GAS PRoduct SOLUTIONS

GT24/GT26
SEQUENTIAL COMBUSTION
GAS TURBINES

POWER
Welcome to Alstom
Alstom is a global leader in power generation with a portfolio of products
covering all fuel types. From fossil and biomass to nuclear and renewables,
close to 25% of the worlds power production capacity depends on Alstom
technology and services. Whether in design, manufacture, procurement or
servicing, Alstom is setting the benchmark for innovative technologies that
provide clean, efficient, flexible and integrated power solutions. Alstom can
supply anything from single components to complete turnkey power plants.
Our Plant Integrator approach and power automation and control solutions
ensure the optimisation of all elements to derive the maximum lifetime value
from all our customers investments.

Alstom has more than 100 years of experience in engineering, procurement

and construction (EPC) of new power plants. But our engineers are also
experts in retrofitting, modernising and servicing existing plants. With
operations in 70 countries, Alstom is close to customers all over the world,
ensuring rapid responses and service excellence at all times.

A WIDE
portfolio for
GAS POWER
solutions:

GAS Turbines
25 With our recognised expertise
percent of the worlds Generators
power production
all over the power generation
capacity depends on market, we are able to find Heat
Alstom technology
solutions to the challenges Exchangers
52,000 of today.
Pumps
employees around the
world in 70 countries
Automation
CLEAN POWER TODAY! and Control
100 We recognise the need to improve the
environmental balance of legacy plants
years of industry while increasing adoption of new clean Services
leading expertise energy solutions.
Alstoms gas turbines stand out
for their high overall efficiency,
superior availability and enhanced flexibility

GT24/GT26 Gas turbines

in a class of their own
The GT24 and GT26 solutions represent an exceptionally successful approach to heavy-duty combined-cycle
technology: many of their major components and subsystems have performed outstandingly for years in a number of
applications, ranging from electrical power generation in base load, intermediate or peak duty, to industrial use such as
in paper mills, district heating or desalination plants.

Utilities, independent power producers and merchant power generators have to face
unprecedented change, from deregulation to tougher competition, shifting consumption trends and more stringent
emissions legislation. They also need to ensure reliability of supply yet reduce the cost per kilowatt hour of producing
electricity. Raising efficiency remains a constant challenge. Finally, flexibility to fuel gas composition must be included in
times of global transport of fuel gas.

Alstom has addressed all of these challenges. The result is the compact GT24 (60 Hz) and GT26 (50 Hz) sequential
combustion gas turbines, solutions that lower the kilowatt-hour cost combined with high availability by raising the
efficiency in combined-cycle operation.

Environmental emissions are optimised thanks to Alstoms unique, sequential combustion technology,
which burns the fuel in two, dry low-NOx combustor stages. The GT24/GT26 can do all this with conventional firing
temperatures and burners that are robust enough to cope with the wide fuel gas compositions now seen. Whats more,
in addition to increasing their efficiency levels and power density, the operational flexibility of GT24/GT26 gas turbines is
significantly improved and their turndown capability is unique, making them ideally suited to todays markets.

Key benefits
Competitive kilowatt hour
In combined-cycle applications, the GT24/GT26 is capable of
producing high efficiency over a wide load range, using proven
gas turbine technology.
High availability
Conventional turbine inlet temperatures, a uniform annular
temperature profile, a maintenance-free, welded rotor and a
simple and robust EV burner all help to reduce maintenance
needs and therefore improve availability.
High power density
High power density designs lead to smaller components.
Compared with Alstoms medium-class gas turbines, the GT24/GT26
provides up to 60% more output for the same footprint.
The highly efficient GT24/GT26: the result of extensive experience
and evolutionary development.
04
GT24/GT26
Right technology,
Operational flexibility
Sequential combustion means unrivalled operational flexibility,
including the ability to handle wide fluctuations in gas
compositions. With an operating range down to 20%, low-
load operation and low NOx emissions, the plant can meet all
power demands. And the GT24/GT26 is capable of switching
online between performance-optimised and maintenance-cost-
optimised modes.
Clean Power
Sequential combustion technology is the industrys most
innovative platform for clean power generation, resulting in gas
turbines with low emissions and high efficiency.
right product
Higher Performance,
Cleaner Power
The
Challenge
Industry has always sought to develop a gas turbine
with higher efficiency. The traditional solution is to raise the firing
temperature at the turbine inlet.
This has drawbacks, however: it increases emissions
into the atmosphere and subjects the entire gas turbine system to
higher temperatures and thermal stresses.
The usual result is more frequent maintenance and
reduced availability defeating the initial objective. For decades
conventional wisdom has decreed that efficiency cannot be
increased in any other way.
CLEAN POWER TODAY!
The
Solution
There is another way. By injecting fuel into two
combustion systems in series, it is possible to increase output
and cycle efficiency without significantly increasing the emissions
at full and part load, since the firing temperature in the first
combustor can be kept relatively low, and the second combustor
does not make a substantial contribution to the level of engine
NOx emissions. This is called sequential combustion.
For more than 50 years, Alstom has been a pioneer
in sequential combustion technology. Over the years, we have
made major system and component innovations, introduced
incrementally, with successive gas turbine models. These include
our industry-leading EV burners, annular combustion design and
solid welded rotor. In so doing, we have succeeded in uncoupling
emissions and efficiency through an inventive yet basic application
of elementary thermodynamics.
05
 Sequential
Alternative approach,

