Contents page

Index No. Title Pages

1 Acknowledgements

2 Objectives

3 Introduction
Introducing calculus
History of calculus
Application of
calculus

4 Task specification

5 Questions
PART 1
PART 2
PART 3
Further Exploration

6 Conclusion

7 Reflection

8 References
Acknowledgements
Firstly, Id like to thank the pioneers of mathematics, from Pythagoras to
Archimedes, Rene Descartes to Isaac Newton and many, many more, for all the hours they
have slaved and contributed to making new and progressive discoveries in the field of
mathematics, thus shaping the mathematics that we know today and to some extent,
shaping our modern, technology-infused world as well. Without them, I could not even do
this additional mathematics project as the whole project itself is largely based on
mathematical concepts and formula that these brilliant mathematicians have come up with.

Id also like to thank my father and mother, Lok Eng Wah and Lim Bee Yan, for all
the time and space they have given me to do this add maths project. If it werent for them, I
wouldnt even have the laptop which I am using now to type out this project. They are the
backbone to all my achievements, and have always been there for me whenever I need
help.

Furthermore, I could not forget to thank my add maths teacher, Pn Tan Chooi Ping,
for all the guidance and teaching she has given my whole class during her add maths
lessons. She is a great teacher who understands the subject fully and never hesitates to
answer any questions the class should pose. She is open to alternative methods in solving
questions and allows us to think for ourselves so that we can better understand the subject
of additional mathematics. Without her guidance, many aspects of add maths would still be
a blur to me, and I would not be able to do this project. I have a lot to thank her for.

Last but not least, Id like to thank my friends and classmates for clearing up any
questions I had about this add maths project and taking the time to explain further details
about the project to me. They also offered me suggestions on how I could carry out the
project and helped me out when I was stuck.

Thanks to all the kind people around the world as well who have posted an
abundance of information on the internet about maths and add maths. The information
helped me in leaps and bounds to carry out my project and has also deepened my interest
towards this subject.
Objectives
I, Lok Huey Ning, from class 5 Orkid, SMK BUD(3) has carried out this form 5 additional
mathematics projects with several objectives in mind.

The aims of carrying out this project work are:

1) To apply and adapt a variety of problem-solving strategies to solve problems;

2) To improve thinking skills;
3) To promote effective mathematical communication;
4) To develop mathematical knowledge through problem solving in a way that
increases students interest and confidence;
5) To use the language of mathematics to express mathematical ideas precisely;
6) To provide a learning environment that stimulates and enhances effective learning;
7) To develop a positive attitude towards mathematics;
Introduction to calculus
The idea of calculus had been developed earlier in Egypt, Greece, China, India, Iraq, Persia
and Japan. The use of calculus began in Europe, during the 17th century, when Isaac Newton and
Gottfried Wilheim Leibniz built on the work of earlier mathematicians to introduce the basic
principles. The development of calculus was built on earlier concepts of instantaneous motion and
area under the curve.

Application of differential calculus includes computations involving velocity and acceleration,

the slope of curve and optimization. Application of integral calculus includes computations involving
area, volume, arc length, centre of mass, work and pressure. Calculus is also used to gain a more
precise understanding of the nature of space, time and motion.

Among the core principles of calculus are:

Limits and infinitesimals

Differential calculus
Leibniz notation
Integral calculus
Fundamental theorem

A Brief History of Calculus

Calculus was created by Isaac Newton, a British scientist, as well as Gottfried Leibniz, a self-taught
German mathematician, in the 17th century. It has been long disputed who should take credit for
inventing calculus first, but both independently made discoveries that led to what we know now as
calculus. Newton discovered the inverse relationship between the derivative (slope of a curve) and
the integral (the area beneath it), which deemed him as the creator of calculus. Thereafter, calculus
was actively used to solve the major scientific dilemmas of the time, such as:

calculating the slope of the tangent line to a curve at any point along its length
determining the velocity and acceleration of an object given a function describing its
position, and designing such a position function given the object's velocity or acceleration
calculating arc lengths and the volume and surface area of solids
calculating the relative and absolute extrema of objects, especially projectiles

For Newton, the applications for calculus were geometrical and related to the physical world - such
as describing the orbit of the planets around the sun. For Leibniz, calculus was more about analysis
of change in graphs. Leibniz's work was just as important as Newton's, and many of his notations are
used today, such as the notations for taking the derivative and the integral.

