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presents an over-view on duplexers and repeaters and how they work.
Duplexers and Repeaters
RX
BasicRepeaters
It is common knowledge that if
youhitarepeaterwithlowlevel
signal such as a mobile or
handheld radio transmits, the
repeater retransmits the
(transmit) and the RX (receive) is handheld radios must also be
information at a higher power
sometimesreferredtoasthesplit reversedtomatchit.
level over a greater area. This is
or repeater pair of frequencies. Many repeaters both receive
commonly referred to as the
Forexample,on2metersthesplit andtransmitwithasingleantenna
range of the repeater, the area
is.6MHz(600kHz).TheTXcanbe rather than operating with
within which you can activate the
thelowfrequencyandtheRXthe separateTXandRXantennas(see
repeater with the transmitted
high,orviceversa.At220MHzthe fig. 2). This is where the duplexer
signal. Antenna patterns can be
splitis1.6MHz,andat440MHzit isemployed.
adjusted so that a repeater range
is 5.0 MHz. At 1.2 GHz the The duplexer enables the
can cover a certain area or
frequency separation can be 12 repeater to transmit and receive
direction only, but a majority of
MHzor20MHz,dependingonthe simultaneously on a single
repeater ranges are intended to
area of the country where the antenna and feedline without
beomnidirectional(seefig.1).
repeater will be in operation. interference to each function by
The repeater does this
Therefore, it follows that if the providing the necessary
receiving on one frequency and
repeater receives on a high isolation between the TX and
retransmitting on another
frequency and transmits on a low the RX frequencies. This isolation
frequency. This occurs
frequency,themobileorhandheld is measured in deciBels (dB). If
simultaneously and is called
radiowillconverselytransmithigh separateTXandRXantennaswere
duplex operation. The frequency
andreceivelow.Ifyoureversethe tobeused,theywouldhavetobe
separation between the TX
repeater, then the mobile or physically spaced a certain
*1295WisconsinRd.Derby,NY14047
CQ July1992 SayYouSawItinCQ
distance apart, either vertically or protect other radios at the site we will consider the pass/reject
horizontally, to provide the fromitsowntransmitter. typeofduplexerinthisdescription
necessaryisolation(seefigs.3and This filtering action of the ofduplexeroperation.
4). This is usually referred to as cavities in the duplexer can also Imagine, if you will, a
spaceisolation. be used to control receiver transmitted signal being received
For example, a 2 meter desensitization(desense),whichis byarepeaterantenna(seefig.5).
repeaterusingseparateTXandRX oneofthecommonproblemsthat This signal travels down the
antennas would require about 10 canbeencounteredonarepeater. feedlinetotheduplexerandlooks
feet of vertical space isolation as Receiver desense can be defined at the cavities. The cavities tuned
compared to about 30 feet of as onchannel noise or a strong totheTXsideoftherepeaterare
horizontal space isolation to gain offchannel signal that degrades set to block, or reject, this
30 dB of isolation between the the receiver sensitivity. On received signal. Therefore, the
transmit and the receive. Most channelnoisecanbecomingfrom signal will pass through the
repeaters require more isolation the repeater or passing through cavities on the RX side of the
than this, so it is apparent that the duplexer from some other duplexer which are tuned to
more space isolation would be source. An offchannel signal can accept, or pass, the RX frequency
required for the twoantenna be close in frequency and oftherepeater.Theywillpassthis
approach. Two antennas take up physicallylocatedsomewhereelse frequency and tend to reject, or
valuable space on a tower, space (anothersite),oritcanbelocated attenuate,mosteverythingelse.
that may not be available, and in close physical proximity to the Atthesametimetherepeater
require two feedlines. A single receiver, butnot necessarilyclose transmitter is retransmitting the
antenna and feedline for a in frequency. Either situation will informationonanotherfrequency
repeaterismuchmoreeconomical restrictthereceiverscapabilityto on the same feedline and
and saves tower space, detect (pick up) a weak signal, antenna. This transmitted signal
particularly at a crowded antenna such as a lowlevel signal from a leaves the repeater transmitter
site. Antenna sites are generally mobileorhandheldradio. and then travels along the
located at the highest point of interconnecting cable to the
terrain in a given area and are HowDoesADuplexerWork? duplexer. This signal will look at
usually shared by several radio Thereareseveralduplexerdesigns the cavities and pass through the
servicesandusers.Someduplexer beingusedinrepeaterstoday,but cavities tuned to pass the TX
designs can provide the repeater by far the most common is the frequency of the repeater. The
with protection from interference pass/reject or pseudobandpass cavities on the RX side of the
from other radios at the site and type of duplexer. For this reason duplexer are set to block, or
CQ July1992 SayYouSawItinCQ
reject,thistransmittedsignal.The is a very important factor to be the winter months. The duplexer
signal passes through the TX considered. The frequencies to must be stable in the cold also.
