TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

AYALA BOULEVARD, ERMITA, MANILA

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

AC/DC Machinery
ASSIGNMET NO.2

Submitted by: DATE GIVEN: JANUARY 6, 2017

Llorera, Jeshua B. DATE SUBMITTED: JANUARY 13, 2017
BSME-4D

Submitted To:

ENGR. RAMOS
INSTRUCTOR RATING
 1. What are the 3 types of Dc generator? With diagram.

Separately Excited D.C. Generators

A dc generator whose field magnet winding is supplied from an independent external d.c.
source (e.g., a battery etc.) is called a separately excited generator. Figure shows the
connections of a separately excited generator. The voltage output depends upon the speed of
rotation of armature and the field current (Eg = ZNP/60 A). The greater the speed and
field current, greater is the generated e.m.f.

It may be noted that separately excited d.c. generators are rarely used in practice. The d.c.
generators are normally of self-excited type.

Armature current, Ia = IL

Terminal voltage, V = Eg - IaRa

Electric power developed = EgIa

Power delivered to load = EgIa -

I R = I E - I R = VIa

Self-Excited D.C. Generators

A d.c. generator whose field magnet winding is supplied current from the output of the
generator itself is called a self-excited generator. There are three types of self-excited
generators depending upon the manner in which the field winding is connected to the
armature, namely;

i. Series generator
ii. Shunt generator
iii. Compound generator

Series generator

In a series wound generator, the field winding is connected in series with armature
winding so that whole armature current flows through the field winding as well as the
load. Figure shows the connections of a series wound generator. Since the field winding
carries the whole of load current, it has a few turns of thick wire having low resistance.
Series generators are rarely used except for special
purposes e.g., as boosters.

Armature current, Ia = Ise = IL = I(say)

Terminal voltage, V = EG - I(Ra + Rse)

Power developed in armature = EgIa

Power delivered to load

Shunt generator

In a shunt generator, the field winding is connected in parallel with the armature winding so that
terminal voltage of the generator is applied across it. The shunt field winding has many turns of
fine wire having high resistance. Therefore, only a part of armature current flows through shunt
field winding and the rest flows through the load. Fig. (1.34) shows the connections of a shunt-
wound generator.

Shunt field current, Ish = V/Rsh

Armature current, Ia = IL + Ish

Terminal voltage, V = Eg - IaRa

Power developed in armature = EgIa

Power delivered to load = VIL

Compound generator

In a compound-wound generator, there are two sets of field windings on each pole - one
is in series and the other in parallel with the armature. A compound wound generator may
be:
Short Shunt in which only shunt field winding is in parallel with the armature winding.
Long Shunt in which shunt field winding is in parallel with both series field and
armature winding.

Long shunt
Series field current, Ise = Ia = IL + Ish
Shunt field current, Ish = V/Rsh
Terminal voltage, V = Eg - Ia(Ra + Rse)
Power developed in armature = EgIa
Power delivered to load = VIL
Short shunt
Series field current, Ise = IL
Shunt field current,
Terminal voltage, V = Eg - IaRa - IseRse
Power developed in armature = EgIa
Power delivered to load = VIL
 In a compound generator the major portion of excitation is usually supplied by the shunt
field. The shunt field is slightly weaker and the series field is considerably weaker than
those of the corresponding machine in which the entire excitation is produced by a single
shunt or a single series winding.

Compound wound generators are of two types, known as cumulative wound and
differential wound generators. In cumulative wound generators the series field assists the
shund field, whereas in differential wound generators, series field opposes the shunt field.

2. Reasons why terminal voltage of shunt generator drops as load increases?

In shunt wound DC generators, there is always some no load voltage due to the existence
of shunt field winding. As the load increases, the terminal voltage of this type of DC
generators decreases very quickly. It has very large demagnetizing armature reaction and
armature resistance drop. Because of this drastic reduction in the terminal voltage, the
load current also decreased after a certain point. The performance of this type of
generators are very poor. In the diagram below, the curve DE is showing this
characteristic.
3. What are the Requirements for voltage built up of self-excited shunt generator?

Requirements for Voltage Build-up of a Shunt Generator

Conditions necessary for the voltage build-up of a (self-excited) short generator as

follows :

1. There must be some residual magnetism in the generator poles.

2. For the given direction of rotation, the shunt field coils should be correctly connected
to the armature i.e. they should be so connected that the induced current reinforces the
e.m.f. produced initially due to residual magnetism.

3. If excited on open circuit, its shunt field resistance should be less than the critical
resistance (which can be found from its O.C.C.)

4. If excited on load, then its shunt field resistance should be more than a certain
minimum value of resistance which is given by internal characteristic

Other Factors Affecting Voltage Building of a DC Generator

In addition to the factors mentioned above, there are some other factors which affect the
voltage building of a self-excited d.c. generator. These factors are (i) reversed shunt field
connection (ii) reversed rotation and (iii) reversed residual magnetism. These adverse
effects would be explained with the help the right-hand rule for finding the direction of
the coil flux.

o Normal operation, the prime mover rotation is clockwise and both the residual
flux FR and the field flux FF are directed to the left.

o Reversed connection of the field circuit which causes FF to oppose FR.

Consequently, the generator voltage builds down from its original residual value.

o Reversed armature rotation causes the reversal of the voltage produced by the
residual magnetism. Even though the field coil connections are correct, the
reversed field current flow causes FF to oppose FR so that the voltage builds
down from its original residual value.

o Due to some reason the residual magnetism gets reversed. Hence, the armature
voltage is also reversed which further reverses the field current. Consequently,
both FF and FR are reversed but are directed to the right as shown. Under this
condition, the voltage buildup is in the reversed direction. Obviously, the
generator will operate at rated voltage but with reversed polarity.