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GEOMETRY
INTRODUCTION Angles : An angle is the union of two non-collinear rays with a
Line : A line has length. It has neither width nor thickness. It can common origin. The common origin is called the vertex and the
be extended indefinitely in both directions. two rays are the sides of the angle.
A
Ray : A line with one end point is called a ray. The end point is
called the origin.
Origin ABC with vertex B
Line segment : A line with two end points is called a segment.

Parallel lines : Two lines, which lie in a plane and do not intersect,
are called parallel lines. The distance between two parallel lines is
constant.
P Q
A B
We denote it by PQ || AB.
Perpendicular lines : Two lines, which lie in a plane and intersect
each other at right angles are called perpendicular lines.
m reflex angle [fig.(e)].
B C
Congruent angles : Two angles are said to be congruent, denoted
by @ , if their measures are equal.
Bisector of an angle : A ray is said to be the bisector of an angle
if it divides the interior of the angle into two angles of equal
measure.
TYPES OFANGLE
1. A right angle is an angle of 90 as shown in [fig. (a)].
2. An angle less than 90 is called an acute angle [fig. (b)].
3. An angle greater than 90 but less than 180 is called an
obtuse angle [fig (c)].
4. An angle of 180 is a straight line [fig. (d)].
5. An angle greater than 180 but less than 360 is called a

We denote it by l ^ m.
PROPERTIES
Three or more points are said to be collinear if they lie on
a line, otherwise they are said to be non-collinear.
Fig. (a) Fig. (b) Fig. (c)
Two or more lines are said to be coplanar if they lie in the
same plane, otherwise they are said to be non-coplanar.
A line, which intersects two or more given coplanar lines Fig. (d) Fig. (e)
in distinct points, is called a transversal of the given lines.
A line which is perpendicular to a line segment, i.e., PAIRS OF ANGLES
intersect at 90 and passes through the mid point of the Adjacent angles : Two angles are called adjacent angles if they
segment is called the perpendicular bisector of the segment. have a common side and their interiors are disjoint.
Every point on the perpendicular bisector of a segment is Q R
equidistant from the two endpoints of the segment.
If two lines are perpendicular to the same line, they are
parallel to each other.
Lines which are parallel to the same line are parallel to
each other. P S
2
QPR is adjacent to RPS Alternate angles : In the above figure, 3 and 5, 2 and 8 are
Linear Pair : Two angles are said to form a linear pair if they have Alternative angles.
a common side and their other two sides are opposite rays. The
sum of the measures of the angles is 180. When two lines are itnersected by a transversal, they form two
N
pairs of alternate angles.
The pairs of alternate angles thus formed are congruent. i.e.
3 = 5 and 2 = 8
Interior angles : In the above figure, 2 and 5, 3 and 8 are
A B Interior angles.
M
AMN + BMN = 180 When two lines are intersected by a transversal, they form two
Complementary angles : Two angles whose sum is 90, are pairs of interior angles.
complementary, each one is the complement of the other.
The pairs of interior angles thus formed are supplementary. i.e.
A
P 2 + 5 = 3 + 8 = 180

Example 1 :
60 30 In figure given below, lines PQ and RS intersect each other
B C
Q R at point O. If POR : ROQ = 5 : 7, find all the angles.
ABC + PQR = 90
Solution :
Supplementary angles : Two angles whose sum is 180 are
supplementary, each one is the supplement of the other. POR + ROQ = 180 (Linear pair of angles)
L X But POR : ROQ = 5 : 7 (Given)

P S

60 120
M N Z
Y
LMN + XYZ = 60 + 120 = 180 O
Vertically Opposite angles : Two angles are called vertically
opposite angles if their sides form two pairs of opposite rays. R Q
Vertically opposite angles are congruent.
A D
5
\ POR = 180 = 75
O 12

7
Similarly, ROQ = 180 = 105
12
C B
AOD = COB and AOC = BOD Now, POS = ROQ = 105 (Vertically opposite angles)
Corresponding angles : Here, PQ || LM and n is transversal. and SOQ = POR = 75 (Vertically opposite angles)
Then, 1 and 5, 2 and 6, 3 and 7 and 4 and 8 are Example 2 :
corresponding angles.
When two lines are intersected by a transversal, they form four In fig. if PQ || RS, MXQ = 135 and MYR = 40, find
pairs of corresponding angles. XMY.
The pairs of corresponding angles thus formed are congruent. P X Q
i.e. 1 = 5; 2 = 6; 4 = 8; 3 = 7.
n 135

4 1 M
P Q
3 2

8 5 40
L M
7 6 R Y S
 3
Solution : Solution :
Here, we need to draw a line AB parallel to line PQ, through Q POR and QOR for a linear pair
point M as shown in figure. \ POR + QOR = 180 (Linear pair axiom)
P X Q or a + b = 180 ........ (i)
135 But a b = 80 ......... (ii) [Given]
Adding eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
M
A B 260
2a = 260 \ a= = 130
2
Substituting the value of a in (1), we get
40
Y
130 + b = 180
R S
b = 180 130 = 50
Now, AB || PQ and PQ || RS AB || RS
PROPORTIONALITY THEOREM
Now, QXM + XMB = 180 The ratio of intercepts made by three parallel lines on a transversal
(Q AB || PQ, interior angles on the same side of the is equal to the ratio of the corresponding intercepts made on any
transversal) other transversal by the same parallel lines.
But QXM = 135 135 + XMB = 180 If line a || b || c, and lines l and m are two transversals, then
\ XMB = 45 ........(i) PR QS
=
Now, BMY = MYR (Q AB || RS, alternate angles) RT SU
l m
\ BMY = 40 ........(ii)
Adding (i) and (ii), we get
XMB + BMY = 45 + 40 a
P Q
i.e. XMY = 85
Example 3 :
An angle is twice its complement. Find the angle. b
R S
Solution :
If the complement is x, the angle = 2x
2x + x = 90
3x = 90 x = 30 c
T U
\ The angle is 2 30 = 60
Example 4 :
The supplement of an angle is one-fifth of itself. Determine
the angle and its supplement. Example 6 :
Solution : In the figure, if PS = 360, find PQ, QR and RS.
Let the measure of the angle be x. Then the measure of its y R S
P x Q
supplementary angle is 180 x.
1
It is given that 180 - x = x
5
5 (180 x) = x
900 5x = x 900 = 5x + x
900
900 = 6x 6x = 900 x = = 150 A B C
120
D
6 60 90
Supplementary angle is 180 150 = 30 Solution :
PA, QB, RC and SD are perpendicular to AD. Hence, they
Example 5 : are parallel. So the intercepts are proportional.
In figure, POR and QOP form a linear pair. If a b = 80,
AB PQ 60 x
find the values of a and b. \ = =
BD QS 210 360 x
R
2 x 720
= x= = 80
7 360 x 9
b
P O Q \ PQ = 80
So, QS = 360 80 = 280
4
BC QR TRIANGLES
Again, = The plane figure bounded by the union of three lines, which join
CD RS
three non-collinear points, is called a triangle. A triangle is denoted
\
90
=
y

