Cng ty nhit in Na Dng Kha o to nhn vin vn hnh 2009

IU CHNH IN P TRONG H
THNG IN

Trung tm iu HT Quc gia -1-

Cng ty nhit in Na Dng Kha o to nhn vin vn hnh 2009

MC LC

IU CHNH IN P TRONG H THNG IN...........................................................1

1. Khi nim c bn v iu chnh in p trong h thng in.........................................3
1.1 Gii thiu chung.........................................................................................................................3
1.2 Pht v tiu th cng sut phn khng................................................................................4
1.3 Phng tin iu chnh in p..............................................................................................7
1.4 Phng php iu chnh in p.........................................................................................14
1.5 Ti u tro lu cng sut.......................................................................................................17
2. Thc trng in p v iu chnh in p trong h thng in Vit nam.................21
2.1 Gii thiu chung.......................................................................................................................21
2.2 Quy nh v iu chnh in p trong HT in Vit Nam...............................................21
2.4 nh gi chung v tnh trng in p trong HT in Vit Nam...................................30
2.5 Kt lun......................................................................................................................................33
Ti liu tham kho..........................................................................................................................35

Trung tm iu HT Quc gia -2-

Cng ty nhit in Na Dng Kha o to nhn vin vn hnh 2009

1. Khi nim c bn v iu chnh in p trong h thng in

1.1 Gii thiu chung

iu chnh in p trong h thng in l mt trong nhng nhim v c
bit quan trng trong vn hnh h thng in. Mc tiu ca vic iu chnh in p
nhm m bo:
. Cht lng in nng cung cp cho cc thit b in tc l in p t
trn cc thit b nm trong gii hn cho php. C thit b in trn
li cng nh thit b dng in ca khch hng u c thit k
vn hnh trong mt di in p nht nh.
. S n nh h thng in trong trng hp bt thng v s c.
. Hiu qu kinh t trong vn hnh. Gim ti thiu tn tht in nng v
tn tht in p.

Ta bit tn tht in p gia 2 im trong h thng in c xc nh

theo cng thc sau:
RP QX PX QR
U j (1)
U U

U - in p im u
P, Q - cng sut tc dng v cng sut phn khng gia 2 im

Trn li ch yu l ng dy trn khng nn thnh phn X >> R, do

n gin c th b qua thnh phn R. Biu thc (1) c vit li nh sau:
QX PX
U j
U U

V trn thc t gc (gc lch in p gia 2 u) rt nh ( 3-5o) nn bin

QX
lch in p ph thuc ch yu vo thnh phn U
v gc lch pha in p
PX
gia 2 im ph thuc ch yu vo thnh phn U
.

Trung tm iu HT Quc gia -3-

Cng ty nhit in Na Dng Kha o to nhn vin vn hnh 2009

Hay ni cch khc cng sut phn khng truyn trn ng dy nh hng
trc tip n chnh lch ln in p gia 2 u. Cn cng sut tc dng truyn
trn ng dy quyt nh lch pha in p gia 2 u.
Vy iu chnh in p chnh l iu chnh tro lu cng sut phn khng
trong h thng. lch in p c biu din bi s vc t nh hnh 1.

U1

IX
U2

IR
I

Hnh 2 - S vc t lch in p

Vic m bo in p trong gii hn l rt phc tp v ph ti trong h thng

in phn b ri rc v thay i lin tc dn n vic yu cu v cng sut phn
khng trn li truyn ti cng thay i theo. Ngc vi vn iu chnh tn s
trong h thng in, l iu chnh chung ton h thng, iu chnh in p mang
tnh cht cc b.

1.2 Pht v tiu th cng sut phn khng.

My pht in
My pht in c th pht hoc tiu th cng sut phn khng bng vic
thay i gi tr ca dng in kch t my pht. Gii hn v kh nng pht v tiu
th cng sut phn khng c th hin trn hnh 2.
My pht pht cng sut phn khng khi dng kch t ln (qu kch thch)
v tiu th cng sut phn khng khi dng kch t nh (thiu kch thch). Tt c
cc my pht u c trang b h thng t ng iu chnh kch t (Automatic
Voltage Control - AVR) nhm gi cho in p ti u cc my pht khng i
mt gi tr t trc khi ph ti h thng thay i.

Trung tm iu HT Quc gia -4-

Cng ty nhit in Na Dng Kha o to nhn vin vn hnh 2009

MW
Gii hn tuabin

Gii hn dng stator

Gii hn
n nh tnh
Gii hn dng kt

Hnh 2. c tnh P - Q my pht in MVar

ng dy trn khng:
ng dy khng cng c th pht hoc tiu th cng sut phn khng tu
1
thuc vo dng ti. sinh ra in trng cn c nng lng l C0U 2 v sinh
2
1
ra t trng cn c nng lng l L0 I 2 . Nng lng in trng gn nh khng
2
i do U thay i t, cn nng lng t trng ph thuc vo I. trng thi cn
1 1
bng ta c: C0U 2 L0 I 2 ( y I l dng ti khi cng sut truyn trn ng
2 2

U2 L0
dy l cng sut t nhin Ptn 3 , vi Z c l tng tr sng). Nu cng sut
Zc C0
ti trn ng dy nh hn cng sut t nhin th gi tr I nh nn cng sut phn
khng do in dung ca ng dy sinh ra ln hn tn tht cng sut phn khng
trn in cm, do c dng in dung t ngun n lm cho in p trn ng
dy cao hn u ngun tc l ng dy pht cng sut phn khng. Ngc li
khi cng sut ti cao hn cng sut t nhin, cng sut phn khng do ng dy
sinh ra khng b vo tn tht cng sut phn khng trn ng dy, do c
dng in in cm chy t ngun vo ng dy lm cho in p trn ng dy
thp hn so vi in p u ngun tc l ng dy tiu th cng sut phn
khng.

Cp ngm:
Dung dn cao nn ti t nhin cao, trong ch vn hnh bnh thng
lng cng sut phn khng sinh ra thng cao hn tn tht ca ng dy.

Trung tm iu HT Quc gia -5-

Cng ty nhit in Na Dng Kha o to nhn vin vn hnh 2009

My bin p:
Thng xuyn tiu th cng sut phn khng mi ch , nhng li c
kh nng iu chnh tro lu cng sut phn khng.