Applications of Calculus
With calculus, we have the ability to find the effects of changing conditions on a system. By studying
these, you can learn how to control a system to make it do what you want it to do. Because of the
ability to model and control systems, calculus gives us extraordinary power over the material world.
Calculus is the language of engineers, scientists, and economists. The work of these professionals
has a huge impact on our daily life - from your microwaves, cell phones, TV, and car to medicine,
economy, and national defence.

Credit card companies use calculus to set the minimum payments due on credit card statements at
the exact time the statement is processed by considering multiple variables such as changing
interest rates and a fluctuating available balance.

Biologists use differential calculus to determine the exact rate of growth in a bacterial culture when
different variables such as temperature and food source are changed. This research can help
increase the rate of growth of necessary bacteria, or decrease the rate of growth for harmful and
potentially threatening bacteria.

An electrical engineer uses integration to determine the exact length of power cable needed to
connect two substations that are miles apart. Because the cable is hung from poles, it is constantly
curving. Calculus allows a precise figure to be determined.

An architect will use integration to determine the amount of materials necessary to construct a
curved dome over a new sports arena, as well as calculate the weight of that dome and determine
the type of support structure required.

Space flight engineers frequently use calculus when planning lengthy missions. To launch an
exploratory probe, they must consider the different orbiting velocities of the Earth and the planet
the probe is targeted for, as well as other gravitational influences like the sun and the moon.
Calculus allows each of those variables to be accurately taken into account.

Statisticians will use calculus to evaluate survey data to help develop business plans for different
companies. Because a survey involves many different questions with a range of possible answers,
calculus allows a more accurate prediction for appropriate action.

A physicist uses calculus to find the center of mass of a sports utility vehicle to design appropriate
safety features that must adhere to federal specifications on different road surfaces and at different
speeds.

An operations research analyst will use calculus when observing different processes at a
manufacturing corporation. By considering the value of different variables, they can help a company
improve operating efficiency, increase production, and raise profits.

A graphics artist uses calculus to determine how different three-dimensional models will behave
when subjected to rapidly changing conditions. This can create a realistic environment for movies or
video games.

Obviously, a wide variety of careers regularly use calculus. Universities, the military, government
agencies, airlines, entertainment studios, software companies, and construction companies are only
a few employers who seek individuals with a solid knowledge of calculus. Even doctors and lawyers
use calculus to help build the discipline necessary for solving complex problems, such as diagnosing
patients or planning a prosecution case. Despite its mystique as a more complex branch of
mathematics, calculus touches our lives each day, in ways too numerous to calculate.
Task Specification
The main topic for this additional mathematics project work 2014 is modern calculus. I, Lok
Huey Ning, as a student of 5 Orkid, SMK BUD(3) have typed and written out a report on
modern calculus which includes an introduction to modern calculus and its history and
applications.

There were 3 tasks to complete for this project.

In part 1, I had to choose a pioneer of modern calculus that I like and write about his
background history. Then, I had to present my findings using one or more i-think maps.

In part 2, I had to solve an add maths question based on a velocity-time graph using my
knowledge and understanding of the concept of calculus and its formulas. I then had to
write a story based on the graph.

In part 3, there was another add maths question to solve based on the concept of the area
and volume under a curve. I had to use either a scientific calculator or suitable computer
software to find the answer.

In a section called Further Exploration, I was required to find the volume of revolution of a
solid gold ring and estimate the cost of gold needed for the ring.
Questions
PART 1

Choose a pioneer of modern calculus that you like and write about his background history. Hence,
present your findings using one or more i-Think maps.

English physicist and mathematician Sir Isaac Newton, most famous for his law of gravitation, was
instrumental in the scientific revolution of the 17th century.