3
=
y by the symbol D.
120 280 y 4 280 y The three non-collinear points, are called the vertices of the
y = 120 triangle.
\ QR = 120 and SR = 280 120 = 160 In DABC, A, B and C are the vertices of the triangle; AB, BC, CA
are the three sides, and A, B, C are the three angles.
Example 7 :
A
In figure if l || m , n || p and 1 = 85 find 2.
n p

m
1 3 B C
Sum of interior angles : The sum of the three interior angles of a
triangle is 180.
2
A + B + C = 180
Exterior angles and interior angles
Solution : Z
Q n || p and m is transversal A
\ 1 = 3 = 85 (Corresponding angles)
Also, m || l & p is transversal
\ 2 + 3 = 180 (\ Consecutive interior angles)
2 + 85 = 180
B
2 = 180 85 C Y
2 = 95 X
Example 8 : (i) The measure of an exterior angle is equal to the sum of the
From the adjoining diagrams, measures of the two interior opposite angles of the triangle.
calculate x, y, z and w. x y \ ACY = ABC + BAC
Solution : 70 CBX = BAC + BCA and BAZ = ABC + ACB
y = 70 (ii) The sum of an interior angle and adjacent exterior angle is
x + 70 = 180 180.
z w
..... (vertical opp. angle) i.e. ACB + ACY = 180
\ x = 180 70 = 110 ABC + CBX = 180 and BAC + BAZ = 180
.... (adjacent angles on a st. line or linear pair) Example 10 :
z = 70 .....(corresponding angles) If the ratio of three angles of a triangle is 1 : 2 : 3, find the angles.
z + w = 180 ..... (adjacent angles on a st. line or Solution :
linear pair) Ratio of the three angles of a D = 1 : 2 : 3
\ 70 + w = 180 Let the angles be x, 2x and 3x.
\ w = 180 170 = 110 \ x + 2x + 3x = 180
E
Example 9 : \ 6x = 180 \ x = 30
From the adjoining diagram Hence the first angle = x = 30
Find (i) x (ii) y D 70 C
y The second angle = 2x = 60
Solution : The third angle = 3x = 90
x = EDC = 70
(corresponding angles) CLASSIFICATION OF TRIANGLES
x B Based on sides :
Now, ADB = x = 70 A
[AD = DB] CBA=90 Scalene triangle : A triangle in which none of the three sides is
In D ABD, equal is called a scalene triangle.
ABD = 180 x x Isosceles triangle : A triangle in which at least two sides are
= 180 70 70 = 40 equal is called an isosceles triangle.
BDC = ABD = 40 (alternate angles) Equilateral triangle : A triangle in which all the three sides are
y = 40 equal is called an equilateral triangle. In an equilateral triangle, all
the angles are congruent and equal to 60.
 5
Based on angles : SIMILARITY OF TRIANGLES
Right triangle : If any one angle of a triangle is a right angle, i.e., For a given correspondence between two triangles, if the
90 then the triangle is a right-angled triangle. corresponding angles are congruent and their corresponding sides
Acute triangle : If all the three angles of a triangle are acute, i.e., are in proportion, then the two triangles are said to be similar.
less than 90, then the triangle is an acute angled triangle. Similarlity is denoted by ~.
(i) AAA Similarlity : For a given correspondence between
Obtuse triangle : If any one angle of a triangle is obtuse, i.e.,
two triangles, if the two angles of one triangle are congruent
greater than 90, then the triangle is an obtuse-angled triangle.
to the corresponding two angles of the other triangle, then
SOME BASIC DEFINITIONS the two triangles are similar.
1. Altitude (height) of a triangle : The perpendicular drawn (ii) SSS Similarity : If the corresponding sides of two triangles
from the vertex of a triangle to the opposite side is called an are proportional, their corresponding angles are equal and
altitude of the triangle. hence the triangles are similar.
2. Median of a triangle : The line drawn from a vertex of a (iii) SAS Similarity : If one angle of a triangle is equal to one
triangle to the opposite side such that it bisects the side, is angle of the other and the sides including these angles are
called the median of the triangle. proportional, the triangles are similar.
A median bisects the area of the triangle. PROPERTIES OF SIMILAR TRIANGLES
3. Orthocentre : The point of intersection of the three altitudes 1. If two triangles are similar,
of a triangle is called the orthocentre. The angle made by Ratio of sides = Ratio of height = Ratio of Median = Ratio of
any side at the orthocentre = 180 the opposite angle to angle bisectors = Ratio of inradii = Ratio of circumradii.
the side. If DABC ~ DPQR
4. Centroid : The point of intersection of the three medians of AB AD BE
a triangle is called the centroid. The centroid divides each = =
PQ PS QT
median in the ratio 2 : 1. P
5. Circumcentre : The point of intersection of the A
perpendicular bisectors of the sides of a triangle is called
the circumcentre. T
6. Incentre : The point of intersection of the angle bisectors E
of a triangle is called the incentre.
(i) Angle bisector divides the opposite sides in the ratio R
of remaining sides B D C Q S
The ratio of the areas of two similar triangles is equal to the
BD AB c ratio of the squares of the corresponding sides.
Example : = =
DC AC b If DABC ~ DPQR, then
(ii) Incentre divides the angle bisectors in the ratio
Ar(DABC) ( AB ) ( BC ) (AC)2
2 2
(b + c) : a, (c + a) : b and (a + b) : c = = =
Ar(DPQR) (PQ) 2 (QR)2 (PR)2
CONGRUENCY OF TRIANGLES
Two triangles are congruent if the sides and angles of one triangle PYTHAGORAS THEOREM
are equal to the corresponding sides and angles of the other In a right triangle, the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the
triangle. sum of the squares of the other two sides.
(i) SAS Congruence rule : Two triangles are congruent if two
C
sides and the included angle of one triangle are equal to the
sides and the included angle of the other triangle.
(ii) ASA Congruence rule : Two triangles are congruent if two
angles and the included side of one triangle are equal to
two angles and the included side of other triangle.
(iii) AAS Congruence rule : Two triangles are congruent if any
two pairs of angles and one pair of corresponding sides are
equal. B A
(iv) SSS Congruence rule : If three sides of one triangle are If a right triangle ABC right angled at B. Then,
equal to the three sides of another triangle, then the two By Pythagoras theorem, AC2 = AB2 + BC2
triangles are congruent.
(v) RHS Congruence rule : If in two right triangles, the BASIC PROPORTIONALITY THEOREM (BPT)
hypotenuse and one side of the triangle are equal to the If a line is drawn parallel to one side of a triangle, to intersect the
hypotenuse and one side of the other triangle, then the two other two sides in distinct points, the other two sides are divided
triangles are congruent. in the same ratio.
6
If DABC in which a line parallel to BC intersects AB to D and AC Solution :
at E. Then, If the interior angle is x, exterior angle is 2x.
AD AE A P
By BPT, =
DB EC