Ph ti:
Thng l ngun tiu th cng sut phn khng, vic tiu th ny thay i
lin tc trong ngy v khc nhau gia cc ma trong nm. Ph ti phn phng ch
yu gm ba thnh phn:
1. Dng in t ha ca ng c khng ng b.
2. Trng tn ca cc ng c khng ng b.
3. Tn tht cng sut phn khng trong my bin p v ng dy.
Hai thnh phn u chim khong 60% ton b ph ti phn khng. Cc
thnh phn ny ch yu ph thuc vo cng sut ca ng c khng ng b v
mc mang ti ca ng c. Thnh phn th ba ph thuc vo ph ti ca li
in, ph thuc vo cng sut ph ti tc dng v phn khng tng ca ton h
thng.
Tiu th cng sut phn khng ca ti nh hng n in p. Ti vi h s
cos thp s lm gim in p trn li truyn ti. H s cos ca mt s loi ph
ti in hnh cho bng sau:

Loi ti cos
ng c cng nghip ln 0.89
ng c cng nghip nh 0.83
My lnh 0.84
My ra bt 0.99
My bm 0.81
My git 0.65
Ti vi 0.77
My sy l xo 1
n hunh quang 0.9
n si t 1
Bng 1. H s cos ca mt s loi ph ti in hnh

Thng thng ph ti phn khng ln nht vo thi im cc i ph ti

cng nghip do c nhiu ng c khng ng b. Tuy nhin cc i ph ti phn

Trung tm iu HT Quc gia -6-

Cng ty nhit in Na Dng Kha o to nhn vin vn hnh 2009

khng cng c th xy ra vo thp im ca h thng do tn tht cng sut phn

khng trong h thng in tng ln rt cao.

Cc thit b b:
Cc thit b b c trang b trong h thng in nhm pht hoc tiu th
cng sut phn khng v iu chnh cn bng cng sut phn khng trong ton h
thng in.

1.3 Phng tin iu chnh in p

Cc my pht in l phng tin c bn iu chnh in p. B AVR iu
chnh dng kch t gi in p u cc my pht gi tr mong mun. Ngoi ra
cn c cc phng tin khc c b xung tham gia vo vic iu chnh in
p. Cc thit b dng cho mc ch ny c chia ra lm 3 loi nh sau:
(i) Ngun cng sut phn khng: my pht, t b ngang, khng b
ngang, my b ng b v thit b b tnh (SVC - Static Var
Compensator).
(ii) B in khng ng dy nh t b dc.
(iii) iu chnh nc phn p my bin p (thay i tro lu v cng qua
my bin p).

Cc thit b b dng iu chnh in p c m t chi tit di y.

Khng b ngang
Tc dng ca khng b ngang (KBN) l b in dung do ng dy sinh
ra. Khng b ngang c tc dng chng qu p trn ng dy trong ch ti nh
hoc h mch.
Khng b ngang thng dng cho ng dy di siu cao p trn khng v
dng in in dung sinh ra thng ln. Tnh ton ng dy di vi thng s
phn b ri c th thy c dng in p trn ng dy ch h mch u
cui v c t KBN cui v gia ng dy nh sau:

Trung tm iu HT Quc gia -7-

Cng ty nhit in Na Dng Kha o to nhn vin vn hnh 2009

kV 1
2
3

km

Hnh 3 - in p trn ng dy di ch h mch

Trong :
1 - ng dy h mch.
2 - ng dy h mch c t khng b cui.
3 - ng dy h mch c t khng b gia.

Khng b ngang cn c tc dng chng qu in p thao tc. Khng c th

ni trc tip vo ng dy hoc qua cc my ct. La chn c/khng s dng
my ct ni khng vo ng dy phi thng qu tnh ton kinh t - k thut.
Khng c nh trn ng dy phi m bo c chng qu p trong ch non
ti ng thi phi m bo khng b st p trong ch ti nng.
Cu to ca khng gn ging nh my bin p nhng ch c 1 cun dy cho
mi pha. Ngoi ra khng b ngang c th bao gm thm mt cun dy trung tnh
hn ch dng ngn mch chm t. Ngi ta c th thit k khng b ngang
iu chnh c nc di ti (thay i dung lng khng).

T b ngang
T b ngang (TBN) dng tng cng cng sut phn khng cho h thng
in lm tng in p cc b. TBN rt a dng v kch c v c phn b trong
ton h thng vi cc dung lng khc nhau. u im ca TBN l gi thnh thp,
linh hot trong lp t v vn hnh. Nhc im l cng sut phn khng t l vi

Trung tm iu HT Quc gia -8-

Cng ty nhit in Na Dng Kha o to nhn vin vn hnh 2009

U2
bnh phng in p Qc , khi in p thp cn nhiu cng sut phn khng th
Xc
cng sut pht ra cng b gim.
Trong li phn phi, t b ngang dng tng cos ca ph ti, tc l m
bo cng sut phn khng cho ph ti ti ni tiu th thay v phi truyn v
cng t li n. Cc TBN li phn phi c th c ng ct nh cc thit b
t ng tu thuc vo thi gian, gi tr in p.
Trong li truyn ti, t b ngang c dng gim tn tht truyn ti
m bo in p ti cc im nt trong phm vi cho php mi ch ti. TBN
c th ni trc tip vo thanh ci in p cao hoc ni vo cun th 3 ca MBA
chnh. Cc TBN c u cng hoc ng ct tu thuc tng v tr. Vic la chn
v tr t t v dung lng b cn phi c tnh ton bi chng trnh phn b t
u tro lu cng sut (OPF - Optimal Power Flow) s ni n sau.

T b dc
T b dc (TBD) c t ni tip trn ng dy b in khng ca
ng dy. Tc l lm gim in khng gia 2 im dn n tng kh nng truyn
ti v gim tn tht truyn ti. Cng sut truyn ti trn ng dy l:
U1U 2
Ptruyen _ tai sin
X

X = XL - Xc, khi c t, X s gim i dn n kh nng ti ca ng dy

U 1U 2
Pmax tng ln.
X

Mt khc, vi mc ti c nh, khi gim X dn n gim sin hay gim ,

lm tng n nh. Tc dng ny c chng minh hnh 4.
T b dc c mt nhc im l dng ngn mch qua t ln nn cn c cc
thit b bo v t khi c ngn mch ng dy (v d khe h phng in...).

Trung tm iu HT Quc gia -9-

Cng ty nhit in Na Dng Kha o to nhn vin vn hnh 2009

Pmax

Pti

1 2

Hnh 4. Tc dng tng n nh ca TBD

T b dc c tc dng ci thin phn b in p trn ng dy di siu cao

p. Tu theo tnh cht dng ng dy (cm hay dung) m in p qua t tng hay
gim. Trong ch ti nng, t b dc c tc dng rt tt trong vic tng in p
cui ng dy, nh vy s gim c tn tht truyn ti. S vc t in p khi
ng dy c TBD nh sau:

U1
U1 XL Xc U2
IXL

I U2
ti
a) ng dy c TBD
I(XL-XC)

U1 U2

I(XL-XC) I
I
U2

U2 Ti cm
Ti dung

Hnh 5- S vc t in p khi ng dy c t

Trung tm iu HT Quc gia - 10 -

Cng ty nhit in Na Dng Kha o to nhn vin vn hnh 2009

T b dc cn c tc dng phn b ti trn cc mch vng do thay i tng

tr ca ng dy.
Mc b ca thit b b dc i vi ng dy siu cao p thng mc
< 80%. Mc b cao hn s lm cho tng tr ng dy nh, dn n dng ngn
mch cao i hi mc p ng ca thit b cng cao. Hn na qu b (b >
80%) s dn n hin tng cng hng dc ti tn s 50Hz v in dung ca t
b dc cng vi in cm ca ng dy to nn mch cng hng LC.
V l thuyt, vi mt lng b nh trc trn ng dy, tt nht l phn
b di dc ng dy. Tuy nhin trong thc t vic t t ch thch hp mt s
im nht nh tu thuc vo la chn v chi ph, kh nng bo dng, bo v r
le, hiu qu ca vic ci thin phn b in p v nng cao kh nng ti...
Trong thc t, t b dc c th c t ti gia ng dy, t ti hai u
ng dy, t 1/3 hoc 1/4 ng dy. V tr t ny cn phi phi hp thm
vi c vic t khng b ngang.