cavities, travels up the feedline, which the TX and RX sides of the Most manufacturers will usually
and is radiated by the antenna. duplexeraretunedcannotchange provide the necessary data and
Thus, the duplexer isolates the duetosomethingmovingwhenit specifications to enable the
TX from the RX and vice versa, heats up and expands or cools proper duplexer to be chosen for
enabling the repeater to receive down and shrinks. Detuning of a theparticularapplication.
and transmit simultaneously duplexer in this manner, in the
without interference to each worsecase,canrenderarepeater SomeCommonSense
function. Resonant cavities which inoperative. Materials with a low There seems to be a common
areusedinthepass/rejecttypeof coefficient of thermal expansion misconceptionthataduplexercan
duplexercanbeavaluabletoolin arethereforeusedincriticalareas be the cause or source of all the
controlling spurious emissions, such as the cavity main tuning many problems that can plague a
desense,andotherproblemsthat control. repeater. In reality there are
arepeatercanexperience. The components used in the things that can affect the
Qualityduplexersaredesigned RF circuits of the duplexerssuch operation of a repeater. Granted,
andbuilttoperformwithincertain as capacitors, coupling loops, there can be troubles with a
ranges of power, temperature, connectors, and cablealso have duplexer, such as detuning during
and frequency separation. The to stand up to the amount of shipment or damage due to
materialsusedinthemanufacture power going through the lightning or vandalism, but
of duplexers usually control the duplexer.Thisisanothersourceof accidentaldetuningisperhapsthe
power rating and temperature heat. most common problem. There
range of the duplexer. The The reverse side of the have been many instances of
physicalsizeofaduplexerismost temperature stability problem is noise passing through a duplexer,
often determined by the seen when the duplexer and makingitappearthattheduplexer
frequencyatwhichtheduplexeris repeater are housed in an is at fault. Amajority of the time,
tobeused.Temperaturestability unheated shack during however,problemsusuallycanbe
CQ July1992 SayYouSawItinCQ
traced to some other source. A of 75 ohm cable into a 50 ohm information on equipment status.
duplexer is not an active device system and expect that system to Inspectionofthecable,thetower
and does not require much work properly. The use of and antenna, and the grounding
maintenance once it is installed connector adaptors and splices in system can usually detect
andinoperation. the cable are not considered potential problems. This can
Thereexists,theworldover,a good practice either. Double provideenoughtimetopreventa
strongurgetotweakaduplexer shielded (doublebraid) coaxial major problem with the repeater,
after it is installed and the cable is a recommended choice causing it to provide poor or
repeater is up and running. This when considering interconnecting inadequate coverage, or even to
tweaking can be the cause of cables and, in some cases, even be off the air for an extended
some of the problems a repeater thefeedline. period of time. Brief, intermittent
can experience. Tweaking can Some thought is also required periods of down time for
beequatedwithdetuningifitis whenroutingcablesatarepeater inspection and repair are much
tweaked far enough. There site. If cables are run close more acceptable than days,
usually will be some initial togetheri.e., in a bundle weeks, or even months on end!
adjustment when the duplexer is coupling may occur between Coordination and cooperation
first installed. However, once this cables. For example, the cable with other services at a site can
is done and the repeater is that connects the antenna to the alsogoalongwaytohelpprevent
operational,tweakingshouldbe duplexer is run parallel to, and in or resolve any problemsthatmay
kepttoaminimumordiscouraged thesamebundlewith,thecable arise. As the old saying goes, An
altogether. connecting the duplexer and the ounce of prevention is worth a
Another area where problems receiverintherepeater.Whenthe poundofcure.
can exist or be created is in the transmitter is keyed, desense
coaxialcableandconnectorsused occurs in the receiver. This is LightningProtection
CQ July1992 SayYouSawItinCQ
protection equipment who can Acknowledgements
provide a wealth of information
about lightning protection. I would like to thank Mr. Elliot
Lightningprotectioncannotstopa Johnson of TXRX Systems, Inc. for
lightning strike, but it can usually his quiet insistence and helpful
minimize the amount of damage suggestions in attempting to
that can result from one. Nature present some basic, and I hope,
can be very unpredictable and pertinent information about a
sometimesanymeasuretakencan subject that doesnt seem to get
be almost useless. It is best to much press. I would also like to
provide some form of lightning thankBarbaraGeorgeandSydney
protection even if the possibility Harrison for their able assistance
of a lightning strike doesnt exist on the CAD machine to produce
or is minimal. Some protection is somelegibleillustrations.
better than none for any
installation, if only for peace of
mind.
InClosing
CQ July1992 SayYouSawItinCQ