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8.2 Shear and Bending-Moment Diagrams: Equation Form
8.2 Shear and Bending-Moment Diagrams: Equation Form
9 kip 6 kip
A B
3 ft 5 ft 7 ft
x
RA 3 ft 5 ft 7 ft RB
Fy = 0: RA 9 kip 6 kip + RB = 0
+
Solving gives
2 Pass a section through the beam at a point between the left end and the 9-kip force.
9 kip 6 kip
x
A B
RA = 10 kip 3 ft 5 ft 7 ft RB = 5 kip
0 < x < 3 ft
x
M (sign convention: M positive counterclockwise, on right end of section)
A
V (sign convention: V positive down, on right end of section)
Fy = 0: 10 kip V = 0
+
RA = 10 kip
Mx = 0: (10 kip)x + M = 0
+
Solving gives
4 Pass a section through the beam at a point between the 9-kip force and the 6-kip force.
9 kip 6 kip
x
A B
RA = 10 kip 3 ft 5 ft 7 ft RB = 5 kip
3 ft < x < 8 ft
9 kip
V Fy = 0: 10 kip 9 kip V = 0
A M ++
Mx = 0: (10 kip)x + (9 kip)(x 3 ft) + M = 0
Solving gives
RA = 10 kip 3 ft (x 3 ft)
x V = 1 kip (3)
6 Pass a section through the beam at a point between the 6-kip force and the right end of the beam.
9 kip 6 kip
x
A B
3 ft 5 ft 7 ft RB = 5 kip
RA = 10 kip
8 ft < x < 15 ft
Fy = 0: 10 kip 9 kip 6 kip V = 0
+
x
Mx = 0: (10 kip)x + (9 kip)(x 3 ft)
+
9 kip 6 kip
M + (6 kip)(x 8 ft) + M = 0
A
Solving gives
M = 10x kipft
A B
3 ft 5 ft 7 ft
RA = 10 kip RB = 5 kip
10
V
(kip)
1
x
5
M
(kipft) 35
30
x
8.2 Shear and Bending-Moment Diagrams: Equation Form Example 2, page 1 of 3
2. Express the shear V and bending moment M as functions of x, the distance from
the left end of the beam to an arbitrary point on the beam. Plot V and M vs. x.
2 N/m
A 20 Nm
14 m
x
A 20 Nm
MA
14 m
MA = 0: MA (28 N)(7 m) + 20 Nm = 0
+
Solving gives
RA = 28 N and MA = 176 Nm
8.2 Shear and Bending-Moment Diagrams: Equation Form Example 2, page 2 of 3
3 Pass a section through the beam at an arbitrary point (located by x)
x
2 N/m
A 20 Nm
MA = 176 Nm
14 m
RA = 28 N
0 < x < 14 m
Fy = 0: 28 N 2x V = 0
+
4 Draw a free-body diagram of the portion of the beam to the left
of the section and find V and M at the section. x
Mx = 0: 176 Nm 28x + ( )(2 N/m)(x) + M = 0
+
x 2
Resultant = (2 N/m)(x) 2 Solving gives
A 20 Nm
MA = 176 Nm
14 m
RA = 28 N
28
V
(N)
x
M
(Nm) 20
x
176
8.2 Shear and Bending-Moment Diagrams: Equation Form Example 3, page 1 of 6
3. Express the shear V and bending moment M as functions of x, the distance from
the left end of the beam to an arbitrary point on the beam. Plot V and M vs. x.
10 lb/ft
A B
7 ft 10 ft 3 ft
x
A B
7 ft 10 ft 3 ft
RA RB
Fy = 0: RA 100 lb + RB = 0
+
Solving gives
RA = 40 lb and RB = 60 lb
8.2 Shear and Bending-Moment Diagrams: Equation Form Example 3, page 2 of 6
2 Pass a section through the beam at a point between the left end
of the beam and the beginning of the distributed load.
