plane, 101 0 ,indicating that it is not widely split on the basal plane.
• It is interesting to note that the reaction AB + BC → AC between prism plane
dislocations cannot produce a strong barrier, because the product , formed along
the intersection of two of the prism planes, is always oriented so that it can glide
on the third.
DISLOCATIONS IN HCP

• When, a disc of vacancies collects on basal plane, a prismatic dislocation loop forms at its
perimeter. If disc is one vacancy thick , and if A-A stacking is to be avoided , the loop may be
faulted in one of two ways. Either a single basal layer, or the whole crystal on one side of the loop
, must be sheared over by a vector of the A𝜎 type.
• These alternatives are shown in Fig. in case (a), the single layer can be shifted from an A into a C
position by passing A𝜎 partials of opposite side on either side of it. The Burgers vector of the
prismatic dislocation remains ½ 0001 ,
𝜎𝑆 𝑖𝑛 𝐹𝑖𝑔, 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑡 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑒, 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑛𝑒𝑥𝑡
• 𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑛𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑣𝑜𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠.
• In case (b) a single A𝜎 partial is passed, so that the loop encloses a single stacking fault, but its
Burgers vector increases to AS, as follows:
• A𝜎 + 𝜎𝑆 = AS
1
• 1/3 1100 + ½ 0001 → 2203 ----------------------------(3)
6
DISLOCATIONS IN HCP

• Similar reasoning applies to faulted

• loops produced by discs of extra atoms.
• The more surprising slip system is the
• 1122 1123 , called 2nd order
• pyramidal glide. The remarkable
• feature is the large size of the slip vector 1/3 1123 , which is the sum of the 𝐜
vector and an a vector.
• A slip plane and slip vectors are shown in Fig. in hexagonal cell. Each slip plane
contains one slip vector, and each slip vector lies in one slip plane.
• Fig. shows the relationship between the six slip planes and six burgers vectors,
by means of a surface analogous to that of rocksalt system.
• Dislocation reactions in this system can be dealt with easily by decomposing
each 1/3 1123 into its 𝐜 and 𝐚 components.
DISLOCATION IN HCP

• The c components either add or cancel; provided c>a,

• there is an increase energy when they add, and a
• decrease when they cancel, whatever the a components may be.
• There are three reactions, then corresponding to the three possible
combinations of the a component when the c components cancel.
• The reaction is least favourable energetically when the a components are
alike.
• C’A + AB’ → C’B’
2
• 1/3 1123 + 1/3 1123 → 1120 ------------------------(4)
3
• The product C’B’ is formed along the line A𝜎 in the basal plane and can
immediately split into two perfect 1/3 1120 dislocations.
DISLOCATIONS IN HCP

• The most favourable reaction is

• C’A + BC’→ BA
1
• 1/3 1123 + 2113 → 3 1210 ------------------(5)
• Fig. shows that the product BA is formed along the line
c’𝜎, 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑦 𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙 𝑏𝑒 𝑖𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑒, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠.
• The result of the third reaction is less easy to see from Fig. the reaction is
• C’A+ B’A → C’C’’
1
• 1/3 1123 + 1/3 2113 → 3 3030 -----------------(6)
• The product C’C’’ should split into two a dislocations, AC + BC, but since its line does not
lie in the basal plane, these dislocations may be immobile.
• It is conceivable that 1123 dislocation might split into partials of the type AS (Fig.)
• 1/3 1123 → 1/6 0223 + 1/6 2023 -----------------(7)
• However, there is no reason to assign a low energy to the fault which would have to form
on 1122 .
DISLOCATION IN HCP

• There are two reactions between a basal plane dislocation and a 2nd order
pyramidal dislocation. The first is simply a rearrangement of reaction
Eqn.(5);
• CÁ + AB → C’B
1
• 1/3 1123 + 1/3 1210 → 2113 ----------------(8)
3
• The product lies along A𝜎, out of its pyramidal slip plane
C’𝜎𝐵. 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒, 𝑖𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑦 𝑏𝑒 𝑎 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑟. 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠
• 𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑖ℎ𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝒂 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑦𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑙:
• CÁ + A’’C’ → A’’A’
• 1/3 1123 + 1/3 1120 → 0001 -------------------------(9)
• The extra plane of the product A’’ A Consist of two basal layers of atoms.
REFERENCES
• Introduction to Dislocations –D.Hull & D.J.Bacon

• Physical Metallurgy Principles – Robert E Read

• Materials Science and Processes – S.K.Hajra Chaudhary

• Dislocations & Plastic Deformation- I. Koracs & L. Zsotdos