D E
2x
x
Q S
B C R
MID-POINT THEOREM Q x + 2x = 180
The line segment joining the mid-points of two sides of a triangle 3x = 180
is parallel to the third side and half of it. x = 60
\ Exterior angle = 120
In DABC, if P and Q are the mid-points of AB and AC respectively
Hence sum of the other two angles of triangle = 120
1 (Exterior angle is the sum of two opposite interior angles)
then PQ || BC and PQ = BC
2
Example 11 :
A In figure, find F.
A
E
80 12cm

3.8cm 3 3 cm
P Q F
6 3 cm

7.6cm
60
B C B C
6 cm D
Solution :
INEQUALITIES INATRIANGLE In triangles ABC and DEF, we have
(i) If two sides of a triangle are unequals, the angle opposite AB 3.8 1
= =
to the longer side is larger. Conversely, DF 7.6 2
In any triangle, the side opposite to the larger angle is longer.
BC 6 1 AC 3 3 1
A Similarly, = = and = = , i.e.,
FE 12 2 DE 6 3 2
in the two triangles, sides are proportional.
\ DABC ~ DDEF (by SSS Similarity)
\ B = F (Corresponding angles are equal)
But B = 60 (Given)
B C \ F = 60
Example 12 :
If AB > AC then C > B In the given figure, find BAC and XAY.
(ii) The sum of any two side of a triangle is greater than the
A
third side.
P

30 40
X Y
B C
Solution :
Q R AXB = XAB = 30 (Q BX = BA)
ABC = 30 + 30 = 60 (Exterior angle)
PQ + PR > QR; PQ + QR > PR and QR + PR > PQ
Example 10 : CYA = YAC = 40 (Q CY = CA)
The interior and its adjacent exterior angle of a triangle are ACB = 40 + 40 = 80 (Exterior angle)
in the ratio 1 : 2. What is the sum of the other two angles of BAC = 180 (60 + 80) = 40 (Sum of all angles of a
the triangle ? triangle is 180.
XAY = 180 (30 + 40) = 110
 7
Example 13 : Solution : A
In the fig., PQ || BC, AQ = 4 cm, PQ = 6 cm and BC = 9 cm. In DAPC and DABC
Find QC. ACP = ABC
A
A= A 6 cm
D ACP ~ D ABC P
8 cm
AP PC AC
= =
AC BC AB
P Q
AP 8 6
\ = = B C
6 10 AB 10 cm
B C
8 60
Solution : AP = 6 = 4.8 and AB = = 7.5
10 8
AQ PQ AP = 4.8 cm and AB = 7.5 cm
By BPT, =
QC BC
D ACP CP 2 82
4 6
= QC = 6 cm = = = 0.64
QC 9 D ABC BC2 102
QUADRILATERALS
Example 14 : A figure formed by joining four points is called a quadrilateral.
Of the triangles with sides 11, 5, 9 or with sides 6, 10, 8; A quadrilateral has four sides, four angles and four vertices.
which is a right triangle ?
S
Solution :
(Longest side)2 = 112 = 121;
52 + 92 = 25 + 81 = 106
\ 112 52 + 92 R
So, it is not a right triangle.
P
Again, (longest side)2 = (10)2 = 100;
62 + 82 = 36 + 64 = 100
102 = 62 + 82
\ It is a right triangle. Q

Example 15 : In quadrilateral PQRS, PQ, QR, RS and SP are the four sides; P, Q,
R and S are four vertices and P, Q, R and S are the four
In figure, DBA = 132
angles.
and EAC = 120. The sum of the angles of a qudrilateral is 360.
Show that AB > AC. E
P + Q + R + S = 360
Solution : A 120
As DBC is a straight line, TYPES OF QUADRILATERALS :
132 + ABC = 180 1. Parallelogram : A quadrilateral whose opposite sides are
ABC = 180 132 = 48 parallel is called parallelogram.
For D ABC, D
132 C
EAC is an exterior angle
120 = ABC + BCA D B C

(ext. = sum of two opp. interior s)

120 = 48 + BCA
BCA = 120 48 = 72
Thus, we find that BCA > ABC A B
AB > AC (side opposite to greater angle is greater)
Properties :
Example 16 : (i) Opposite sides are parallel and equal.
From the adjoining (ii) Opposite angles are equal.
diagram, calculate (iii) Diagonals bisect each other.
(i) AB (ii) AP (iv) Sum of any two adjacent angles is 180.
(iii) ar DAPC : ar DABC (v) Each diagonal divides the parallelogram into two
triangles of equal area.
8
2. Rectangle : A parallelogram, in which each angle is a right Example 17 :
angle, i.e., 90 is called a rectangle. The angle of quadrilateral are in the ratio 3 : 5 : 9 : 13. Find all
A B the angles of the quadrilateral.
Solution :
Let the angles of quadrilateral are 3x, 5x, 9x, 13x.
\ 3x + 5x + 9x + 13x = 360
(Sum of the angles of quadrilateral)
30x = 360
x = 12
D C Hence angles of quadrilateral are :
Properties : 3x = 3 12 = 36
(i) Opposite sides are parallel and equal. 5x = 5 12 = 60
(ii) Each angle is equal to 90. 9x = 9 12 = 108
(iii) Diagonals are equal and bisect each other. 13x = 13 12 = 156
3. Rhombus : A parallelogram in which all sides are congruent
(or equal) is called a rhombus. Example 18 :
ABCD is a parallelogram. E is the mid point of the diagonal DB.
DQ = 10 cm, DB = 16 cm. Find PQ.
Solution :
EDQ = EBP (Alternate angles)
A P
B