10 lb/ft
x
A B
7 ft 10 ft 3 ft
RA = 40 lb RB = 60 lb
0 < x < 7 ft
Fy = 0: 40 lb V = 0
+
M
Mx = 0: (40 lb)x + M = 0
+
x
V Solving gives
RA = 40 lb
V = 40 lb (1)
A B
7 ft 10 ft 3 ft
RA = 40 lb RB = 60 lb
7 ft < x < 17 ft
Fy = 0: 40 lb (10 lb/ft)(x 7 ft) V = 0
+
x 7 ft
Mx = 0: (40 lb)x + [(10 lb/ft)(x 7 ft)]
+
Resultant = (10 lb/ft)(x 7 ft) 2
( x 7 ft ) + M = 0
2
M
Solving gives
A B
7 ft 10 ft 3 ft
RA = 40 lb RB = 60 lb
17 ft < x < 20 ft
7 ft 10 ft
x 17 ft V
x
RA = 40 lb
8.2 Shear and Bending-Moment Diagrams: Equation Form Example 3, page 5 of 6
8
Fy = 0: 40 lb 100 lb V = 0
+
Solving gives
V = 60 lb (5)
0 < x < 7 ft V = 40 lb
M = 40x lbft
17 ft < x < 20 ft V = 60 lb
A B
7 ft 10 ft 3 ft
RA = 40 lb RB = 60 lb
V
(lb) 40 40
360 60 60
M
(lbft) 280
180
x
8.2 Shear and Bending-Moment Diagrams: Equation Form Example 4, page 1 of 6
4. Express the shear V and bending moment M as functions of x, the distance from
the left end of the beam to an arbitrary point on the beam. Plot V and M vs. x.
A B
27 kipft 18 kipft
3 ft 5 ft 7 ft
x
A
27 kipft 18 kipft
RA 3 ft 5 ft 7 ft RB
Fy = 0: RA + RB = 0
+
Solving gives
RA = 3 kip = 3 kip
RB = 3 kip
8.2 Shear and Bending-Moment Diagrams: Equation Form Example 4, page 2 of 6
2 Pass a section through the beam at a point between the left end and the 27 kipft
moment couple.
x
A B
27 kipft 18 kipft
3 ft 5 ft 7 ft
RA = 3 kip RB = 3 kip
0 < x < 3 ft
Fy = 0: 3 kip V = 0
+
A M
Mx = 0: (3 kip)x + M = 0
+
V
Solving gives
RA = 3 kip
V = 3 kip (1)
M = 3x kipft (2)
x
A B
27 kipft 18 kipft
3 ft 5 ft 7 ft
RA = 3 kip RB = 3 kip
3 ft < x < 8 ft
Fy = 0: 3 kip V = 0
+
x
A M Mx = 0: (3 kip)x 27 kipft + M = 0
+
27 kipft
Solving gives
3 ft x 3 ft V
RA = 3 kip V = 3 kip (3)
x
A B
27 kipft 18 kipft
3 ft 5 ft 7 ft
RB = 3 kip
RA = 3 kip
3 ft < x < 8 ft
Fy = 0: 3 kip V = 0
+
of the section and find V and M at the section.
Mx = 0: (3 kip)x 27 kipft 18 kipft + M = 0
+
x
A M
Solving gives
27 kipft 18 kipft
V V = 3 kip (5)
3 ft 5 ft
RA = 3 kip M = (3x + 45) kipft (6)
M = 3x kipft
A B
27 kipft 18 kipft
3 ft 5 ft 7 ft
RB = 3 kip
RA = 3 kip
V
(kip)
x
3 3
21
18
M
(kipft)
3
x
9
8.2 Shear and Bending-Moment Diagrams: Equation Form Example 5, page 1 of 6
5. Express the shear V and bending moment M in the horizontal portion ACDB of
the beam as functions of x, the distance from the left end of the beam to an
arbitrary point on the beam. Plot V and M versus x.