My b ng b
My b ng b l my pht ng b chy khng c tua bin. My b ng
b c th pht hoc tiu th cng sut phn khng bng vic thay i dng kch t.
i vi cc my b ng b c trang b b t ng iu chnh in p, c th t
iu chnh cng sut phn khng gi in p u ra gi tr t trc.
My b ng b c u im l cng sut phn khng pht ra khng b nh
hng bi in p h thng v rt linh hot trong vic iu chnh in p. Tuy
nhin gi thnh lp t v vn hnh ca my b l cao hn so vi cc loi thit b
b khc.

H thng b tnh
Thit b b tnh (SVC - Static Var Compensator) bao gm cc khng v t
b ngang c th iu chnh pht hoc tiu th cng sut phn khng. Khi nim
b tnh l phn bit vi b quay, ngha l thit b ny khng c thnh phn
chnh quay.
H thng b tnh (SVS - Static Var System) l kt hp ca cc SVC v cc
t hoc khng ng ct iu chnh lng cng sut b nht nh.
C rt nhiu loi SVC khc nhau c to nn bi t hp ca cc thnh
phn iu chnh cng sut phn khng di y:
- Khng bo ho

Trung tm iu HT Quc gia - 11 -

Cng ty nhit in Na Dng Kha o to nhn vin vn hnh 2009

- Khng iu khin bng thyristor

- T iu khin bng thyristor
- Khng ng ct bng thyristor
- My bin p iu khin bng thyristor
SVC c kh nng iu chnh in p tng pha ring r, v vy SVC c th
dng iu chnh lch thnh phn in p th t nghch v th t thun. Tuy
nhin trong phn ny ch cp n tc dng b cng sut phn khng ca SVC.
Xt v d mt SVS gm 1 khng iu khin v t c nh nh hnh v 6.

V V V
IS
L C
L
IL + IC =>

V Max L V V

Min L

+ =>

IS IC O IS
(a) khng iu khin (b) t c nh (c) SVS

Hnh 6 - Cu trc SVS

Cc SVS c th coi nh l 1 in cm iu chnh. SVS rt linh hot trong

vn hnh v tc p ng nhanh. SVS c nhiu loi v dung lng b khc
nhau. Vic la chn loi tu thuc vo yu cu ca h thng v chi ph u t.

Trung tm iu HT Quc gia - 12 -

Cng ty nhit in Na Dng Kha o to nhn vin vn hnh 2009

i vi li truyn ti, SVS c mt s u im sau:

- iu khin trnh qu p tm thi
- Ngn nga sp in p trong mt s trng hp s c
- Tng n nh ng
- Hn ch dao ng trong h thng
i vi li phn phi, SVS c tc dng gim dao ng in p gy nn bi
cc ph ti nh my cn kim loi, my khai thc m, l luyn kim,...

iu chnh nc phn p
Nc phn p my bin p l mt trong nhng phng tin hu hiu trong
vic iu chnh in p ti mi cp in p. Phn ln cc MBA cp truyn ti
u c trang b thit b t ng iu chnh in p di ti (OLTC - On Load Tap
Changer). OLTC c th iu chnh t ng hoc bng tay.
iu chnh nc phn p nhm thay i tro lu cng sut v cng qua
MBA, dn n gim tn tht v ci thin phn b in p. V tr cc nc phn p
ca MBA c OLTC c th c iu chnh hng ngy, hng gi, tu theo yu cu
ca h thng. Cn nc phn p ca cc MBA khng c iu p di ti cn phi
c tnh ton c th p ng c mi ch vn hnh trong mt khong thi
gian nht nh.
Thng thng cc my bin p c iu chnh di ti c s dng trong
trng hp dng cng sut phn khng i qua my bin p thay i rt nhiu trong
mt ngy. thng l trm bin p ln cung cp in cho mt vng ph ti ln
nh trm bin p 500 kV hoc trm 220 kV ln. Khi tro lu cng sut phn
khng khng nhng c th thay i v gi tr m c th thay i c hng.

Bng 2. Bng so snh tnh nng ca cc phng tin iu chnh in p

Linh hot Kh nng t
iu chnh Pht cng
Tiu th Q trong vn ng iu Ghi ch
trn sut Q
hnh chnh
C nhng C nhng
My pht C C C
hn ch hn ch
My b
C C C C C
ng b
SVS C C C C C
C, nu iu
Cc b t
Khng C Khng khin ng C
b ngang
ct c

Trung tm iu HT Quc gia - 13 -

Cng ty nhit in Na Dng Kha o to nhn vin vn hnh 2009

Cc b t C th gy cng
Khng C Khng Khng Khng
b dc hng
Khng tt trong
Khng b
Khng Khng C Khng Khng mt s trng hp
ngang
ti nng
Theo quyt
ng ct Tu thuc
Khng C C nh ca ngi
ng dy ch
vn hnh
iu chnh tro lu
iu chnh
Khng _ _ C C cng sut phn
nc phn p
khng

1.4 Phng php iu chnh in p

i vi phn ln cc h thng in hin i, vic gim st in p trong
ton h thng c thc hin bi h thng SCADA/EMS (Supervisory Control
And Data Acquisition /Energy Management System). H thng ny thng c
trang b ti cc trung tm iu . Cc thng tin v in p c thu thp v gip
cho ngi vn hnh ra cc quyt nh thc hin vic iu chnh in p qua cc
phng tin iu chnh in p. Trong h thng, c rt nhiu loi thit b c
dng iu chnh in p v cng sut phn khng nh trnh by phn trn.
Tu thuc vo cp in p, vo cc tiu chun an ton, tin cy, kinh t m cc thit
b iu chnh in p c la chn tham gia vo vn hnh. Cc thit b iu
chnh ny c th c iu chnh bng tay hoc t ng tu theo cp in p v
cc yu cu c bit. Ni chung, vic iu chnh in p li phn phi c xu
th t ng nhiu hn li truyn ti.
C 2 l thuyt khc nhau v iu khin in p:
1. iu khin tp trung: cc thit b iu khin c thc hin da trn
thng tin chung v vn hnh ca ton h thng. V d: k s vn hnh
h thng gim st ton b phn b in p trong h thng v a ra
cc lnh iu khin cng sut phn khng.
2. iu khin nhiu cp: cc thit b iu khin c quy nh trc lut
iu khin trng thi vn hnh n nh da trn cc thng tin vn
hnh cc b ti ch v cc khu vc ln cn. V d: cc b t ng
iu chnh in p ca cc nh my in (NM) hoc cc b t ng
iu chnh nc phn p di ti ca cc MBA c giao iu chnh
in p theo biu cho trc.
Trong cc h thng in phc tp khng th m bo iu chnh in p ch
bng cch tp trung (iu chnh in p my pht my b, iu chnh thit b b ti

