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April 25 Homework Solutions: 1 2 LN 1 1 1 2 LN 1 1
April 25 Homework Solutions: 1 2 LN 1 1 1 2 LN 1 1
1 1 ln Do Di 1 1 1 ln Do Di 1
U o Ao h0 Ao 2kL hi Ai U oDo L h0Do L 2kL hiDi L
We can multiply the second equation by DoL to obtain the following result.
1 1 D L ln Do Di Do L 1 D ln Do Di Do
o o
U o h0 2kL hiDi L h0 2k hi Di
We know that the outside heat transfer coefficient is given by the equation A/(Tg - Tw)0.25, where A
= 9.2 kW/m2/K0.75. = 9200 WK0.75. We know that Tg = 110oC, but we do not know the average wall
temperature Tw. We do know, however, that the transfer to the condensing fluid must be the
same as the heat transfer from the ethylene glycol to the outer tube wall.
Tw Tb,avg Tw Tb,avg
Q ho Ao Tg Tw hoDo LTg Tw
ln Do Di 1 ln Do Di 1
2kL hi Ai 2kL hiDi L
In this equation Tb,acg is the average temperature of the glycol in the tube which 30 oC, the mean of
the inlet and outlet temperature. Multiplying the second equation through by DoL gives
Tw Tb,avg Tw Tb,avg
ho Tg Tw
Do L ln Do Di Do L Do ln Do Di Do
2kL hiDi L 2k hi Di
Substituting the value for ho gives
ho Tg Tw
A
Tg Tw ATg Tw 0.75 D lnT Dw TDb,avg D
Tg Tw 0.25
o o i
o
2k hi Di
The thermal conductivity of copper is found from Table A-3 to be 385 W/mK. If we can compute
the inside heat transfer coefficient for the ethylene glycol, can find all terms in this equation
Tw Tb, avg
A Tg Tw 0.75 9200 W
T Tw 0.75
0.25 g Do ln Do Di Do
m2 K
2k hi Di
Tw 300 C Tw 300 C
0.025 m ln 0.025 m 0.02 m m 2 K 0.025 m 7.24 x10 6 m 2 K 745.4 x10 6 m 2 K
385 W 1677 W 0.02 m W W
2
mK
We see that the resistance of the copper tubing is small compared to the inside convection
resistance and we could have neglected it. Rearranging this equation and setting T g to its given
value of 110oC gives
9200 W
Tg Tw 0.75 1329 W
Tw 30 0 C
110 C T
o
w
0.75
0.06920 K 0.25
m K
2 0.75
m K
2
T 30 C
w
0
Note that the units are consistent because we are dealing with temperature differences. Thus
we can use a constant with units of kelvins to solve for a temperature difference in oC. Solving
this equation by calculator or spreadsheet software for numerical solution of an equation gives T w
= 91.58oC. This gives the outside heat transfer coefficient, h o = 9200/(110oC 91.58oC)0.25 = 4441
W/m2oC. We now have all the information we need to compute the overall heat transfer
coefficient.
Tln
Th Tc ,in Th Tc ,out
110 o
C 20 o C 110 o C 40 o C
79.58o C
T Tc ,in 110 C 20 C
o o
ln h
ln
110 C 40 C
o o
Th Tc ,out
We can now find the desired length.
Q 48560 W
Q U o Ao Tlm U oDo LTlm L
U oDo Tlm 1030 W
m K
2
0.025 m 79.58 o C
L = 7.54 m
T Tc ,in 50 C 18 C
o o
ln h
ln o
50 C 27 C
o
Th Tc ,out
Q 3.752x10 W
1J
W S = 73.1 kg/s
6
Q m cooling c p T2 T1 m cooling
water c p T2 T1 4184 J o
water
kg C
o
27 C 18 o
C
Q m steam h fg steam
m
Q
3.752 x10 6 W
h fg 2383 kJ 1000 W s = 1.15 kg/s
kg kJ
11-49E A 1-shell-pass and 8-tube-passes heat exchanger is used to heat glycerin (cp = 0.60
Btu/lbmoF) from 65oF to 140oF by hot water (cp = 1.0 Btu/ lbmoF) that enters the thin-walled
0.5-in-diameter tubes at 175oF and leaves at 120oF. The total length of the tubes in the heat
exchanger is 500 ft. The convection heat transfer coefficient is 4 Btu/h ft2oF on the glycerin
(shell) side and 50 Btu/hft2oF on the water (tube) side. Determine the rate of heat transfer
in the heat exchanger (a) before any fouling occurs and (b) after fouling with a fouling
factor of 0.002 Btu/hft2oF /Btu on the outer surfaces of the tubes.
From the data given we can compute the heat transfer coefficient by assuming that the thin-
walled tubes do not add to the overall resistance composing the heat transfer coefficient.
1 1 ln Do Di 1 1 1 1 h ft 2 o F h ft 2 o F 0.27 h ft 2 o F
U o Ao h0 Ao 2kL hi Ai U h0 hi 4 Btu 50 Btu Btu
Taking the reciprocal gives U = 3.704 Btu/h ft2 oF. From this U value and the other given data,
we can find the heat transfer by the usual equation, Q UAFT where F is the correction
lm
factor to account for the 8 tube passes in this heat exchanger. We compute the log-mean
temperature difference for a counter-flow heat exchanger (the basis for the correction factor
method) as follows.