4 kip 4 kip
A B
C D
2 ft 2 ft 4 ft 2 ft 2 ft
x
Fy = 0: RA 4 kip 4 kip + RB = 0
+
4 kip 4 kip
MA = 0: (4 kip)(2 ft) (4 kip)(10 ft)
+
+ RB(12 ft) = 0
A B Solving gives
RA = 4 kip
2 ft 2 ft 4 ft 2 ft 2 ft
RA RB
RB = 4 kip
8.2 Shear and Bending-Moment Diagrams: Equation Form Example 5, page 2 of 6
2 Pass a section through the beam at a point between the left end and the attachment point for the first arm.
4 kip 4 kip
A B
2 ft 2 ft 4 ft 2 ft 2 ft
RA = 4 kip RB = 4 kip
0 < x < 4 ft
V = 4 kip (1)
A M
M = 4x kipft (2)
RA = 4 kip
8.2 Shear and Bending-Moment Diagrams: Equation Form Example 5, page 3 of 6
4 Pass a section through the beam at a point between the attachment points of the two arms.
4 kip 4 kip
A B
2 ft 2 ft 4 ft 2 ft 2 ft
RA = 4 kip RB = 4 kip
4 ft < x < 8 ft
the left of the section and find V and M at the section. Fy = 0: 4 kip 4 kip V = 0
+
4 kip
Mx = 0: (4 kip)x + (4 kip)(x 4 ft + 2 ft) + M = 0
+
x
Solving gives
M V=0 (3)
A
M = 8 kipft (4)
2 ft 2 ft x 4 ft V
valid for 4 ft < x < 8 ft.
RA = 4 kip
8.2 Shear and Bending-Moment Diagrams: Equation Form Example 5, page 4 of 6
6 Pass a section through the beam at a point between the point
of attachment of the right arm and the right end of the beam.
4 kip 4 kip
A B
2 ft 2 ft 4 ft 2 ft 2 ft
RA = 4 kip RB = 4 kip
8 ft < x < 12 ft
8 Note that the 4-kip force on the right arm acts on the free
body.
7 Draw a free-body diagram of the portion of the beam to Fy = 0: 4 kip 4 kip 4 kip V = 0
+
the left of the section and find V and M at the section.
Mx = 0: (4 kip)x + (4 kip)(x 2 ft)
+
4 kip 4 kip
x + (4 kip)(x 10 ft) + M = 0
Solving gives
M
A V = 4 kip (5)
V M = (4x + 48) kipft (6)
2 ft 2 ft 4 ft 2 ft
x 10 ft
RA = 4 kip valid for 8 ft < x < 12 ft.
8.2 Shear and Bending-Moment Diagrams: Equation Form Example 5, page 5 of 6
9 Collect the results from Eqs. 1-6:
M = 4x kipft
A B
2 ft 2 ft 4 ft 2 ft 2 ft
RA = 4 kip RB = 4 kip
V 11 Note that the jumps in the diagrams occur at the
(kip) 4 attachment points of the arms, not at the points where
the 4-kip external loads act.
x
16 16
M
(kipft)
8 8
x
8.2 Shear and Bending-Moment Diagrams: Equation Form Example 6, page 1 of 8
6. Express the shear V and bending moment M as functions of x, the distance from
the left end of the beam to an arbitrary point on the beam. Plot V and M vs. x.
4 kN 8 kN
Hinge
A C
B
2m 2m 2m 2m
x
A C
B
2m 2m 2m 2m
RA RC
RB
Fy = 0: RA + RB 4 kN 8 kN + RC = 0 (1)
+
MA = 0: RB(2 m) (4 kN)(2 m + 2 m)
+
+ RC(2 m + 2 m + 2 m + 2 m) = 0 (2)
8.2 Shear and Bending-Moment Diagrams: Equation Form Example 6, page 2 of 8
3 Pass a section through the beam at a point
immediately to the right of the hinge. 4 kN 8 kN
Hinge
A B C
2m 2m 2m 2m
6 Write the equilibrium equation for the sum of moments about the hinge.
RA = 8 kN = 8 kN
RB = 16 kN
RC = 4 kN
9 Pass a section through the beam at a point
between the left end and the reaction at B. 4 kN 8 kN
x Hinge
A C
B
2m 2m 2m 2m
RA = 8 kN RB = 16 kN RC = 4 kN
Fy = 0: 8 kN V = 0
+
0<x<2m
+
the left of the section and find V and M at the section.