NAME
Isaac Newton
EDUCATION
OCCUPATION University of Cambridge, Trinity College, The King's
Philosopher, Mathematician, Astronomer, Physicist, School
Scientist
PLACE OF BIRTH
BIRTH DATE Woolsthorpe, Lincolnshire, England, United Kingdom
January 4, 1643
PLACE OF DEATH
DEATH DATE London, England, United Kingdom
March 31, 1727

Synopsis
Born on January 4, 1643, in Woolsthorpe, England, Isaac Newton was an established physicist and
mathematician, and is credited as one of the great minds of the 17th century Scientific Revolution.
With discoveries in optics, motion and mathematics, Newton developed the principles of modern
physics. In 1687, he published his most acclaimed work, Philosophiae, Natrualis, Principia
Mathematica (Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy), which has been called the single-most
influential book on physics. Newton died in London on March 31, 1727.
Early Life
On January 4, 1643, Isaac Newton was born in the hamlet of Woolsthorpe, Lincolnshire, England. He
was the only son of a prosperous local farmer, also named Isaac Newton, who died three months
before he was born. A premature baby born tiny and weak, Newton was not expected to survive.
When he was 3 years old, his mother, Hannah Ayscough Newton, remarried a well-to-do minister,
Barnabas Smith, and went to live with him, leaving young Newton with his maternal grandmother.
The experience left an indelible imprint on Newton, later manifesting itself as an acute sense of
insecurity. He anxiously obsessed over his published work, defending its merits with irrational
behavior.

At age 12, Newton was reunited with his mother after her second husband died. She brought along
her three small children from her second marriage. Newton had been enrolled at the King's School in
Grantham, a town in Lincolnshire, where he lodged with a local apothecary and was introduced to
the fascinating world of chemistry. His mother pulled him out of school, for her plan was to make
him a farmer and have him tend the farm. Newton failed miserably for he found farming
monotonous.

He soon was returned to King's School to finish his basic education. Perhaps sensing his innate
intellectual abilities, his uncle, a graduate of the University of Cambridge's Trinity College, persuaded
Newton's mother to have him enter the university. Newton enrolled in a program similar to a work
study in 1661, and subsequently waited on tables and took care of wealthier students' rooms.

When Newton arrived at Cambridge, the Scientific Revolution of the 17th century was already in full
force. The heliocentric view of the universetheorized by astronomers Nicolaus Copernicus and
Johannes Kepler, and later refined by Galileowas well known in most European academic circles.
Philosopher Ren Descartes had begun to formulate a new conception of nature as an intricate,
impersonal, and inert machine. Yet, as with most universities in Europe, Cambridge was steeped in
Aristotelian philosophy and view of nature resting on a geocentric view of the universe and dealing
with nature in qualitative rather than quantitative terms.

During his first three years at Cambridge, Newton was taught the standard curriculum, but was
fascinated with the more advanced science. All his spare time was spent reading from the modern
philosophers. The result was a less-than-stellar performance, but one that is understandable given
his dual course of study. It was during this time that Newton kept a second set of notes, entitled
"Quaestiones Quaedam Philosophicae" ("Certain Philosophical Questions"). The "Quaestiones"
reveal that Newton had discovered the new conception of nature that provided the framework for
the Scientific Revolution.

Though Newton graduated with no honors or distinctions, his efforts won him the title of scholar
and four years of financial support for future education. Unfortunately, in 1665, the Great Plague
that was ravaging Europe had come to Cambridge, forcing the university to close. Newton returned
home to pursue his private study. It was during this 18-month hiatus that he conceived the method
of infinitesimal calculus, set foundations for his theory of light and color, and gained significant
insight into the laws of planetary motioninsights that eventually led to the publication of his
Principia in 1687. Legend has it that, at this time, Newton experienced his famous inspiration of
gravity with the falling apple.
With the threat of plague subsided in 1667, Newton returned to Cambridge and was elected a minor
fellow at Trinity College, still not considered a standout scholar. However, in the ensuing years, his
fortune improved. Newton received his Master of Arts degree in 1669, before he was 27. During this
time, he came across Nicholas Mercator's published book on methods for dealing with infinite series.
Newton quickly wrote a treatise, De Analysi, expounding his own wider ranging results. He shared
this with friend and mentor Isaac Barrow, but didn't include his name as author.

In June 1669, Barrow shared the unaccredited manuscript with British mathematician John Collins. In
August 1669, Barrow identified its author to Collins as "Mr. Newton ... a very young ... but of an
extraordinary genius and proficiency in these things." Newton's work was brought to the attention
of the mathematics community for the first time. Shortly afterward, Barrow resigned his Lucasian
Professorship at Cambridge, and Newton assumed the chair.