Properties :
(i) Opposite sides are parallel. E
(ii) All sides are equal.
(iii) Opposite angles are equal.
(iv) Diagonals bisect each other at right angle.
D Q C
4. Square : A rectangle in which all sides are equal is called a
square. \ DEQ = BEP (opposite angles)
\ DDEQ @ DBEP (By ASA congruency)
\ PE = EQ
(EQ)2 = (DQ)2 (DE)2
= 102 82 = 100 64 = 36
\ EQ = 6 cm and PQ = 12 cm.
Example 19 :
Use the information given in figure to calculate the value of x.
Properties :
(i) All sides are equal and opposite sides are parallel. D C
(ii) All angles are 90. 80 x
(iii) The diagonals are equal and bisect each other at right
angle.
5. Trapezium : A quadrilateral is called a trapezium if two of
the opposite sides are parallel but the other two sides are 73 105
not parallel.
E A B
Solution :
Since, EAB is a straight line
\ DAE + DAB = 180
73 + DAB = 180
i.e., DAB = 180 73 = 107
Properties : Since, the sum of the angles of quadrilateral ABCD is 360
(i) The segment joining the mid-points of the non-parallel \ 107 + 105 + x + 80 = 360
sides is called the median of the trapezium. 292 + x = 360
1 and, x = 360 292 = 68
Median = sum of the parallel sides
2
 9
Example 20 : CIRCLE
In the adjoining kite, diagonals The collection of all the points in a plane, which are at a fixed
D
intersect at O. If ABO = 32 distance from a fixed point in the plane, is called a circle.
and OCD = 40, find The fixed point is called the centre of the circle and the fixed
(i) ABC distance is called the radius (r).
(ii) ADC A
40
C Chord : A chord is a segment whose endpoints lie on the circle.
(iii) BAD O
AB is a chord in the figure.
Solution :
Given, ABCD is a kite.
(i) As diagonal BD bisects ABC, 32
r
ABC = 2 ABO = 2 32 = 64
(ii) DOC = 90 B d
O
[diagonals intersect at right angles]
ODC + 40 + 90 = 180 [sum of angles in D OCD] A B
ODC = 180 40 90 = 50
As diagonal BD bisects ADC,
Diameter : The chord, which passes through the centre of the
ADC = 2 ODC = 2 50 = 100
circle, is called the diameter (d) of the circle. The length of the
(iii) As diagonal BD bisects ABC
diameter of a circle is twice the radius of the circle.
OBC = ABO = 32
BOC = 90 [diagonals intersect at right angles] d = 2r
OCB + 90 + 32 = 180 [sum of angles in D OBC] Secant : A secant is a line, which intersects the circle in two
OCB = 180 90 32 = 58 distinct points.
BCD = OCD + OCB = 40 + 58 = 98 Tangent : Tangent is a line in the plane of a circle and having one
\ BAD = BCD = 98 [In kite ABCD, A = C) and only one point common with the circle. The common point is
called the point of contact.
POLYGON
A plane figure formed by three or more non-collinear points joined
by line segments is called a polygon.
Q
A polygon with 3 sides is called a triangle. O
A polygon with 4 sides is called a quadrilateral.
A polygon with 5 sides is called a pentagon.
A polygon with 6 sides is called a hexagon. P
A polygon with 7 sides is called a heptagon. M T N
A polygon with 8 sides is called an octagon. PQ is a secant
A polygon with 9 sides is called a nonagon. MN is a tangent. T is the point of contact.
A polygon with 10 sides is called a decagon. Semicircle : Half of a circle cut off by a diameter is called the
Regular polygon : A polygon in which all its sides and angles are semicircle. The measure of a semicircle is 180.
equal, is called a regular polygon. Arc : A piece of a circle between two points is called an arc. A
Sum of all interior angles of a regular polygon of side n is given minor arc is an arc less than the semicircle and a major arc is an arc
by (2n 4) 90. greater than a semicircle.
P
(2n 4)90
Hence, angle of a regular polygon =
n
Sum of an interior angle and its adjacent exterior angle is 180.
Sum of all exterior angles of a polygon taken in order is 360.

Example 21 :
The sum of the measures of the angles of regular polygon
A B
is 2160. How many sides does it have?
Solution : Q
Sum of all angles = 90 (2n 4) AQB is a minor arc and APB is a major arc.
2160 = 90 (2n 4) Circumference : The length of the complete circle is called its
2n = 24 + 4 circumference (C).
\ n = 14
C = 2 pr
Hence the polygon has 14 sides.
10
Segment : The region between a chord and either of its arcs is D
called a segment.
C

Major sector 30
O 70
Major segment A B
O
Solution :
Minor
ACB = 90 [Angle in a semi-circle]
sector
In D ABC, BAC + ACB + ABC = 180 [Sum of the
Minor segment s of D is 180]
BAC + 90 + 70 = 180
BAC = (180 160) = 20
Sector : The region between an arc and the two radii, joining the
Now, ABCD being a cyclic quadrilateral, we have
centre to the endpoints of the arc is called a sector.
ABC + ADC = 180
(Opposite s of a cyclic quad. are supplementary]
70 + ADC = 180
Equal chords of a circle subtend equal angles at the centre. ADC = (180 70) = 110
Now, in D ADC, we have
The perpendicular from the centre of a circle to a chord CAD + ADC + ACD = 180
bisects the chord. (Sum of the s of a D is 180)
Equal chords of a circle are equidistant from the centre. 30 + 110 + CD = 180
The angle subtended by an arc at the centre is double the ACD = (180 140) = 40
angle subtended by it at any point on the remaining part Hence, BAC = 20 and ACD = 40
of the circle. Example 23 :
With the vertices of D ABC as centres, three circles are
Angles in the same segment of a circle are equal.
described, each touching the other two externally. If the
Angle in a semicircle is a right angle. sides of the triangle are 9 cm, 7 cm and 6 cm. find the radii of
The tangent at any point of a circle is perpendicular to the the circles.
radius through the point of contact. Solution :
Let AB = 9 cm, BC = 7 cm A
The length of tangents drawn from an external point to a x
circle are equal. and CA = 6 cm x
Let x, y, z be the radii of y
CYCLIC QUADRILATERAL circles with centres z
A, B, C respectively. B y z C
If all the four vertices of a quadrilateral lies on a circle then the
quadrilateral is said to be cyclic quadrilateral. Then, x + y = 9, y + z = 7
The sum of either pair of the opposite angles of a cyclic and z + x = 6
quadrilateral is 180. Adding, we get 2 (x + y + z) = 22
x + y + z = 11
i.e. A + C = 180
\ x = [(x + y + z) (y + z)] = (11 7) cm = 4 cm.
B + D = 180 Similarly, y = (11 6) cm = 5 cm and z = (11 9)cm = 2 cm.
Hence, the radii of circles with centres A, B, C are 4 cm, 5 cm,
and 2cm respectively.
D C Example 24 :
In the adjoining figure, 2 circles with centres Y and Z touch
each other externally at point A.