Sequential combustion can be Industry-leading burners

visualised as a gas turbine comprising
two combustor-turbines in series,
where the exhaust gases from the first 1st-stage EV
turbine feed the combustor of combustor
the second. The EV combustor has an Spray Vortex
Combustion air
annular burner arrangement. evaporation breakdown
An efficient 22-stage subsonic The GT24/GT26 gas turbines
compressor feeds combustion air into are fitted with retractable Lean
Premix Gas
the first combustor. Fuel is mixed with EV burners. Compared
the high-pressure air and burns in with other combustor Rich
Premix Gas
the first combustor the annular EV arrangements, the annular
combustor. The hot gases drive the combustor distributes the Premix Gas

single-stage high-pressure turbine. hot gas, circumferentially,

at a much more uniform
Unlike conventional turbines, fuel is temperature. Flame front
Lean Premix Gas Ignition
then injected into a second burner injection holes

set and spontaneously ignites in the

following annular combustion zone,
the SEV (Sequential EV) combustor,
thereby reheating the air and further
expanding it through four low-pressure
turbine stages.
The temperature of the EV combustor is
maintained at a nearly constant level,
resulting in lower NOx emissions and
cleaner power.
Radial temperature uniformity is accomplished by pre-mixing compressor air with
the fuel in the EV burner, and by the absence of film cooling in the convection-cooled
combustor walls. This produces a single, uniform flame ring in the free space of the
EV combustion zone.
A key benefit is that the flame has no contact with the walls of the burner. These
design features distinguish the EV combustor significantly from other combustion
systems.

06
 combustion:
optimised design

Like all the best ideas, sequential

combustion is based on a simple
concept: the reheat principle.

2nd-stage SEV combustor

In the annular SEV combustor, the combustion process is
repeated as in the EV namely, vortex generation, fuel injection,
pre-mixing and flame stabilisation in a vortex. The SEV
combustor contains SEV burners distributed in a ring, followed
by an annular combustion zone surrounded by convection-
cooled walls.

Exhaust gas from the high-pressure turbine enters the SEV

combustor through the diffuser area. Combustion temperature
uniformity in the SEV, as in the EV, is achieved by the uniform
premixing of fuel with air in a swirling flow with high mixing
intensity. Each SEV burner contains four delta-shaped vortex
generators on each burner wall in order to form four pairs of
vortices in the combustion air.

Fuel is then injected through an air-cooled fuel lance, distributed with four jets into the vortex pairs such that it forms a perfect
fuel/air mixture prior to combustion. The fuel jet is surrounded by cool carrier-air that delays spontaneous ignition until the fuel/air
mixture has reached the combustion zone.
Here, the mixture ignites spontaneously and, as in the EV combustion occurs in a single, stable flame ring, operating across its entire
load range.

The EV and SEV do not require any parts replacement prior to HGPI (Hot Gas Path Inspection), C inspection. This mechanical
simplicity determines the high reliability and availability of the GT24/GT26 design.

07
 Its beauty lies

High power density

The sequential combustion concept results in a gas turbine
with extremely high power density enabling the smaller blade
dimensions of GT24/GT26 machines. The five rows of turbine
blades are anchored in fir-tree slots.

Air from the compressor cools the high-pressure turbine stage

and the first three low-pressure turbine stages utilising a
combination of film- and convection-cooling techniques.

Maximised performance
The cooling air for the hot gas path components is taken from
four extraction points along the compressor. Air from two of
these secondary airflows is used directly, while the two other
streams are cooled by heat exchangers (once-through coolers)
before entering the hot gas path components.