Professional Life
As professor, Newton was exempted from tutoring but required to deliver an annual course of
lectures. He chose to deliver his work on optics as his initial topic. Part of Newton's study of optics
was aided with the use of a reflecting telescope that he designed and constructed in 1668his first
major public scientific achievement. This invention helped prove his theory of light and color. The
Royal Society asked for a demonstration of his reflecting telescope in 1671, and the organization's
interest encouraged Newton to publish his notes on light, optics and color in 1672; these notes were
later published as part of Newton's Opticks: Or, A treatise of the Reflections, Refractions, Inflexions
and Colours of Light.

However, not everyone at the Royal Academy was enthusiastic about Newton's discoveries in optics.
Among some of the dissenters was Robert Hooke, one of the original members of the Royal
Academy and a scientist who was accomplished in a number of areas, including mechanics and
optics. In his paper, Newton theorized that white light was a composite of all colors of the spectrum,
and that light was composed of particles. Hooke believed that light was composed of waves. Hooke
quickly condemned Newton's paper in condescending terms, and attacked Newton's methodology
and conclusions.

Hooke was not the only one to question Newton's work in optics. Renowned Dutch scientist
Christian Huygens and a number of French Jesuits also raised objections. But because of Hooke's
association with the Royal Society and his own work in optics, his criticism stung Newton the worst.
Unable to handle the critique, he went into a ragea reaction to criticism that was to continue
throughout his life.

Newton denied Hooke's charge that his theories had any shortcomings, and argued the importance
of his discoveries to all of science. In the ensuing months, exchange between the two men grew
more acrimonious and soon Newton threatened to quit the Society altogether. He remained only
when several other members assured him that the Fellows held him in high esteem.

However, the rivalry between Newton and Hooke would continue for several years thereafter. Then,
in 1678, Newton suffered a complete nervous breakdown and the correspondence abruptly ended.
The death of his mother the following year caused him to become even more isolated, and for six
years he withdrew from intellectual exchange except when others initiated correspondence, which
he always kept short.

During his hiatus from public life, Newton returned to his study of gravitation and its effects on the
orbits of planets. Ironically, the impetus that put Newton on the right direction in this study came
from Robert Hooke. In a 1679 letter of general correspondence to Royal Society members for
contributions, Hooke wrote to Newton and brought up the question of planetary motion suggesting
that a formula involving the inverse squares might explain the attraction between planets and the
shape of their orbits.

Subsequent exchanges transpired before Newton quickly broke off the correspondence once again.
But Hooke's idea was soon incorporated into Newton's work on planetary motion and from his notes
it appears he had quickly drawn his own conclusions by 1680, though he kept his discoveries to
himself.

In early 1684, in a conversation with fellow Royal Society members Christopher Wren and Edmond
Halley, Hooke made is case on the proof for planetary motion. Both Wren and Halley thought he was
on to something, but pointed out that a mathematical demonstration was needed. In August 1684,
Halley traveled to Cambridge to visit with Newton, who was coming out of his seclusion. Halley idly
asked him what shape the orbit of a planet would take if its attraction to the sun followed the
inverse square of the distance between them (Hooke's theory).

Newton knew the answer due to his concentrated work for the past six years and replied "an
ellipse." Newton claimed to have solved the problem some eighteen years ago during his hiatus from
Cambridge and the plague, but he was unable to find his notes. Halley persuaded him to work out
the problem mathematically and offered to pay all costs so that the ideas might be published.

Publishing 'Principia'
In 1687, after 18 months of intense and effectively non-stop work, Newton published Philosophiae,
Natrualis, Principia Mathematica (Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy). Said to be the
single-most influential book on physics and possibly all of science, it is most often known as Principia
and contains information on nearly all of the essential concepts of physics, except energy.

The work offers an exact quantitative description of bodies in motion in three basic laws: 1) A
stationary body will stay stationary unless an external force is applied to it; 2) Force is equal to mass
times acceleration, and a change in motion is proportional to the force applied; and 3) For every
action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. These three laws not only helped explain elliptical
planetary orbits but nearly every other motion in the universe: how the planets are kept in orbit by
the pull of the suns gravity; how the moon revolves around earth and the moons of Jupiter revolve
around it; how comets revolve in elliptical orbits around the sun.