B
A

Conversely, if the sum of any pair of opposite angles of X

quadrilateral is 180, then the quadrilateral must be cyclic.
Example 22 : Y A Z
In the adjoining figure, C and D are points on a semi-circle
described on AB as diameter. If ABC = 70 and
B C
CAD = 30, calculate BAC and ACD.
 11
Another circle, with centre X, touches the other 2 circles PQ is a tangent to a circle with centre O at a point A, AB is
internally at Band C. If XY = 6cm, YZ = 9 cm and ZX = 7 cm, chord and C,D are points in the two segments of the circle
then find the radii of the circles. formed by the chord AB. Then,
Solution : BAQ = ACB
Let X, Y, Z be the radii of the circle, centres X, Y, Z respectively BAP = ADB
YAZ, XYB, XZC are straight lines (Contact of circles)
XY = X Y = 6 ..... (1) COMMON TANGENTS FOR A PAIR OF CIRCLE
XZ = X Z = 7 ..... (2) (A) Length of direct common tangent
YZ = Y + Z = 9 ..... (3)
(1) + (2) + (3) L1 = (C1C 2 ) 2 (R1 R 2 ) 2
2X = 22 X = 11, Y = 5, Z = 4
The radius of the circle, centre X, is 11 cm.
The radius of the circle, centre Y, is 5 cm. R1 R2
The radius of the circle, centre Z, is 4 cm.
C1 C2
SOME IMPORTANT THEOREMS
I. If two chords of a circle intersect inside or outside the circle,
then the rectangle formed by the two parts of one chord is where C1C2 = Distance between the centres
equal in area to the rectangle formed by the two parts of the (B) Length of transverse common tangent
other.
L 2 = (C1C 2 ) 2 (R1 + R 2 ) 2 ;
B
D
B where C1C2 = Distance between the centres, and
A R1 and R2 be the radii of the two circles.
P
P
A

C R1 R2
D
C C1 C2
(i) (ii)

Two chords AB and CD of a circle such that they intersect

each other at a point P lying inside (fig. (i)) or outside
Example 25 :
(fig. (ii)) the circle.
Find the angle marked as x in each of the following figures
PA.PB = PC.PD where O is the centre of the circle.
II. If PAB is a secant to a circle intersecting it at A and B, and
PT is a tangent, then PA.PB = PT 2. x
O O
T x

O (a) (b)

P A B
O
III. Alternate segment theorem :
If a line touches a circle and from the point of contact a x
chord is drawn, the angle which this chord makes with the
given line are equal respectively to the angles formed in the
(c)
corresponding alternate segments.
Solution :
We know that the angle subtended by an arc at the centre is
C
B double the angle subtended by it at any point on the
O
remaining part of the circle.
1
(a) x = 2 25 = 50 (b) x = 110 = 55
2
D
1
(c) x= 70 = 35
P A Q 2
12
Example 26 : Solution :
In the figure, RS = 12 cm and radius of the circle is 10 cm. CAD = DBC = 55 (Angles in the same segment)
Find PB. \ DAB = CAD + BAC = 55 + 45 = 100
But DAB + BCD = 180 (Opposite angles of a cyclic
A quadrilateral)
R S BCD = 180 100 = 80
P
Example 29 :
O In figure, ABC = 69, ACB = 31, find BDC.

A D

Solution :
B 69 31
RP = PS = 6 cm C
OS2 = PO2 + PS2
102 = PO2 + 62 Solution :
PO2 = 100 36 = 64 In DABC,
PO = 8 cm ABC + ACB + BAC = 180
\ PB = PO + OB = 8 + 10 = 18 cm 69 + 31 + BAC = 180
Example 27 : BAC = 180 100
In the figure, AB = 16 cm, CD = 12 cm and OM = 6 cm. \ BAC = 80
Find ON. But BAC = BDC
D (Angles in the same segment of a circle are equal)
N Hence BDC = 80
C
Example 30 :
O Find the length of the tangent from a point which is at a
distance of 5 cm from the centre of the circle of radius 3 cm.
A
Solution :
M
B Let AB be the tangent. DABO is a right triangle at B.
Solution :
1
MB = AB = 8 cm (perpendicular from the centre of the
2
O
circle bisects the chord)
OB2 = OM2 + MB2 5cm 3cm
OB2 = 62 + 82 = 36 + 64 = 100
OB = 10 cm A
B
OB = OD = 10cm (Radii)
OD2 = ON2 + ND2 By pythagoras theorem,
OA2 = AB2 + BO2
102 = ON2 + 62
52 = AB2 + 32
\ ON2 = 100 36 = 64
25 = AB2 + 9
Hence ON = 8 cm AB2 = 25 9 = 16
Example 28 : \ AB = 4
In figure, ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral in which AC and Hence, length of the tangent is 4 cm.
BD are its diagonals. If DBC = 55 and BAC = 45,
find BCD. COORDINATE GEOMETRY
D The Cartesian Co-ordinate System : Let X'OX and YOY' be two
perpendicular straight lines meeting at fixed point O then X'OX is
A
called X axis Y'OY is called the axis of y or y axis point O is
called the origin. X axis is known as abscissa and y - axis is
known as ordinate.
B Distance Formula: The distance between two points whose