Trung tm iu HT Quc gia - 14 -

Cng ty nhit in Na Dng Kha o to nhn vin vn hnh 2009

cc trm bin p ln ...) m cn phi huy ng cc thit b b phn tn trong li

in nh my b ng b, thit b b ti ch, iu chnh u phn p, ... Hn th
na kh nng iu chnh in p ca cc nh my in thng khng p ng
c yu cu iu chnh v cng khng kinh t.
Vi s pht trin ngy cng ln mnh v cng ngh in t cng sut trong
cc thit b iu khin, l thuyt v iu chnh in p nhiu cp ngy cng c
a chung hn nhiu nc trn th gii, c bit l chu u. Cng ging nh
iu chnh tn s, iu chnh in p nhiu cp gm 2 hoc 3 cp tu theo cc
quan im khc nhau.
Cp 1: l qu trnh p ng nhanh v tc thi cc bin i in p bng tc
ng ca cc b iu chnh in p my pht, my b ng b hoc
cc b iu chnh in p di ti ca cc MBA nhm gi n nh
in p li trong ch vn hnh bnh thng cng nh s c.
Cp 2: l qu trnh p ng chm hn cp 1 c thc hin tng vng
trong h thng nhm p ng cc s bin i chm v lch ln ca
in p. thc hin vic iu chnh cp 2, ngi ta chia h thng
thnh nhiu min, mi min c trng bi mt s nt kim tra in
p. Cc nt in p ny c iu chnh gi theo biu in p
nh trc.
Cp 3: l qu trnh tnh ton biu in p t cho cc nt kim tra. Cng
c lm vic ny l chng trnh ti u tro lu cng sut (OPF -
Optimal Power Flow).Cu trc v iu chnh in p theo cp c
m t trn hnh 7:

Trung tm iu HT Quc gia - 15 -

Cng ty nhit in Na Dng Kha o to nhn vin vn hnh 2009

Cp 2 H thng in
Cp 3

in Nt
B iu kim
p chnh tra
chnh min
nh

AVR

Cc b iu chnh Cc thit b
ca thit b b b
Cp 1

Hnh 7- Cu trc iu chnh in p

H thng iu chnh cp 2:
Nguyn tc c bn ca iu chnh in p cp 2 l chia nh h thng in
thnh nhiu vng khc nhau c c trng bi mt vi nt in p chnh gi l
nt kim tra. Cc thit b iu chnh in p trong min c nhim v iu chnh
gi in p ti cc nt kim tra theo biu in p c nh trc theo yu
cu ca h thng.
iu kin phn chia h thng thnh cc min iu chnh nh sau:
- Gi tr in p ti cc nt kim tra cc min phi c trng cho in
p ca ton min. Ngha l mi thay i v in p trong min c
phn nh qua nt kim tra. Thng thng, khong cch v in t nt
kim tra n cc nt khc trong min l nh.
- Lng cng sut phn khng trong min phi m bo theo yu
cu iu chnh ca min.

Trung tm iu HT Quc gia - 16 -

Cng ty nhit in Na Dng Kha o to nhn vin vn hnh 2009

- Khong cch v in gia cc nt kim tra ca cc min phi ln

nhng tc ng iu khin trong ni b mi min nh hng n
nhau khng ng k.

Cch xc nh min iu chnh in p v nt kim tra nh sau:

- Tnh cng sut ngn mch cho cc nt, chn nt c cng sut ngn
mch ln nht lm nt kim tra.
- t ngun in p vo mt trong nhng nt kim tra v tnh ton tn
tht in p t nt kim tra n cc nt cn li. Tnh ln lt cho cc
nt kim tra.
- Nghin cu tn tht, xc nh min iu chnh in p.

Trong mi trng hp, tr s in p ti cc im kim tra cn c truyn

v Trung tm iu bng cc thit b o xa vi mc chnh xc tng i cao.
Hin nay vi s pht trin nhanh chng ca cc h thng in, vic iu
chnh in p min u c xt n nh hng i vi cc min ln cn thng qua
tro lu cng sut phn khng lin lc gia cc min.

1.5 Ti u tro lu cng sut

H thng iu chnh cp 3 hay cn gi l bi ton ti u tro lu cng sut
Bi ton OPF c rt nhiu mc tiu khc nhau. Cc mc tiu bao gm
(c th l t hp ca mt vi mc tiu):
- Ti thiu chi ph nhin liu (iu kinh t).
- Ti thiu tn tht truyn ti (iu ti u cng sut phn khng).
- Ti thiu mc thi nhim.
- Ti a an ton vn hnh ca h thng.
- Ti u cc thao tc iu khin.

Hin ti c rt nhiu phng php khc nhau gii bi ton OPF trong
c nhng phng php p dng thc t v c nhng phng php ang trong

Trung tm iu HT Quc gia - 17 -

Cng ty nhit in Na Dng Kha o to nhn vin vn hnh 2009

giai on nghin cu. Cc phng php c tng kt trong [5, 6] bao gm cc

loi sau:
1- Lp trnh phi tuyn
2- Dng hm bc 2
3- Phng php gii Newton
4- Lp trnh tuyn tnh
5- Hn hp tuyn tnh v s

Bi ton OPF c th c biu din bng ton hc di dng bi ton phi

tuyn nh sau:
Hm mc tiu: f (x, u) => min
tho mn
Cc rng buc ng thc: h (x, u, p) = 0
Cc rng buc bt ng thc: gmin g (x, u, p) gmax
Trong : u l vc t cc bin iu khin
x l vc t cc bin trng thi
p l vc t cc bin nhiu lon

Cc bin iu khin c th l: cng sut hu cng ca my pht, cng sut

phn khng ca cc ngun, nc bin p, in p u cc my pht, ...
Cc bin trng thi c th l: gi tr in p v gc pha ca cc my pht,
tro lu cng sut trn cc ng dy, ...
Cc bin nhiu lon c th l cng sut tc dng v phn khng ca ti.
Cc rng buc ng thc bao gm cc phng trnh cn bng cng sut tc
dng v phn khng ti cc nt theo nh lut Kirshoff.
Cc rng buc bt ng thc l gii hn ca cc bin nh: gii hn v cng
sut tc dng v phn khng ca my pht, gii hn kh nng v cng ca cc
ngun v cng, gii hnh di iu chnh nc phn p, gii hn cho php v in p
cc nt, gii hn, ...
C 2 cch tip cn gii bi ton OPF:

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Cng ty nhit in Na Dng Kha o to nhn vin vn hnh 2009

1. Gii tch ring bi ton phn b cng sut tc dng v cng sut phn
khng. Trc ht ti u cng sut tc dng vi mc tiu ti thiu chi
ph nhin liu vi gi thit in p c gi c nh. Sau ti u
cng sut phn khng vi mc tiu ti thiu tn tht.
2. Gii ti u cng sut tc dng v phn khng ng thi vi mc tiu
ti thiu tng chi ph vn hnh ton h thng.