The laws also allowed Newton to calculate the mass of each planet, calculate the flattening of the
Earth at the polls and the bulge at the equator, and how gravitational pull of the sun and moon
create the Earths tides. In Newton's account, gravity kept the universe balanced, made it work, and
brought heaven and earth together in one great equation.
Upon the publication of the first edition of Principia, Robert Hooke immediately accused Newton of
plagiarism, claiming that he had discovered the theory of inverse squares and that Newton had
stolen his work. The charge was unfounded, as most scientists knew, for Hooke had only theorized
on the idea and had never brought it to any level of proof. However, Newton was furious and
strongly defended his discoveries.

He withdrew all references to Hooke in his notes and threatened to withdraw from publishing the
subsequent edition of Principia altogether. Halley, who had invested much of himself in Newton's
work, tried to make peace between the two men. While Newton begrudgingly agreed to insert a
joint acknowledgement of Hooke's work (shared with Wren and Halley) in his discussion of the law
of inverse squares, it did nothing to placate Hooke.

As the years went on, Hooke's life began to unravel. His beloved niece and companion died the same
year that Principia was published, in 1687. As Newton's reputation and fame grew, Hooke's declined,
causing him to become even more bitter and loathsome toward his rival. To the bitter end, Hooke
took every opportunity he could to offend Newton. Knowing that his rival would soon be elected
president of the society, Hooke refused to retire until the year of his death, in 1703.

International Prominence
Principia immediately raised Newton to international prominence, and he thereafter became more
involved in public affairs. Consciously or unconsciously, he was ready for a new direction in life. He
no longer found contentment in his position at Cambridge and he was becoming more involved in
other issues. He helped lead the resistance to King James II's attempts to reinstitute Catholic
teaching at Cambridge and in 1689, he was elected to represent Cambridge in Parliament.

While in London, Newton acquainted himself with a broader group of intellectuals and became
acquainted with political philosopher John Locke. Though many of the scientists on the continent
continued to teach the mechanical world according to Aristotle, a young generation of British
scientists became captivated with Newton's new view of the physical world and recognized him as
their leader. One of these admirers was Nicolas Fatio de Duillier, a Swiss mathematician who
Newton befriended while in London.

However, within a few years, Newton fell into another nervous breakdown in 1693. The cause is
open to speculation: his disappointment over not being appointed to a higher position by England's
new monarchs, William III and Mary II, or the subsequent loss of his friendship with Duillier;
exhaustion from being overworked; or perhaps chronic mercury poisoning after decades of
alchemical research. It's difficult to know the exact cause, but evidence suggests that letters written
by Newton to several of his London acquaintances and friends, including Duillier, seemed deranged
and paranoiac, and accused them of betrayal and conspiracy.

Oddly enough, Newton recovered quickly, wrote letters of apology to friends, and was back to work
within a few months. He emerged with all his intellectual facilities intact, but seemed to have lost
interest in scientific problems and now favored pursuing prophecy and scripture and the study of
alchemy. While some might see this as work beneath the man who had revolutionized science, it
might be more attributed to Newton responding to the issues of the time in turbulent 17th century
Britain. Many intellectuals were grappling with the meaning of many different subjects, not least of
which were religion, politics and the very purpose of life. Modern science was still so new, no one
knew for sure how it measured up against older philosophies.

In 1696, Newton was able to attain the governmental position he had long sought: warden of the
Mint; after acquiring this new title, he permanently moved to London and lived with his niece,
Catherine Barton. She was the mistress of Lord Halifax, a high-ranking government official who was
instrumental in having Newton promoted, in 1699, to master of the Minta position that he would
hold until his death. Not to be considered a mere honorary position, Newton approached the job
with earnest, reforming the currency and severely punishing counterfeiters. As Master of the Mint,
Newton moved the British currency, the Pound Sterling, from the silver to the gold standard.

In 1703, Newton was elected president of the Royal Society upon Robert Hooke's death. In 1705, he
was knighted by Queen Anne of England. At this point in his life, Newton's career in science and
discovery had given way to a career of political power and influence.