C co-ordinates are given : ( x 2 - x1 ) 2 + ( y 2 - y1 ) 2

 13
Then, we have
Distance from origin : ( x - 0) 2 + ( y - 0) 2
x 1 + x 2 = 2, x 2 + x 3 = 8, x 3 + x 1 = 4
Y and, y1 + y 2 = 2, y 2 + y 3 = 2, y 3 + y1 = 6
From the above equations, we have
2nd Quadrant 1st Quadrant
x1 + x2 + x3 = 7 and y1 + y2 + y3 = 5
X' X Solving together, we have x1 = 1, x2 = 3, x3 = 5
O
and y1 = 3, y2 = 1, y3 = 3
3rd Quadrant 4th Quadrant
Therefore the coordinates of the vertices are (1, 3), (3, 1)
Y' and (5, 3).
- 1 + 3 + 5 3 -1 + 3 7 5
m1x 2 + m 2 x1 Hence, the centroid is , i.e. , .
Section Formula : x = 3 3 3 3
m1 + m 2 Alternatively:
m1 y 2 + m 2 y1 The coordinates of the centroid of the triangle formed by
(Internally division) y = joining the mid points of the sides of the triangle are
m1 + m 2
coincident
These points divides the line segment in the ratio m1 : m2.
TRIANGLE 1+ 2 + 4 1 + 3 +1
Suppose ABC be a triangle such that the coordinates of its \ The centroid has coordinates ,
3 3
vertices are A(x1, y1), B(x2, y2) and C(x3, y3). Then,
area of the triangle 7 5
i.e. , .
1 3 3
[ x1 (y2 - y3 ) + x 2 (y3 - y1 ) + x 3 (y1 - y2 )]
=
2 Example 33 :
Centroid of triangle : The coordinates of the centroid are If distance between the point (x, 2) and (3, 4) is 2, then the
value of x =
x1 + x 2 + x 3 y1 + y 2 + y 3
, Solution :
3 3
Example 31 : 2 = (x - 3)2 + (2 - 4) 2 2 = (x - 3)2 + 4
Find the distance between the point P (a cosa, a sina) and Squaring both sides
Q (a cosb, a sinb). 4 = (x 3)2 + 4 x 3 = 0 x = 3
Solution :
Example 34 :
d2 = (a cosa a cosb)2 + (asina a sin b)2
Find the co-ordinates of a point which divides the line
= a2 (cosa cosb)2 + a2 (sina sin b)2
segment joining each of the following points in the given
2 2 ratio :
2 a+b b-a 2 a +b a -b
= a 2sin sin + a 2 cos sin (a) (2, 3) and (7, 8) in the ratio 2 : 3 internally
2 2 2 2
(b) (1, 4) and (0, 3) in the ratio 1 : 4 internally.
a -b 2 a+b a+b Solution :
= 4a2 sin2 sin + cos 2 (a) Let A(2, 3) and B(7, 8) be the given points.
2 2 2
Let P(x, y) divide AB in the ratio 2 : 3 internally.
a -b a -b Using section formula, we have,
= 4a2 sin2 d = 2a sin
2 2 2 7 + 3 2 20
x= = =4
Example 32 : 2+3 5
The coordinates of mid-points of the sides of a triangle are
(1, 1), (2, 3) and (4, 1). Find the coordinates of the centroid. 2 8 + 3 3 25
and y = = =5
Solution : 2+3 5
\ P(4, 5) divides AB in the ratio 2 : 3 internally.
(2, 3) (x3, y3) C (b) Let A (1, 4) and B (0, 3) be the given points.
(x1, y1) A Let P(x, y) divide AB in the ratio 1 : 4 internally
Using section formula, we have
1 0 + 4 ( -1) 4
x= =-
(1, 1) (4, 1) 1+ 4 5
1 ( -3) + 4 4 13
and y = =
B (x2, y2) 1+ 4 5
4 13
Let the coordinates of the vertices be A(x1, y1), B(x2, y2) and \ P - , divides AB in the ratio 1 : 4 internally..
5 5
C(x3, y3).
14
Example 35 : Solution :
Find the mid-point of the line-segment joining two points (3, 4) Area of quadrilateral = Area of D ABC + Area of D ACD
and (5, 12). D (5,4) C(7,6)
Solution :
Let A(3, 4) and B(5, 12) be the given points.
Let C(x, y) be the mid-point of AB. Using mid-point formula,
3+5 4 + 12
we have, x = = 4 and y = =8
2 2
\ C(4, 8) are the co-ordinates of the mid-point of the line
segment joining two points (3, 4) and (5, 12).
A (3,2) B (5,4)
Example 36 :
1
The co-ordinates of the mid-point of a line segment are (2, 3). If So, Area of D ABC= | ( -3)(4 + 6) + 5( -6 - 2) + 7(2 - 4) |
co-ordinates of one of the end points of the line segment are 2
(6, 5), find the co-ordiants of the other end point. 1 1
Solution : = | -30 - 40 - 14 |= | -84 | = 42 sq. units
2 2
Let other the end point be A(x, y) So, Area of D ACD
It is given that C (2, 3) is the mid point
1
= | -3( -6 + 4) + 7( -4 - 2) + ( -5)(2 + 6) |
x+6 y+5 2
\ We can write, 2 = and 3 =
2 2
1 1
or 4 = x + 6 or 6=y+5 = | +6 - 42 - 40 | = | -76 | = 38 sq. units
2 2
or x=2 or y= 1
So, Area of quadrilateral ABCD = 42 + 38 = 80 sq. units.
\ A (2, 1) be the co-ordinates of the other end point. Example 39 :
Example 37 : In the figure, find the value of x.
A
The area of a triangle is 5. Two of its vertices are (2, 1) and
(3, 2). The third vertex lies on y = x + 3. Find the third vertex. x
Solution : 25 E
Let the third vertex be (x3, y3), area of triangle
1
= | [x1 (y 2 - y3 ) + x 2 (y 3 - y1) + x 3 (y1 - y 2 )] |
2 35 60
As x1 = 2, y1 = 1, x 2 = 3, y2 = -2 , Area of D = 5 Solution : B C D