Tln
T
h ,out Tc ,in Th ,in Tc ,out
120 C 65 C 175 C 140 C 44.25 C
o o o o
o
T Tc ,in 120 C 65 C
o o
ln h ,out
ln
175 C 140 C
o o
Th ,in Tc ,out
We have to compute the ratios R and P to determine the correction factor.
UAFT 3.704 Btu 523.6 ft 2 0.6 44.25 o F 51.5x104 Btu/h
Q lm
h ft 2 o F
With fouling we have to add the fouling factor to our calculation of the overall heat transfer
coefficient U.
1 h ft 2 o F 0.002 h ft F h ft 2 o F 0.272 h ft 2 o F
2 o
1 1
R f ,i
U h0 hi 4 Btu Btu 50 Btu Btu
Taking the reciprocal gives U = 3.676 Btu/h ft2 oF. The other data (correction factor and log-
mean temperature difference) do not change and we find the heat transfer as follows.
UAFT 3.676 Btu 523.6 ft 2 0.6 44.25 o F 51.2x104 Btu/h
Q lm
h ft 2 o F
11-90 Cold water (cp = 4.18 =J/kgC) enters a cross-flow heat exchanger at 14C at a rate of 0.35
kg/s where it is heated by hot air (cp = 1.0 kJ/kgC) that enters the heat exchanger at 65C
at a rate of 0.8 kg/s and leaves at 25C. Determine the maximum outlet temperature of the
cold water and the effectiveness of this heat exchanger.
There are two possible limits to the maximum water temperature. The first is simply the
temperature of the hot fluid entering, 65oC. However, it is possible that the maximum heat
transfer will give a lower limit for temperature. We compute the maximum heat transfer by
computing the products of mass flow rate times heat capacity and finding which is the smaller.
0.8 kg 1.0 kJ 1 kW s 0.8 kW
Ch m
h c p ,h o
s kg o C kJ C
0.35 kg 4.18 kJ 1 kW s 1.463 kW
Cc m
c c p ,c
s kg o C kJ o
C
So Cmin = Ch = 0.8 kW/oC. We use this to compute the maximum heat transfer.
0.8 kW
Q max C min Th ,in Tc ,in o
C
65o C 14o C 40.80 kW
This maximum rate of heat transfer gives the maximum outlet temperature of the water found as
follows form the usual first law energy balance.
Q max
Q max Cc Tc ,max out Tc ,in
40.80 kW
Tc ,max out Tc ,in 14 o C
Cc 1.463 kW = 41.9oC
o
C
The effectiveness is the actual heat transfer divided by the maximum heat transfer. The actual
heat transfer can be found from the inlet and outlet temperature of the air.
11-93 Hot oil (cp = 2200 J/kgC) is to be cooled by water (cp = 4180 J/kgC) in a 2-shell-passes
and 12-tube-passes heat exchanger. The tubes are thin-walled and are made of copper
with a diameter of 1.8 cm. The length of each tube pass in the heat exchanger is 3 m, and
the overall heat transfer coefficient is 340 W/m2C. Water flows through the tubes at a
total rate of 0.1 kg/s, and the oil through the shell at a rate of 0.2 kg/s. The water and the oil
enter at temperatures 18C and 160C, respectively. Determine the rate of heat transfer in
the heat exchanger and the outlet temperatures of the water and the oil.
We compute the maximum heat transfer by first computing the products of mass flow rate times
heat capacity and finding which is the smaller.
0.2 kg 2200 kJ 1 kW s 440 W
Ch m
h c p ,h o
s kg o C kJ C
0.1 kg 4180 kJ 1 kW s 418 W
Cc m
c c p ,c o
s kg o C kJ C
So Cmin = Cc = 418 W/oC. We use this to compute the maximum heat transfer.
In order to find the heat transfer we have to find the heat exchanger effectiveness. We do this by
computing the NTU and using the charts that give the effectiveness as a function of NTU and the
ratio of Cmin/Cmax. The surface area is required to compute the NTU. The heat exchanger in this
problem has 12 tube passes, each of which is 3 m long, with a diameter of 1.8 cm = 0.018 m.
Thus the total heat transfer surface area is found as follows.
UAs
340 W
2.04 m 2 C min
418 W
m C
2 o o
NTU 1.659 C 0.95
C min 418 W C max 440 W
o o
C C
For these values of NTU and Cmin./Cmax, we find = 0.061 from Figure 11-26(d) on page 637. The
actual heat transfer is the product of the maximum heat transfer and the heat exchanger
effectiveness.
Q Q max 0.61 5.935 x10 4 W = 3.62x104 W
11-118 The condenser of a large power plant is to remove 500 MW of heat from steam condensing
at 30C (hfg = 2431 kJ/kg). The cooling is to be accomplished by cooling water (cp = 4180
J/kgC) from a nearby river, which enters the tubes at 18C and leaves at 26C. The tubes
of the heat exchanger have an internal diameter of 2 cm, and the overall heat transfer
coefficient is 3500 W/m2C. Determine the total length of the tubes required in the
condenser. What type of heat exchanger is suitable for this task?
From the data given we can compute the required area by computing the log mean temperature
difference.
Q 500 x10 6 W
Q U o Ao Tlm U o Do LTlm L
U o Do Tlm 3500 W
m2 K
0.02 m 7.28o C
L = 3.123x105 m
This length of tubes will obviously require a heat exchanger with several tube passes. After
deciding on a final design we would have to recomputed the heat transfer to account for the
correction factor in a multi-pass heat exchanger.