Newton never seemed to understand the notion of science as a cooperative venture, and his
ambition and fierce defense of his own discoveries continued to lead him from one conflict to
another with other scientists. By most accounts, Newton's tenure at the society was tyrannical and
autocratic; he was able to control the lives and careers of younger scientists with absolute power.

In 1705, in a controversy that had been brewing for several years, German mathematician Gottfried
Liebniz publically accused Newton of plagiarizing his research, claiming he had discovered
infinitesimal calculus several years before the publication of Principia. In 1712, the Royal Society
appointed a committee to investigate the matter. Of course, with Newton as president, he was able
to appoint the committee members and oversee its investigation. Not surprisingly, the committee
concluded Newton's priority over the discovery.

That same year, in another of Newton's more flagrant episodes of tyranny, he published without
permission the notes of astronomer John Flamsteed. It seems the astronomer had collected a
massive body of data from his years at the Royal Observatory at Greenwich, England. Newton had
requested a large volume of Flamsteed's notes for his revisions to Principia. Annoyed when
Flamsteed wouldn't provide him more information as quickly as he wanted it, Newton used his
influence as president of the Royal Society to be named the chairman of the body of "visitors"
responsible for the Royal Observatory.

He then tried to force the immediate publication of Flamsteed's catalogue of the stars, as well as all
of Flamsteed's notes, edited and unedited. To add insult to injury, Newton arranged for Flamsteed's
mortal enemy, Edmund Halley, to prepare the notes for press. Flamsteed was finally able to get a
court order forcing Newton to cease his plans for publication and return the notesone of the few
times that Newton was bested by one of his rivals.

Final Years
Toward the end of this life, Newton lived at Cranbury Park, near Winchester, England, with his niece,
Catherine (Bancroft) Conduitt, and her husband, John Conduitt. By this time, Newton had become
one of the most famous men in Europe. His scientific discoveries were uchallenged. He also had
become wealthy, investing his sizeable income wisely and bestowing sizeable gifts to charity. Despite
his fame, Newton's life was far from perfect: He never married or made many friends, and in his
later years, a combination of pride, insecurity and side-trips on peculiar scientific inquiries led even
some of his few friends to worry about his mental stability.

By the time he reached 80 years of age, Newton was experiencing digestion problems, and had to
drastically change his diet and mobility. Then, in March 1727, Newton experienced severe pain in his
abdomen and blacked out, never to regain consciousness. He died the next day, on March 31, 1727,
at the age of 85.

Isaac Newton's fame grew even more after his death, as many of his contemporaries proclaimed him
the greatest genius that ever lived. Maybe a slight exaggeration, but his discoveries had a large
impact on Western thought, leading to comparisons to the likes of Plato, Aristotle and Galileo.

Although his discoveries were among many made during the Scientific Revolution, Isaac Newton's
universal principles of gravity found no parallels in science at the time. Of course, Newton was
proven wrong on some of his key assumptions. In the 20th century, Albert Einstein would overturn
Newton's concept of the universe, stating that space, distance and motion were not absolute but
relative, and that the universe was more fantastic than Newton had ever conceived.

Newton may not have been surprised: In his later life, when asked for an assessment of his
achievements, he replied, "I do not know what I may appear to the world; but to myself I seem to
have been only like a boy playing on the seashore, and diverting myself now and then in finding a
smoother pebble or prettier shell than ordinary, while the great ocean of truth lay all undiscovered
before me."
 Bubble map: Isaac Newtons achievements in the world of science

Discovered
Calculus

Developed
Invented the three Laws of
reflecting Motion
telescope

Isaac Newtons achievements Devised Law of

Universal
Proposed new in the world of Science
theory of light Gravitation
and colour

Advanced early
Father of
modern
Modern
chemistry
Science
Flow map: Isaac Newtons Timeline

1642 1653 1661

Isaac Newton is born in Newton attends Kings Newton enrols at

Woolsthorpe, School in Grantham. Trinity College in
Lincolnshire, England His creativity blossoms. Cambridge.

1667 1666 1665

Newton returns to Newton returns to Newton receives
Cambridge. He Woolsthorpe. Bachelors of Arts
becomes a professor Experiments with degree.
of mathematics. colours and gravity.
Invents calculus.