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Cng ty nhit in Na Dng Kha o to nhn vin vn hnh 2009

Hnh v 8a, 8b di y minh ho 2 cch gii bi ton OPF

Bt u
Bt u

Tro lu cng sut

Ti u P
Ti u P

cha
Ti u tro lu CS
Gii xong

Tro lu cng sut Ti u Q

Ti u Q Ti u tro lu CS

cha
Gii xong khng
Hi t

cha
Gii xong P & Q
Ti u P, Q, U, tap

Kt thc
Kt thc

a) - Gii tch ring b) - Gii ng thi

Hnh 8. Hai hng gii bi ton OPF

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2. Thc trng in p v iu chnh in p trong h thng in Vit nam

2.1 Gii thiu chung

T nm 1994, sau khi hon thnh ng in v a ng dy lin kt 500
kV vo vn hnh, h thng in Vit Nam c coi l mt th thng nht gm 3
min c lin kt vi nhau qua h thng in 500 kV.

Ngun in:
Cc ngun in trong h thng in Vit Nam rt a dng. Chim t trng
cao nht l thu in (chim 35,3% cng sut t ton h thng tnh n thng 9
nm 2005), tip theo l tua bin kh (26,8%), ri n nhit in chy than (10,8%),
nhit in chy du (1,7%), cc nh my BOT v IPP l 21.5%. Ngoi ra cn c
thu in nh, iesel
Li in:
Li in Vit Nam cng rt a dng v cp in p. Cp truyn ti siu cao
p: 500 kV. Cp truyn ti min (cao p): 220 kV, 110 kV, 66 kV. Cp phn phi
(trung p): 35 kV, 22 kV, 15 kV, 10 kV, 6 kV. H p: 220 V

Ph ti:
Ph ti sinh hot chim t trng ln. theo bo co tng kt nm 2003 ca
Tng cng ty in lc Vit Nam (EVN), ph ti sinh hot chim 49%, tip n l
thnh phn cng nghip v xy dng chim 40.4%, thng nghip v khch sn
chim 4.9%, nng lm nghip v thu sn chim 1.9%, cc hot ng cn li
chim 3.8%
Ni dung phn ny nh sau: mc tip theo trnh by v qui nh iu chnh
in p trong h thng in Vit Nam. y l tm tt mc iu chnh in p trong
d tho qui trnh x l s c h thng in. Sau mc ny s gii thiu v cc
phng tin iu chnh in p hin c. nh gi chung v thc trng vn in
p v iu chnh in p trong h thng in Vit Nam s c tm tt mc tip
theo. Mc cui cng l nhn xt v kt lun

2.2 Quy nh v iu chnh in p trong HT in Vit Nam

(Tm tt Quy nh tm thi v iu chnh in p ti cc trm 500kV, 220kV)

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Cng ty nhit in Na Dng Kha o to nhn vin vn hnh 2009

I. Nguyn tc chung huy ng ngun cng sut phn khng

1. Thay i ngun cng sut phn khng ang vn hnh ca cc my
pht, my b ng b, thit b b tnh theo th t t gn n xa im thiu,
tha v cng;
2. Huy ng thm cc ngun cng sut phn khng ang d phng cn
li ca h thng khi in p thp, ct bt cc t b tnh khi in p cao;
3. Phn b li tro lu cng sut trong h thng in;
4. iu chnh nc my bin p cho ph hp vi qui nh ca thit b.
C quyn thay i biu in p cho ph hp vi tnh hnh thc t (c xt
gii hn cho php i vi thit b );
5. Hn ch ti a vic truyn cng sut phn khng qua cc cp in
p.
II. Nguyn tc iu chnh in p
1. m bo in p trong gii hn cho php, khng gy qu p hoc
nguy him cho cc thit b trong h thng in Quc gia;
2. m bo ti thiu chi ph vn hnh v tn tht;
3. m bo ti u cc thao tc iu khin.
III. Phn cp iu chnh in p (tm thi)
1. Cp iu h thng in Quc gia chu trch nhim iu chnh
in p trn li in 500kV; thanh ci 220kV ca cc trm 500 kV, in p
thanh ci cc NM thuc quyn iu khin.
2. Cp iu h thng in min iu chnh in p h thng in
thuc quyn iu khin cho ph hp vi gii hn qui nh.
IV. Quy nh in p nt (tm thi)
1. Quy nh mc in p ti cc nt theo ph lc km theo.
2. Quy nh phn chia cc khong thi gian trong ngy nh sau:
Gi thp im (Min): 23h-5h
Gi trung bnh (Med): 6h-9h, 12h-17h, 21h-23h
Gi cao im (Max): 10h-11h, 18h-20h

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Cng ty nhit in Na Dng Kha o to nhn vin vn hnh 2009

(Tm tt d tho qui trnh x l s c trong h thng in Vit Nam - phn iu

chnh in p)
iu 1: Quy nh v gii hn iu chnh in p cho tng thit b nh sau:
1. My pht in, my b ng b
a) Khi lm vic vi cng sut v cos nh mc, chnh lch in p
cho php 5% so vi in p nh mc.
b) Trng hp in p thp hn 5% v my pht b qu ti, nh my
khng c t ng gim kch t lm gim in p. Trng hp ny
trng ca nh my phi bo co ngay tnh hnh vn hnh cho cp iu
c quyn iu khin.

2. My bin p lc
a) Trong iu kin vn hnh bnh thng:
Cho php my bin p c vn hnh vi in p cao hn nh
mc ti u phn p tng ng lu di 5%, khi ph ti khng
qu ph ti nh mc v 10% khi ph ti khng qu 0,25 ph ti
nh mc;
Cho php my bin p c vn hnh vi in p cao hn nh
mc ti u phn p tng ng ngn hn 10% (di 6 gi trong
mt ngy m), khi ph ti khng qu ph ti nh mc;

b) Trong iu kin s c
Cc my bin p tng v h p, my bin p t ngu im
trung tnh khng c u phn p hoc khng ni vi my bin p
iu chnh c php lm vic lu di vi in p cao hn in
p nh mc 10% khi ph ti khng qu ph ti nh mc.
i vi my bin p t ngu im trung tnh khng c u
phn p hoc ni vi my bin p iu chnh ni tip, mc tng
in p cho php c xc nh theo s liu ca nh ch to.
c) Khi in p vn hnh vt qu tr s chnh nh bo v qu p m bo
v khng tc ng hoc vt qu 20% so vi in p nh mc ca
u phn p tng ng khi khng c bo v qu p, nhn vin vn

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Cng ty nhit in Na Dng Kha o to nhn vin vn hnh 2009

hnh phi thc hin tch ngay my bin p ra khi vn hnh trnh
h hng.