1 In the D ABC, A + B + ACB = 180

5= | 2(-2 - y3 ) + 3(y3 - 1) + x 3 (1 + 2) | 25 + 35 + ACB = 180
2
10 = | 3x3 + y3 7 | 3x3 + y3 7 = 10 ACB = 120
Taking positive sign, Now, ACB + ACD = 180 (linear pair)
3x3 + y3 7 = 10 3x3 + y3 = 17 ......... (i) or 120 + ACD = 180
or ACD = 60 = ECD
Taking negative sign Again in the D CDE, CE is produced to A.
3x3 + y3 7 = 10 3x3 + y3 = 3 ......... (ii) Hence, AED = ECD + EDC
Given that (x3, y3) lies on y = x + 3 x = 60 + 60 = 120
So, x3 + y3 = 3 ......... (iii) Example 40 :
7 13 Find the equation of the circle whose diameter is the line
Solving eqs. (i) and (iii), x 3 = , y3 = joining the points ( 4, 3) and (12, 1). Find the intercept
2 2
made by it on the y-axis.
-3 3 Solution :
Solving eqs. (ii) and (iii), x 3 = , y3 = .
2 2 The equation of the required circle is
7 13 -3 3 (x + 4) (x 12) + (y 3) (y + 1) = 0
So the third vertex are , or , On the y-axis, x = 0
2 2 2 2
48 + y2 2y 3 = 0 y2 2y 51 = 0
Example 38 :
y= 1 52
Find the area of quadrilateral whose vertices, taken in order,
are A (3, 2), B(5, 4), C (7, 6) and D (5, 4). Hence the intercept on the y-axis = 2 52 = 4 13
 15
Example 41 : Solution :
In figure, if l || m , then find the value of x. (a) The triangle PQR is isosceles
MN || QR by converse
Solution :
of Proportionally theorem
As l || m and DC is (b) Again by converse of proportionally theorem, MN || QR
transversal P

\ D + 1 = 180 D 60
m
60 + 1 = 180 1 M N
C
1 = 120
2
Here, 2 = 1 = 120 25 x
A B
(vertically opposite angles) Q R
In the D ABC Example 43 :
A + B + C = 180 The point A divides the join the points ( 5, 1) and (3, 5) in
25 + x + 120 = 180 the ratio k : 1 and coordinates of points B and C are (1, 5) and
or x = 35 (7, 2) respectively. If the area of D ABC be 2 units, then find
the value (s) of k.
Solution :
Example 42 :
3k - 5 5k + 1
M and N are points on the sides PQ and PR respectively of A , , Area of D ABC = 2 units
k +1 k +1
a D PQR. For each of the following cases state whether MN
is parallel to QR : 1 3k - 5 5k + 1 5k + 1
2 k + 1 (5 + 2) + 1 -2 - k + 1 + 7 k + 1 - 5 = 2
(a) PM= 4, QM = 4.5, PN = 4, NR = 4.5
(b) PQ = 1.28, PR = 2.56, PM = 0.16, PN = 0.32 14k 66 = 4 (k +1) k = 7 or 31/9

EXERCISE
1. In triangle ABC, angle B is a right angle. If (AC) is 6 cm, and 3. ABCD is a square of area 4, which is divided into four non
D is the mid-point of side AC. The length of BD is overlapping triangles as shown in the fig. Then the sum of
the perimeters of the triangles is
A
A B

D
D C
(a) 8(2 + 2 ) (b) 8(1 + 2 )
B C
(c) 4(1 + 2 ) (d) 4(2 + 2 )
(a) 4 cm (b) 6cm 4. The sides of a quadrilateral are extended to make the angles
(c) 3 cm (d) 3.5 cm as shown below :
2. AB is diameter of the circle and the points C and D are on
the circumference such that CAD = 30. What is the 75

measure of ACD ? x

C
D

70
A B 115

90
(a) 40 (b) 50 What is the value of x ?
(c) 30 (d) 90 (a) 100 (b) 90
(c) 80 (d) 75
16
5. AB ^ BC and BD ^ AC. And CE bisects the angle C.
A = 30. The, what is CED. D

A B
30
E D E
B C
(a) 30 (b) 60 A
C
(c) 45 (d) 65
6. Instead of walking along two adjacent sides of a rectangular
(a) 1 : 4 (b) 1: 2
field, a boy took a short cut along the diagonal and saved a
(c) 1 : 3 (d) Insufficient data
distance equal to half the longer side. Then the ratio of the
14. Find the co-ordinates of the point which divides the line
shorter side to the longer side is
segment joining the points (4, 1) and (2, 4) internally in
(a) 1/2 (b) 2/3
the ratio 3 : 5
(c) 1/4 (d) 3/4
7. In a triangle ABC, points P, Q and R are the mid-points of 6 7 4 8
the sides AB, BC and CA respectively. If the area of the (a) , (b) ,
4 2 7 7
triangle ABC is 20 sq. units, find the area of the triangle
PQR 7 7 7 8
(c) , (d) ,
(a) 10 sq. units (b) 5.3 sq. units 4 8 12 4
(c) 5 sq. units (d) None of these
8. PQRS is a square. SR is a tangent (at point S) to the circle AD 3
15. In DABC, DE | | BC and = . If AC = 5.6 cm, find AE.
with centre O and TR = OS. Then, the ratio of area of the DB 5
circle to the area of the square is
A

P S D E
O

T B C

Q R (a) 2.1 cm (b) 3.1 cm

(c) 1.2 cm (d) 2.3 cm
(a) p/3 (b) 11 / 7 16. In the adjoining figure, AC + AB = 5 AD and AC AD = 8.
(c) 3 / p (d) 7 / 11 Then the area of the rectangle ABCD is
9. Two circles touch each other internally. Their radii are 2 cm D C
and 3 cm. The biggest chord of the outer circle which is
outside the inner circle is of length
(a) 2 2 cm (b) 3 2 cm A B
(a) 36 (b) 50
(c) 2 3 cm (d) 4 2 cm
(c) 60 (d) Cannot be answered
10. A triangle and a parallelogram are constructed on the same 17. In the given fig. AB | | QR, find the length of PB.
base such that their areas are equal. If the altitude of the
parallelogram is 100 m, then the altitude of the triangle is : P
(a) 100 m (b) 200 m
(c) 100 2 m (d) 10 2 m
11. The sum of the interior angles of a polygon is 1620. The
6c

A
3cm. B
m.

number of sides of the polygon are :