Solving gives
x
M
A V = 8 kN (4)
V
M = (8x) kNm (5)
RA = 8 kN valid for 0 < x < 2 m.
8.2 Shear and Bending-Moment Diagrams: Equation Form Example 6, page 4 of 8
11 Pass a section through the beam at a point
between the the reaction at B and the hinge. 8 kN
4 kN
x Hinge
A
B C
2m 2m 2m 2m
RA = 8 kN RB = 16 kN RC = 4 kN
2m<x<4m
B
V
Mx = 0: (8 kN)x (16 kN)(x 2 m) + M = 0
+
2 ft
RA = 8 kN RB = 16 kN Solving gives
V = 8 kN (6)
4m<x<6m
6m<x<8m
0<x<2m V = 8 kN
M = 8x kNm
2m<x<4m V = 8 kN
6m<x<8m V = 4 kN
x Hinge
A
B C
2m 2m 2m 2m
RA = 8 kN RB = 16 kN RC = 4 kN
V
(kN) 8 8
4 4
x
4 4
8
M 8
(kNm)
x
16
8.2 Shear and Bending-Moment Diagrams: Equation Form Example 7, page 1 of 7
7. Express the shear V and bending moment M as functions of x, the distance from
the left end of the beam to an arbitrary point on the beam. Plot V and M vs. x.
20 kip
4 kip/ft
Hinge
A B
5 ft 5 ft 8 ft
x
1 Draw a free-body diagram and find the reactions. Resultant = (4 kip/ft)(8 ft) = 32 kip
8 ft
20 kip = 4 ft
2
5 ft 5 ft
Hinge
A B
MA
2 A couple moment must always be 8 ft
included at a built-in end of a beam.
RA
RB
Fy = 0: RA 20 kip 32 kip + RB = 0
(1)
+
MA = 0: MA (20 kip)(5 ft) (32 kip)(5 ft + 5 ft + 4 ft) 3 Two equations but three unknowns.
+
M=0
6 Because the section is next to a hinge, B
the moment is known to be zero there
(that's what we mean by a "hinge"). V 8 ft
RB
7 Write the equilibrium equation for the sum of moments about the hinge.
RA = 36 kip
RB = 16 kip
MA = 260 kipft
10 Pass a section through the beam at a point between
the left end and the 20-kip force.
20 kip 4 kip/ft
x
Hinge
MA = 260 kipft
B
A
5 ft 5 ft 8 ft
RA = 36 kip RB = 16 kip
0 < x < 5 ft
Fy = 0: 36 kip V = 0
+
Mx = 0: 260 kipft (36 kip)x + M = 0
+
11 Draw a free-body diagram of the portion of the beam to
the left of the section and find V and M at the section.
Solving gives
MA = 260 kipft
M V = 36 kip (4)
A
x M = (36x 260) kipft (5)
V
RA = 36 kip valid for 0 < x < 5 ft.
8.2 Shear and Bending-Moment Diagrams: Equation Form Example 7, page 4 of 7
12 Pass a section through the beam at a point between
the 20-kip force and the hinge.
20 kip 4 kip/ft
x
Hinge
MA = 260 kipft
A B
5 ft 5 ft 8 ft
RA = 36 kip RB = 16 kip
5 ft < x < 10 ft
Fy = 0: 36 kip 20 kip V = 0
+
MA = 260 kipft
Mx = 0: 260 kipft (36 kip)x + 20 kip(x 5 ft) + M = 0
+
M
A Solving gives
5 ft V
V = 16 kip (6)
x
RA = 36 kip
M = (16x 160) kipft (7)
A B
5 ft 5 ft 8 ft
RA = 36 kip RB = 16 kip
10 ft < x < 18 ft
Fy = 0: 36 kip 20 kip
+
15 Draw a free-body diagram of the portion of the beam to
the left of the section and find V and M at the section.