The heat rejected is recovered in the water-steam cycle, which

maximises the performance of the GT24/GT26 in combined
cycle applications. In simple cycle applications, the cooling is
achieved by quenching water, which is introduced directly into
the secondary air stream.

08
in its simplicity

Maintenance-free welded rotor

There is no need to destack and re-stack

during the rotor lifetime.

Alstoms welded rotor was first introduced

in 1929 for steam turbines and the concept
has been used successfully in Alstom gas and
steam turbines ever since.

The welded rotor design eliminates

maintenance work such as restacking and
disk replacement during the service life of the
rotor in any major overhaul of the gas turbine.

09

Efficiency only equaled
by its reliability
Although a large amount of the total unit fuel is burned in the
SEV combustor, very little additional NOx (at 15% O2) is formed
in the SEV combustor, mainly due to the low oxygen content of
the incoming air.
At full load, approximately half of the total amount of fuel is
burnt in the first-stage EV combustor. Initial expansion occurs in
the single-stage high-pressure turbine (HPT). The high-pressure
turbine exhaust gas enters entirely into the second combustor.
The remaining fuel is introduced and burnt in the second
reheat combustor (the SEV combustor).
10
Performance
The second expansion occurs in a four-stage low-pressure
turbine (LPT). At over 600C, the exhaust gas temperatures are
ideal for combined cycle applications.
The GT24/GT26 achieves low NOx emission levels, not only
at full load, but also down to low-part loads. This is due
to the operation concept that maintains the EV combustor
temperature at a nearly constant level. Furthermore, the SEV
combustor produces only little additional NOx.
The EV/SEV burners also enable dry low NOx combustion with
different grades of natural gases, and the use of liquid fuel as
back-up.
with unique track record

Performance and operational flexibility,

with a unique track record
Alstom is the pioneer of operational flexibility. We are the
pioneer in introducing the low load concept, which means
that the plant can be parked at 20% load during periods of low
demand during part-load operation. Efficiency of our plant stays
virtually constant from 100% down to 80% load and even at the
lowest load, emissions stay within statutory limits.

The proven output and efficiency are being offered from an

existing and well-proven technology platform. This gas turbine
technology has over 15 years operating experience with more
than 4.5 million operating hours.

The GT24/GT26 gas turbine is still the only advanced-class

turbine with sequential combustion and proven technology
to deliver:
Low Cost of Electricity
High All-round Efficiency
Exceptional Operational Flexibility

11
 The Alstom
Powertrain

3
2
1

Powertrain arrangements
Alstom has extensive experience with both single- and multi-shaft powertrain arrangements, in all types of operating regimes from
base load to daily start & stop.

[1] Steam Turbine [3] Gas Turbine

Alstom steam turbines offer: Alstom gas turbines - the core of any combined cycle plant.
HP turbine shrink-ring design for sustained efficiency and
fast start-up welded rotor design for fast start-up and low
maintenance [4] Heat Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG)
single-bearing design for compact arrangement Alstoms range of HRSGs provides:
single axial and lateral-exhaust designs also available for lower both drum type and once-through technology
foundations and lower first costs. optimised cold-end.
Performance for maximised combined-cycle efficiency
high thermal flexibility for fast start-up
[2] Turbogenerator highly modularised design for fast site erection.
Alstom turbogenerators demonstrate high efficiency, reliability
and availability with low maintenance requirements. According
to plant size and arrangement, both air-cooled TOPAIR and
hydrogen-cooled TOPGAS generators are available.

12
 Optimised design
Alternative approach,
additional advantages

How it works

1 2 5

3 4

[1] Compressed air
is fed into the EV burner, creating a
homogeneous, lean fuel/air mixture.
The vortex flow, induced by the shape
of the burner, breaks down at the EV
burner exit into the combustion zone,
forming a central recirculation zone.
[2] The mixture
ignites to form a single, low-tempera-
ture flame ring. The inner recirculation
zone stabilises the flame in the free
space within the combustion zone,
avoiding contact with the burner wall.
[3] The hot exhaust gas,
low in oxygen content, exits the first
combustor and moves through the
high-pressure turbine stage before
entering the SEV burner.

[4] Vortex generators [5] Ignition occurs

in the SEV burner enhance the mixing
process, while carrier air, injected with
the fuel at the SEV fuel lance, delays
spontaneous ignition until the mixture
enters the annular SEV combustion
chamber.
when the fuel reaches self-ignition
temperature in the free space of the
SEV combustor. The hot gas then con-
tinues its path into the low-pressure
turbine.