1671 1687 1689

Newton invents Newton publishes his Newton is elected to

reflecting telescope. major work, Principia. Parliament.
Joins Royal Society of
London.

1703 1696 1693

Newton is elected Newton is appointed Newton falls sick. Some

President of the Royal Warden of the Mint. think he is having a
Society. nervous breakdown,
others believe it is
mercury poisoning.

1705 1727

Newton is knighted Newton dies at age 84.

and now known as Sir He is buried at
Isaac Newton. Westminster Abbey.
Conclusion
From carrying out this project, its clear to see that add maths is very important in
our lives. Calculus covers the fields of differentiation, integration, volume of a solid in
revolution and many others. Calculus enables us to build rocket ships, telescopes and other
modern marvels, and thus we should learn it well and give it highest regards as an important
subject.

Calculus is not only important from an academic point of view, it also helps us to
practice and develop your logic/reasoning skills. Calculus throws us challenging problems
which make us think. Life after school and college will likewise undoubtedly throw us
problems which we will have to learn to solve. Although we may never use calculus ever
again in our lifetime or career, we will definitely hold on to the lessons that calculus taught
us, like time management, how to be organized and neat, how to hand in things on time,
how to perform under pressure when tested, how to be responsible for our future boss and
how to be amongst people in your class (who are analogous to your future clients and co-
workers).

Even so, we should remember not to divulge ourselves too deeply into maths until
we forget the world around us. Human relations and soft skills are equally important in our
daily lives, if not even more so. Isaac Newton was quite infamous for having a temper, and
reacting badly to criticism. Though we should learn from Newtons diligence and passion,
we must take care not to have a temperament such as his and always be open to criticism
on our work.

Overall, this additional mathematics project has deepened my interest in maths and
also shown me that maths is all around us, it builds the world around us, and we should not
look upon it lightly. Maths is essential to our daily lives, especially in a modern technology-
based society such as ours. It also trains us to be disciplined, hard-working, and to come up
with numerous solutions to a single problem. We should all recognize maths as a very
important subject and do our best to increase our knowledge in maths so as to lead to even
greater creations and innovations in the future, not to mention a more disciplined and
intelligent society in terms of academia and also real life.
Reflection
Through carrying out this add maths project on modern calculus, I have learnt a great deal
of things.

In part 1 of the project, I did research on father of modern calculus, Isaac Newton, and
gained insight on his history. I felt grateful towards his contributions to the world of maths
and by extension to modern society. By compiling my research into the form of i-think
maps, I learned how to display data creatively.

Through solving the problems based on calculus in the other parts of the project, I was able
to brush up on my calculus mathematical skills and learn how to apply different methods of
calculation to solve different problems. I learnt that one problem can be solved using
several different methods, such as how integration can be a much more efficient method for
counting the sum of areas of a graph.

Through this project, I was also able to learn how to be responsible in order to complete this
project with the best quality possible. I also learnt how to be careful in my calculations, and
to think out of the box to come up with various methods to solve one problem. Most
importantly, I learned how to be disciplined, both with my time-management skills and with
my attention span. I made sure to pour all my focus into doing this project and carried it out
with utmost meticulousness.
References
Form 5 Additional Mathematics Textbook, written by Chew Su Lian, Khoo Ee Sin, Moy Wah Goon,
Ooi Soo Huat and Kohaiza binti Ramli

http://www.biography.com/people/isaac-newton-9422656

http://www.softschools.com/timelines/sir_isaac_newton_timeline/139/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculus

http://www.math.cornell.edu/m/Courses/lifeaftercalc.html#analysis
 Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan
Bandar Utama Damansara (3)

Additional Mathematics Project Work

Year 2014

Name: Lok Huey Ning

Class: 5 Orkid
IC Number: 970426-14-5002
Teacher: Puan Tan Chooi Peng
Part 3: Flowchart

Identify the problem

Determine the methods of solving the problem:

1) Completing the square

2) Comparing and substitution

Collect the relevant data from the equation

= + +

= ( + ) + (After completing the square)

= minimum value, =

Solve the equation by substituting the numbers given into

the graph.

Check the answers using a scientific calculator.