(4 kip/ft)(x 10 ft) V = 0
Resultant = (4 kip/ft)(x 10 ft)
x 10 ft Mx = 0: 260 kipft (36 kip)x + 20 kip(x 5 ft)
+
20 kip
2
MA = 260 kipft M + (4 kip/ft)(x 10 ft)( x 10 ft )
2
+M=0
A Hinge
5 ft 5 ft V Solving gives
x
RA = 36 kip V = 4x + 56 kip (8)
B
A
5 ft 5 ft 8 ft
RA = 36 kip RB = 16 kip
36 36
V
(kN) 16 16
16
32
x
M
(kNm)
80
260
8.2 Shear and Bending-Moment Diagrams: Equation Form Example 8, page 1 of 8
8. Express the shear V and bending moment M as functions of x, the distance from
the left end of the beam to an arbitrary point on the beam. Plot V and M vs. x.
4 kN/m
2 kN/m
A B
6m 6m
x
2 kN/m
2 kN/m
A B
6m 6m
RA RB
2 Replace the trapezoidal distributed load by the sum of a rectangular and triangular load.
8.2 Shear and Bending-Moment Diagrams: Equation Form Example 8, page 2 of 8
3 Resultant of rectangular load 4 Resultant of triangular load
1
= (12 m)(2 kN/m) = (12 m)(2 kN/m)
2
= 24 kN = 12 kN
2 kN/m
2 kN/m 12 m
12 m 1 (6 m + 6 m) = 4 m
5
3
B
A (acts through centroid of triangle)
6m 6m 6 6m4m=2m
RA RB
Fy = 0: RA 24 kN 12 kN + RB = 0
+
Solving gives
RA = 32 kN
RB = 4 kN
8.2 Shear and Bending-Moment Diagrams: Equation Form Example 8, page 3 of 8
7 Pass a section through the beam at a point between the left end
and the support at A.
x
4 kN/m
2 kN/m
A B
6m 6m
0<x<6m RA = 32 kN RB = 4 kN
2 kN/m
w = distributed load (kN/m) at location x
M
x
V
8.2 Shear and Bending-Moment Diagrams: Equation Form Example 8, page 4 of 8
9 Before we can solve for V and M, we have to express w as a function of x. This can be done
by noting that w is a linear function of x and then using the slope-intercept equation for a line.
w (12 m, 4 kN/m)
(x, w)
(0, 2 kN/m) Slope Intercept
x w = mx + b
4 kN/m 2 kN/m
= x + 2 kN/m
12 m 0
x
= +2 (1)
6
10 Now the distributed load on the free-body of length x can be
replaced by the resultant of a rectangular and triangular load.
M M
x x
V V
8.2 Shear and Bending-Moment Diagrams: Equation Form Example 8, page 5 of 8
Fy = 0: (2 kN/m)x x (w 2) V = 0
13
+
2
Mx = 0: (2 kN/m)(x)( x ) + [ x (w 2)( x )] + M = 0
+
2 2 3
Replacing w in these equations by w = (x/6) + 2 from
Eq. 1 and solving gives
2
V = ( x 2x) kN (2)
12
3
M = ( x x2) kNm (3)
36
valid for 0 < x < 6 m.
x
4 kN/m
2 kN/m
A B
6m 6m
RA = 32 kN RB = 4 kN
6 m < x < 12 m
8.2 Shear and Bending-Moment Diagrams: Equation Form Example 8, page 6 of 8
15 Free-body diagram
x
w(x)
2 kN/m
M
A
V
6m x6m
RA = 32 kN
6 m < x < 12 m
16 We can save some work if we note that this free-body diagram is identical to the
previous one except that an additional vertical force of 32 kN is present. This
increases the shear in Eq. 2 by 32 kN and the moment in Eq. 3 by (32 kN)(x 6 m) so
2
V = ( x 2x + 32) kN (4)
12
x3
M= ( x2 + 32x 192) kNm (5)
36
valid for 6 m < x < 12 m.
8.2 Shear and Bending-Moment Diagrams: Equation Form Example 8, page 7 of 8
17 Collect the results from Eqs. 4-11:
0<x<6m V = ( 1 x2 2x) kN
12
M = ( 1 x3 x2) kNm
36
Ans.
6 m < x < 12 m V = ( 1 x2 2x + 32) kN
12
A B
6m 6m
RA = 32 kN RA = 4 kN
V 17
(kN)
4 x
15
2.03
x
M
(kNm)
42