3. in p ti cc im o m cp cho khch hng:

a) Trong iu kin li in n nh in p ti im o m cp cho
khch hng c php dao ng trong khong 5% so vi in p
nh mc vi iu kin khch hng phi m bo cos0,85 v thc
hin ng biu ph ti tho thun trong hp ng.
b) Trong trng hp li in cha n nh, in p c php dao
ng t +5% n -10% so vi in p danh nh.

iu 2: Nhng gii hn iu chnh in p c xc nh theo :

1. Gi tr in p ln nht cho php thit b vn hnh lu di theo qui
nh ca nh ch to;
2. Gi tr in p nh nht cho php vn hnh lu di phi m bo an
ton cho h thng t dng ca nh my in, m bo mc d
phng n nh tnh ca HT in hoc ng dy c lin quan (gii
hn ny cn c vo kt qa tnh ton cc ch vn hnh ca HT
in m qui nh ring bng cc iu lnh).
3. Gi tr in p m bo cung cp in cho khch hng.

iu 3: Nguyn tc iu chnh in p trong h thng in:

1. m bo in p trong gii hn cho php, khng gy qu p hoc
nguy him cho cc phn t trong HT in;
2. m bo ti thiu chi ph vn hnh v tn tht;
3. m bo ti u cc thao tc iu khin.

iu 4: Cc phng tin iu chnh in p trong h thng in c chia thnh

3 nhm nh sau:
1. Ngun cng sut phn khng: my pht, t b ngang, khng b
ngang, my b ng b v thit b b tnh (SVC - Static Var
Compensator).
2. Thay i thng s ng dy: nh t b dc.

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Cng ty nhit in Na Dng Kha o to nhn vin vn hnh 2009

3. Thay i tro lu cng sut phn khng: nc phn p my bin p,

my bin p ni tip.

iu 5: Qui nh v phn cp iu chnh in p nh sau :

1. QG chu trch nhim tnh ton v iu chnh in p trn li
in 500kV; tnh ton v qui nh in p ti mt s nt chnh thuc
li in 220 kV.
2. M cn c vo mc in p ti cc im nt do QG quy nh
tnh ton v iu chnh in p h thng in thuc quyn iu
khin cho ph hp vi gii hn quy nh.
3. iu li in phn phi cn c vo mc in p ti cc im
nt do M qui nh tnh ton v iu chnh in p ca li
phn phi ph hp vi gii hn quy nh.

iu 6: Lp biu in p
1. Biu in p c lp xut pht t vic m bo in p cn
thit cho khch hng c tnh n ch lm vic ti u v kh nng
iu chnh ca HT in Quc gia
2. Biu in p ti cc nt kim tra phi c lp t nht mt ln
trong mt qu hoc khi c nhng thay i ln v ngun, li hoc
ti.

iu 7: Cn c vo vo phn cp iu chnh in p, cc trung tm iu tnh

ton v quy nh biu in p cho cc nt kim tra. Cc nt kim tra
c la chn sao cho in p ti cc nt c trng cho in p ca
khu vc cn iu chnh.

iu 8: Khi in p cc nt dao ng qu gii hn quy nh ca biu , KS

iu hnh h thng in Quc gia, KS iu hnh h thng in min v
V li in phn phi phi phi hp iu chnh khi phc in p
nh biu quy nh.

iu 9: Cc bin php thc hin a in p v gii hn cho php:

Trung tm iu HT Quc gia - 25 -

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Thay i ngun cng sut phn khng ang vn hnh ca cc my

pht, my b ng b theo th t t gn n xa im thiu/tha v
cng;
Huy ng thm cc ngun cng sut phn khng ang d phng
cn li ca h thng khi in p thp, ct bt cc t b tnh khi in
p cao;
Phn b li tro lu cng sut trong HT in;
iu chnh nc my bin p cho ph hp vi qui nh ca thit b.
C quyn thay i biu in p cho ph hp vi tnh hnh thc
t (c xt gii hn cho php i vi thit b);
Ct ph ti cc nt c in p thp (theo th t u tin c
duyt). Cc ph ti ct trong thi gian s c in p thp ch c
ng li theo lnh ca cp iu lnh ct.

2.3 Cc phng tin iu chnh in p hin ti

My pht in:
V nguyn tc, tt c cc my pht u c kh nng pht v tiu th cng
sut phn khng. Nhng thc t, nhiu t my hin nay khng c kh nng tiu th
cng sut phn khng hoc kh nng tiu th cng sut phn khng thp hn nhiu
ln so vi thit k nh cc t my Ialy, Ph M, Hm Thun, a Mi, B Ra, ...
Mt s t my khc khng c kh nng pht cng sut phn khng nh thit k
nh cc t my Ph M 2, Ph li 2, Hm Thun, a Mi, ... Cc t my c kh
nng iu chnh cng sut phn khng tt hin nay gm c Ha Bnh v Tr An.
Cc t my thy in cn c trang b h thng chuyn b. ch ny cc
t my s c di iu chnh cng sut phn khng ln hn. Mt s nh my khng
chuyn b c gm c a Nhim, Thc M, Vnh Sn, Hm Thun - a Mi (cng
sut h thng kh nn thp). Ngoi nguyn nhn do nh hng ca in p trn
li n kh nng pht v tiu thu cng sut phn khng cn do bn thn cc thit
b t my lm hn ch kh nng iu chnh.

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Bng 3.- Tng kh nng pht v tiu th Q thc t ca cc my pht in ti

nh mc.
(Ti liu: S liu vn hnh ca iu QG, cp nht n thng 6/2005)
Ton h thng Min Bc Min Trung Min Nam
Tng kh nng pht
5270 1847 463 2960
Q (MVar)
Tng kh nng ht
-1950 -880 -160 -910
Q (MVar)

Thc t khng th tn dng ton b ngun cng sut phn khng nu trn.
V yu cu pht v tiu th cng sut phn khng tu thuc vo in p cc b
tng khu vc, khc vi iu chnh tn s (mang tnh cht chung ton h thng), ta
khng th dng lng cng sut phn khng ngun xa vi nt iu chnh iu
chnh in p ti nt . V d: in p ti Cn Th thp do thiu cng sut phn
khng, trong khi Tr An cn kh nng pht cng sut phn khng, nhng vic
tng cng sut phn khng pht ca Tr An nh hng khng ng k n in p
ca Cn Th ng thi vic tng cng sut phn khng Tr An s b hn ch nu
in p Tr An hoc cc khu vc ln cn ang cao. Ngoi ra, ti mt thi im,
ch c mt s t hp cc my pht nht nh tham gia vn hnh. Cc my cn li
trng thi sa cha hoc d phng, ngun v cng khng c khai thc.

My b ng b:
Trong h thng in Vit Nam c rt t my b ng b. Hin ti cc my
b trn h thng gm:
- 4 my pht ca Ung B b hng phn tuabin chuyn thnh my
b. Cng sut b l 4 x 11 MVar. My 1 v 2 cung cp thm cng sut
phn khng cho li 35 kV a phng. My 3 v 4 a ln 110 kV.
- 2 my b ti trm Cn Th (2x9.5 MVAr). B cho cp in p 66kV.