13
 Innovative concepts

Sequential combustion applications

Combined-cycle
A combined-cycle power plant is an efficient and environmentally sound way
to generate electrical power. Sequential combustion provides optimum exhaust
temperatures for combined-cycle use, the main application for which the GT24
and GT26 have been developed.

The two combustors in the GT24/GT26 sustain high efficiency and low emissions
at part load operation through control of the inlet air flow by four rows of
variable guide vanes.

This means the thermodynamic quality of the sequential combustion combined-

cycle remains nearly constant. As a result, the GT24/GT26 combined-cycle offers
high efficiency over the operational load range, with virtually constant efficiency
between 100% and 80% CCPP load.

This maximises the long-term value of GT24/GT26 power plants by significantly

Langage combined-cycle power
broadening their operating flexibility a key success factor for todays plant in Devon, UK.
competitive power generation market.

100 90 80 70 60 50 40

KA26 Superior part-load efficiency

2%-4% characteristic of the KA24/KA26 CCPP.
Single Combustor GT One distinct feature is the fact that the
CCPP Relative

plant efficiency stays nearly constant

from 100% down to 80% combined cycle,
a unique capability in the market.

Typical MSL

Repowering with sequential combustion gas turbines

Alstom has developed a hybrid plant concept combining conventional steam plants with the GT24/GT26. These plants combine operating
and dispatching flexibility with continuous fuel optimisation, low O&M costs and moderate capital investment.

The concept responds to the most critical requirements of modern power generation systems low generating costs, greater fuel mix
capabilities, operational flexibility and minimum environmental impact. It also enables extraordinary design flexibility by integrating high-
performance sequential-combustion gas-turbine technology with a wide range of existing or new conventional steam power plants.

14
that also lower costs
Gas turbines in action - project highlights
Shoreham / UK
A GT26 merchant power plant
application
Scottish Power Ltd selected the
KA26-1 standard single-shaft design
to build a combined-cycle power plant
at Shoreham Harbour in the United
Kingdom. The plant was completed in
December 2000 and is managed on a
merchant plant basis. It has operated at
both base load and intermediate duties.
Taranaki / NEW ZEALAND
The first GT26 single-shaft power
plant
Contact Energy in New Zealand is the
owner of an Alstom turnkey 360 MW
combined-cycle power plant, featuring
the GT26 sequential combustion gas
turbine.
Taranaki is arranged in a single-shaft
configuration and represents the first
standardised reference plant solution
with the GT26. This triple-pressure
reheat combined-cycle plant has been
in continuous base load operation since
July 1998.
Cartagena / SPAIN
A GT26 fast-track project in Spain
The Cartagena project, a 1200 MW
combined-cycle power plant consisting
of three independent blocks equipped
with dual-fuel GT26 gas turbines, was
awarded to Alstom in December 2003
with a very aggressive timetable.
The first unit was finished within 25
months, with the other units following
at one month intervals. This is a repeat
order for Gas Natural, which already
owns and operates two other GT26
combined-cycle power plants in Spain.
El Sauz / MEXICO
Efficiency increase by 20%
Alstom won a contract with Spains
ACS Group to provide power equipment
and services for the El Sauz combined
cycle power plant in Queretaro, one of
Mexicos most industrialized states.
A new GT24 gas turbine to replace the
existing gas turbines and will retrofit
the steam turbine at the existing El
Sauz gas-fired power plant, which has
been operating since 1981. This new
contract will add 25 years to El Sauz
combined cycle power plant and boost
its efficiency by 20%.
Island Cogen / CANADA
A GT24 in cogeneration application
Island Cogen is a 250 MW gas-fired
combined-cycle cogeneration power
plant at Campbell River in British
Columbia, Canada. The plant is owned
by Calpine and delivers steam to an
adjacent paper mill.
Lake Road / USA
Superior reliability & availability
Road generating plant in Dayville,
Connecticut, U.S.A. Lake Road is a
792MW combined-cycle generating
facility based on three GT24 gas turbines.
The units have exhibited good starting
reliability and high availabilities during
operation. The Lake Road combined-
cycle generating facility features dual
fuel flexibility that utilizes natural gas
as the primary combustion source and
distillate fuel oil as a backup. The plant
entered commercial operations
in May 2002.
15
 Partnership throughout
The Alstom
Power Plant
Located in Birr, Switzerland, the Alstom Power Plant provides
a unique environment for maintaining the incomparable
advantages of the GT24/GT26 range, all within the proximity
of Alstoms R&D facility, gas turbine development department,
manufacturing plant and power plant. The latter is equipped
with a dual-fuel GT26 gas turbine, operating in simple-cycle
mode, connected directly to the 220 kV Swiss power grid.
As it is an Alstom facility, the turbines can be submitted
to a real-life comprehensive validation process that leaves
nothing out in terms of loads, limits or duration. The GT26 is
operated under real service conditions without any commercial
constraints. This includes fuel switch-over operation between
gas and oil. The power plant has oil storage sufficient to run the
GT26 for 12 hours at full-load.
Together with the Product Support organisation and the GT
development department, the Power Plant means Alstom
can ensure seamless implementation of evolutionary product
improvements based on actual GT24/GT26 fleet experience.
16
In-depth service
portfolio combined
with broad experience
In todays power generation and industrial markets, plant
owners and operators seek to establish long-term cooperation
with major Original Equipment Manufacturers. They look for
partners who are willing and able to develop solutions that will
increase production efficiency and reduce emissions throughout
the lifetime of their equipment.
As part of Alstoms commitment to providing complete
plant services for optimal performance, we are dedicated to
supporting you to cost-effectively maintain your gas turbine and
combined-cycle (GT/CC) power plants.
Our flexible and customised expert services cover solutions at
all stages of the plant lifecycle or if requested simply on single
components including:
New and improved parts
Reconditioning Services
Advice and operational support
Field service
Performance improvements
Service contracts
Services on other OEM gas turbines
the plants lifecycle