T b ngang:
Cc t b ngang trong h thng u l loi khng iu chnh. Hu ht cc t
b ngang t phn b ri trong h thng cc cp in p khc nhau. Cc b t
ln t cp in p cao cc nt chnh v hn ch ng ct. Cc b t nh phn
b ri gn ph ti. Ngoi ra cn c cc thit b b ca bn thn cc h tiu th.
Tng cng sut b ngang bng t t cc cp in p trong h thng c tm
tt bng 4 di y.

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Bng 4. Tng cng sut t b ngang trong h thng in

Tng dung lng b Ton h Bc Trung Nam

ngang (MVar) thng
110 & 66 kV 1329 701 128 500
Li trung p 661 283 191 187

(Ngun: s liu vn hnh ca cc Trung tm iu Min, cp nht n thng

6/2005)

Khng b ngang v t b dc trn h thng in 500 kV:

Phi hp vn hnh cc khng b ngang v t b dc trn li in 500 kV
m bo:
- in p trn ton b li in 500 kV nm trong gii hn cho php
trong mi ch vn hnh bnh thng cng nh khi phng in
khng ti ng dy hoc s c.
- Nng cao n nh vn hnh h thng qua vic tng gii hn truyn ti
- Gim tn tht trn li in 500 kV.
- Ci thin phn b in p dc theo chiu di ng dy.

Phn b in p trn ng dy tu thuc vo ch vn hnh hay tro lu

cng sut phn khng trn ng dy. i vi ng dy 500 kV, cng sut phn
khng do ng dy sinh ra l rt ln. Ti mi ch , trn ng dy 500 kV s
c mt vi im phn cng sut phn khng. Ti im in p ng dy l cao
nht l cng sut phn khng s t im v 2 u ng dy. Hnh v di
y minh ho phn b in p trn ng dy 500 kV 2 ch vn hnh ca
ton h thng (cao v thp im). nh hng ca t v khng n phn b in p
c th hin trn hnh 9 di y.

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H Bnh H Tnh Nng Pleiku P Lm

Thp im

Cao im

Hnh 9. Phn b in p trn ng dy 500 kV

(Ti liu: CSDL tnh ton ch thng 9/2004)

iu chnh nc phn p:
Hu ht cc my bin p truyn ti trong h thng in u c trang b b
iu chnh nc phn p di ti, thng t pha cao th ca MBA. Trong vn
hnh cc nc phn p thng xuyn c iu chnh m bo in p ti cc h
tiu th nm trong phm vi cho php. Mt s MBA trong h thng c trang b b
t ng thay i nc phn p nhm gi in p gi tr t trc nh cc my
bin p 500/220kV cc trm 500kV. Thc t cc b t ng iu chnh in p
ca cc my bin p thng tch ra do in p trong h thng in Vit Nam hin

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ti cha n nh, v tr cc nc phn p b thay i nhiu ln trong ngy dn n b

iu p di ti chng b hng.

2.4 nh gi chung v tnh trng in p trong HT in Vit Nam

Nhn xt chung
Nhn chung i vi cc phng tin iu chnh in p hin c, in p trn
li truyn ti cng nh trong li phn phi tng i m bo. m bo in
p cho php i vi tt c cc thit b trn li v in p cp cho tt c cc h
tiu th cn phi c u t rt ln vo ngun, li v cc trang b b. ng thi
phi c nhng h thng t ng iu chnh in p tin tin. Nhng nm gn y,
EVN c chin lc v nng cht lng in p. Trung tm iu HT in
Quc Gia (A0) cng tham gia vo vic tnh ton cc k hoch trang b b cho
h thng in Vit Nam cho vi nm tip theo. Phn ny ch cp n tnh hnh
in p hin ti ca h thng in Vit Nam vi nhng kh nng iu chnh in
p trong vn hnh vi nhng phng tin hin c.

Vn in p trn li in 500kV
iu chnh in p trn h thng in 500kV nhm m bo in p ti cc
trm 500kV trong gii hn cho php ng thi m bo c ti thiu tn tht
truyn ti c xt n vic phi hp iu chnh in p cc min thng qua vic
iu chnh tro lu cng sut qua cc MBA 500kV. Vn iu chnh in p
y ch yu l iu chnh chng qu p trong ch phng in tng on ng
dy v mi ch lm vic bnh thng.
Cc khng b ngang trn ng dy 500kV l loi khng khng ng ct
c nn cc tc ng iu chnh ch yu l iu chnh tro lu cng sut v nc
phn p cc my bin p 500kV. Vn in p cao cn c c bit ch trong
cc ch phng in tng on ng dy v ch ti nh. Vo thp im in
p trn h thng 500 kV tng i cao khi a c hai mch ng dy 500 kV vo
vn hnh, lm cho in p ca cc h thng in Bc, Trung, Nam cng cao theo
do cn phi iu chnh nhiu nc phn p ca cc my bin p 500 kV - Nguy
him cho b i nc ca my bin p. trong nhng trng hp c bit cn phi
ct 1 on ng dy 500 kV
Hnh 10 cho thy c im v dng cao in p do dng in dung sinh ra
cc giai on phng in khc nhau. c im ny c nghin cu quyt nh
la chn cc im ha trn h thng in 500kV.

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Hnh10. phn b in p trn ng dy 500kV vi cc ch phng in v vn hnh khc nhau

(CSDL tnh ton ch thng 5/2004)

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Vn in p trn H thng in tng min

c im ph ti h thng in Vit Nam l chnh lch cng sut gia gi
cao v thp im rt ln (2:1), ng thi cc ngun pht v tiu th cng sut phn
khng cn hn ch nn trong vn hnh thng gp kh khn v iu chnh in p
ti cc gi cao v thp im.
in p cc nt m bo, hin nay vo gi cao im, ton b cc ngun
v cng trn h thng c huy ng gn nh ti a. Nhiu t my pht khng
cn huy ng ly nng lng nhng vn phi chy tng cng v cng cho h
thng.
Ngc li, vo cc gi thp im, mc d cc t b ngang c ct ht
ra, mt s my pht in phi ht v cng hoc chuyn sang ch b nhn v
cng, in p mt s ni trong h thng vn cao. Cc phn di y s phn tch
chi tit v vn in p tng min.
Min Bc:
in p h thng in Bc ph thuc nhiu vo ch vn hnh ca cc t
my Ho Bnh v Ph Li v ng dy 500 kV Ho Bnh - H Tnh, H Tnh -
Thng Tn - Nho Quan c lm vic khng. in p vo cao im khi Ph Li II
khng pht l tng i thp, cn khi pht cao cc ngun Ph Li II th in p
tng i tt

Min Trung:
c im ca li in min Trung l tri di, ch yu l li 110 kV. in
p khu vc min Trung c ci thin rt nhiu sau khi c thm cc trm 220
kV. Dung lng b li trung th rt ln so vi min Bc v min Nam, khong
190 MVar (khng k t b ca khch hng), nhng khng c ngun pht ln. Mt
s khu vc in p cha tt nh sau:
Khu vc Qung Tr in p thp do c cp t li 220 kV min Trung
qua trm Nng. in p y dao ng gia ngy v m rt ln.
Khu vc M Vng, Vinashin, Ninh Ho in p thp, c iu chnh nh
iu chnh in p ti Nha Trang hoc xa hn na l t trm 500 kV Pleiku. Ngoi
ra cn c h tr bi 1 my ca Sng Hinh. in p ti M Vng (cp in cho
thnh ph Nha Trang) thay i tu theo ngun cp cho M Vng l t trm Nha

Trung tm iu HT Quc gia - 32 -

Cng ty nhit in Na Dng Kha o to nhn vin vn hnh 2009

Trang hay Cam Ranh. Nu ly in t Nha Trang, in p khong 108-110 kV, cn

nu nhn in t Cam Ranh th in p khong 102-103 kV.
Sau khi c 50 MVar Quy Nhn v 50 MVar ti Nha Trang, in p khu
vc c ci thin ng k.

Min Nam:
Trong nm nay, chng trnh lp t b xung t b li 110kV khu vc
min Nam hon thnh vi tng dung lng b t thm cho li truyn ti l
270 MVAr gm cc t b ngang t ti Si Gn, Hc Mn, Rch Gi, Bc Liu,
Tr Nc. Vi lng b ny, cht lng in p li min Nam c ci thin r
rt, c bit l khu vc min Ty. in p 110kV min Ty trc y c ngy
xung ti ~ 80kV. Hin nay in p c gi mc 110kV.
Nhn chung, in p trn ton h thng in min Nam rt tt. Ngoi l do
c thm mt lng ln t b ngang nh ni trn, pht trin v ngun v li
khu vc min Nam my nm gn y cng rt mnh nh cc t my tua bin kh v
ui hi khu vc Ph M - B Ra, cm thy in Hm Thun - a Mi v cc li
ng b.
Vn cn quan tm i vi in p khu vc pha Nam l in p cao vo
gi thp im v chnh lch in p gia ngy v m. Mc d ban m cc b
ngang c ct ht ra, cc t my c kh nng ht v cng c huy ng,
mt s ni trong h thng in in p vn cao c bit l vo cc ngy ngh, ngy
L Tt.

2.5 Kt lun
Trong phn 2, thc trng v in p trong ton h thng in Vit Nam, cc
bin php v phng tin iu chnh in p hin nay c trnh by. Nhn tng
th, cc ngun cng sut phn khng hin ti vn cha p ng c ht cc yu
cu v iu chnh in p. Vn cn nhiu ni in p vt ra ngoi gii hn cho
php, in p thay i nhiu trong ngy. Cc thit b b c iu chnh nh SVC
ca ngnh in cha c (ch c mt s t ca khch hng), cc thit b t ng iu
chnh in p cha nhiu dn n biu in p ti cc nt cha bng phng.
Vi i hi v cht lng in p ngy cng cao, Tng cng ty in lc
Vit Nam trin khai rt nhiu d n u t v ngun, li v cc d n b cng
sut phn khng c li truyn ti v phn phi. Khi cc phng tin iu chnh

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Cng ty nhit in Na Dng Kha o to nhn vin vn hnh 2009

in p p ng c yu cu v cht lng in p cn ch trng n vic

iu chnh ti u. V ti u cng sut phn khng cn phn bit 2 loi bi ton:
1. Lp k hoch b ti u: mc tiu ti u vn u t vo trang b b.
2. iu chnh ti u cng sut phn khng trong vn hnh: iu chnh
cc phng tin iu chnh in p hin c nhm ti u theo mt mc
tiu nht nh.
i vi ngi vn hnh, cn quan tm n bi ton th 2. y l bi ton
ti u tro lu cng sut (OPF) nh ni trn. Vic tnh ton la chn cc tc
ng iu chnh nh thay i im t in p u cc my pht, thay i nc
phn p, ng ct cc thit b b, ... c tnh ton nh chng trnh my tnh.
Hin ti, iu quc gia ang s dng chc nng OPF ca phn mm PSS/E
thc hin bi ton ny. Kt qu bi ton hin ny ch h tr c mt phn cho
cng tc iu chnh in p. Trn thc t, ph ti h thng thay i lin tc, trao
lu cng sut trn li cng thay i khng ngng, khng th m phng hon ton
chnh xc mi trng thi ca h thng.
Kt qu ca bi ton OPF s thc s c hiu qu khi thc hin c On-
line. Hin ti iu quc gia c trang b phn mm OPF on-line trong h
SCADA/EMS. Tuy nhin, do cc im o trong h thng cha y , chnh
xc ca cc thng s o cha cao, h thng knh truyn cha tt nn vn cha x
dng c chc nng ny.
Tm li, qua phn tch v vn iu chnh in p trong h thng in,
mt s kin c rt ra di y vi hy vng nng cao cht lng cng tc iu
chnh in p mt trong nhng nhim v hnh u ca cng tc vn hnh
1. m bo cc cng trnh v ngun v li ng tin .
2. u t lng b cn thit theo tnh ton ti u.
3. Tng cng t ng ha trong iu chnh in p.
4. Ci thin cht lng h thng knh truyn.
5. Tng cng u t cc thit b b c iu chnh trn hoc nhiu cp.
6. Phn cp iu chnh in p hp l, phi hp cht ch gia cc cp
iu v iu chnh in p.
7. Nng cao cos cc h tiu th in.

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Cng ty nhit in Na Dng Kha o to nhn vin vn hnh 2009

Ti liu tham kho

1. Ilic M.D., (1989), New Approach to Voltage/ Reactive Power Monitoring and
Control, EPRI Proc. on Bulk Power System Phenomena Voltage Stability
abd Security, EL-6183, Research Project, 2473-21, Jan., Section 8.1.
2. Ilic M.D., Liu X. Leung G., Athans M. (1995), Improved Secondary and New
Tertiary Voltage Control, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol-10, No-
4, Nov., pp 1851-1862.
3. Kundur P. (1993), Power System Stability and Control, McGraw-Hill, Inc.,
Palo Alto, California.
4. Miller R.H and Malinowski J.H (1994), Power System Operation, Third
Edition, McGraw-Hill Inc., USA.
5. Momoh J. A., El-Hawary M. E., Adpa R. (1999), A Review of Selected
Optimal Power Flow Literature to 1003 Part I: NonLinear and Quadratic
Programming Approaches, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol-14,
No-1, Feb., pp 96-104.
6. Momoh J. A., El-Hawary M. E., Adpa R. (1999), A Review of Selected
Optimal Power Flow Literature to 1003 Part II: Newton, Linear
Programming, Interio Point Methods, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,
Vol-14, No-1, Feb., pp 105-111.
7. Trn Bch (2000), Li in v H thng in, Tp 1 & 2, Nh xut bn khoa
hc v k thut, H Ni, Vit Nam.
8. Weedy B.M. (1979), Electric Power Systems, Third Edition, John Wiley &
Sons, New York, USA.
9. Wood A.L and Wollenberg B.F. (1996), Power Generation, Operation, And
Control, Second Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York, USA.

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