We are where our customers are

Alstoms footprint and broad industry expertise enables us to support you in an efficient 2 GT/CC product centres
and responsive manner around the world. With a network of over 60 Local Service 4 GT/CC execution centres
Centres in 70 countries, there is always a dedicated Service manager close at hand and 7 GT reconditioning workshops
available around the clock to respond to your needs. 7 field service network

Americas EUROPE Middle East / asia Pacific

Danville Baden Dubai
Richmond Baden Dubai
Richmond Baden Dubai
Richmond Ashby Rabigh
Jupiter Birr Kuala Lumpur
Jupiter Karlovac Kuala Lumpur
Jupiter
Sao Paulo

Reconditioning Workshop
Execution Centre
Product Centre
Field Service Network

17
Services

Service Contracts
Alstoms service contracts are tailored to meet all your operational, maintenance and support requirements. Whether you prefer a
Long Term Agreement (LTA) or an Operation & Maintenance (O&M) contract with Alstoms comprehensive, yet flexible agreements,
you can be sure of a win-win situation.

Partnerships for performance

Long-term agreements are based on framework contracts that define prices and conditions in advance. Besides offering preferential
conditions for high quality parts and services, the LTA reduces administrative efforts and simplifies planning. The scope of services and
equipment covered, as well as the contract duration and risk sharing, can be adapted perfectly to your needs.

LTAs offer many immediate advantages:

Fixed preferential prices for parts and services
Flexible scope to suit operative strategy
Extendable scope to include almost any aspect of plant operations

Alstoms operation and maintenance contracts let plant owners devise completely new management strategies by outsourcing risks
and responsibilities. Take advantage of performance and availability guarantees through tailored agreements that perfectly suit your
required service and equipment scope.

Alstoms O&M contracts are fee-based agreements that:

Mitigate risks
Leverage Alstoms extensive experience in plant asset management
Can be adapted to suit your business strategy

Plant Support CentreTM

Expert support around-the-clock
Alstoms Plant Support Center (PSC) offers fast and comprehensive technical support solutions to keep plants competitive. Besides
remote monitoring and diagnostic services, the PSC provides 24/7 operation support and direct access to a global network of
technical experts who assist in troubleshooting, assessment and re-commissioning and analyse equipment trends.

Besides practical experience, our plant operation experts rely on comprehensive and proprietary knowledge management tools. If
required, they can also call in Alstom experts with specific engineering know-how and fleet-wide experience to assist with operational
support or more detailed investigations.

18
 TPW/BPROB/GSTRBN12/eng/THP/06.12/FR/7691 ALSTOM 2012. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is indicative only. No representation or warranty is given or should be relied on that it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This
will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided without liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited. Photo credits: 2007 Bryon Paul McCartney |
www.atelier-mccartney.com, Alstom and others. Layout and realisation: Les ditions Stratgiques

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