(a) 9 (b) 11
(c) 15 (d) 12
12. From a circular sheet of paper with a radius of 20 cm, four
Q 9 cm. R
circles of radius 5cm each are cut out. What is the ratio of
the uncut to the cut portion? (a) 3 cm (b) 2 cm
(a) 1 : 3 (b) 4 : 1 (c) 4 cm (d) 6 cm
(c) 3 : 1 (d) 4 : 3 18. In DABC, AD is the bisector of A if AC = 4.2 cm., DC = 6
13. In the adjoining the figure, points A, B, C and D lie on the cm., BC = 10 cm., find AB.
circle. AD = 24 and BC = 12. What is the ratio of the area of (a) 2.8 cm (b) 2.7 cm
the triangle CBE to that of the triangle ADE (c) 3.4 cm (d) 2.6 cm
 17
19. Two circles of radii 10 cm. 8 cm. intersect and length of the 28. The figure shows a rectangle ABCD with a semi-circle and
common chord is 12 cm. Find the distance between their a circle inscribed inside it as shown. What is the ratio of the
centres. area of the circle to that of the semi-circle?
(a) 13.8 cm (b) 13.29 cm A B
(c) 13.2 cm (d) 12.19 cm
20. ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral in which BC || AD,
ADC = 110 and BAC = 50 find DAC D C
(a) 60 (b) 45
(c) 90 (d) 120 (a) ( 2 - 1) 2 (b) 2( 2 - 1)2
21. The length of a ladder is exactly equal to the height of the
wall it is resting against. If lower end of the ladder is kept on (c) ( 2 - 1) 2 / 2 (d) None of these
a stool of height 3 m and the stool is kept 9 m away from the 29. If ABCD is a square and BCE is an equilateral triangle, what
wall the upper end of the ladder coincides with the tip of the is the measure of the angle DEC?
wall. Then, the height of the wall is
(a) 12 m (b) 15 m A B
(c) 18 m (d) 11 m
22. In a triangle ABC, the internal bisector of the angle A meets
E
BC at D. If AB = 4, AC = 3 and A = 60 , then the length of
AD is
D C
12 3
(a) 2 3 (b) (a) 15 (b) 30
7
(c) 20 (d) 45
3 3 30. AB and CD two chords of a circle such that AB = 6 cm
(c) 15 (d) 6
8 7 CD = 12 cm. And AB || CD . The distance between AB and
23. In a quadrilateral ABCD, B = 90 and AD2 = AB2 + BC2 CD is 3 cm. Find the radius of the circle.
+ CD2, then ACD is equal to : . (a) (b)
3 5 2 5
(a) 90 (b) 60
(c) 30 (d) None of these (c) 3 4 (d) 5 3
24. How many sides a regular polygon has with its sum of 31. ABCD is a square, F is the mid-point of AB and E is a point
interior angles eight times its sum of exterior angles? on BC such that BE is one-third of BC. If area of DFBE = 108
(a) 16 (b) 24 m2, then the length of AC is :
(c) 18 (d) 30
(a) 63 m (b) 36 2 m
25. The Co-ordinates of the centroid of the triangle ABC are
(6, 1). If two vertices A and B are (3, 2) and (11, 4) find the (c) 63 2 m (d) 72 2 m
third vertex
32. On a semicircle with diameter AD, chord BC is parallel to the
(a) (4, 3) (b) (2, 1)
diameter. Further, each of the chords AB and CD has length
(c) (2, 4) (d) (3, 3)
2, while AD has length 8. What is the length of BC?
26. In given fig, if BAC = 60 and BCA = 20 find ADC
A
B C
60
B

A D
(a) 7.5 (b) 7
20 D (c) 7.75 (d) None of the above
33. The line x + y = 4 divides the line joining the points (1, 1)
C and (5, 7) in the ratio
(a) 60 (b) 45 (a) 2 : 1 (b) 1 : 2
(c) 1 : 2 externally (d) None of these
(c) 80 (d) 90
27. In a triangle ABC, the lengths of the sides AB, AC and BC 34. If the three vertices of a rectangle taken in order are the
are 3, 5 and 6 cm, respectively. If a point D on BC is drawn points (2, 2), (8, 4) and (5, 7). The coordinates of the fourth
such that the line AD bisects the angle A internally, then vertex is
(a) (1, 1) (b) (1, 1)
what is the length of BD ?
(a) 2 cm (b) 2.25 cm (c) (1, 1) (d) None of these
(c) 2.5 cm (d) 3 cm 35. The centroid of a triangle, whose vertices are (2, 1), (5, 2)
18
and (3, 4) is such that BA ^ ED and EF ^ BC, then find value of
ABC + DEF.
8 7 10 7
(a) , (b) , A
3 3 3 3 D P
10 7 10 7
(c) - , (d) , - E
3 3 3 3
36. If O be the origin and if the coordinates of any two points B C
Q1 and Q2 be (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) respectively, then
OQ1.OQ2 cos Q1OQ2 =
(a) x1x2 y1y2 (b) x1y1 x2y2 F
(c) x1x2 + y1y2 (d) x1y1 + x2y2 (a) 120 (b) 180
37. In the given figure, AB || CD, BAE = 45, DCE = 50 and (c) 150 (d) 210
CED = x, then find the value of x. 43. In the figure AG = 9, AB = 12, AH = 6, Find HC.
A
B D

H
x Q
45 50 108
B 72 C
A C (a) 18 (b) 12
(c) 16 (d) 6
(a) 85 (b) 95
44. In the figure given below, AB is a diametre of the semicircle
(c) 60 (d) 20 APQB, centre O, POQ = 48 cuts BP at X, calculate AXP.
38. If the coordinates of the points A, B, C be (4, 4), (3, 2) and
P Q
(3, 16) respectively, then the area of the triangle ABC is:
X
(a) 27 (b) 15
(c) 18 (d) 7
48
39. Arc ADC is a semicircle and DB ^ AC. If AB = 9 and
BC = 4, find DB. A O B
(a) 6 (b) 8 (a) 50 (b) 55
(c) 10 (d) 12 (c) 66 (d) 40
40. In the given figure given below, E is the mid-point of AB 45. OA is perpendicular to the chord PQ of a circle with centre
and F is the midpoint of AD. if the area of FAEC is 13, what O. If QR is a diametre, AQ = 4 cm, OQ = 5 cm, then PR is
is the area of ABCD ? equal to

A E B P A Q

F
O

R
D C (a) 6 cm (b) 4 cm.
(c) 8 cm (d) 10 cm
(a) 19.5 (b) 26 46. In the cyclic quadrilateral ABCD BCD =120 , m(arc DZC)
(c) 39 (d) None of these = 7, find DAB and m (arc CXB).
41. Given the adjoining figure. Find a, b, c C
Z X
C D B
50
b D
c a
36 70 B
A
A
(a) 74, 106, 20 (b) 90, 20, 24
(c) 60, 30, 24 (d) 106, 24, 74 (a) 60, 70 (b) 60, 40
42. In the given figure, ABC and DEF are two angles (c) 60, 50 (d) 60,60
 19

NT 9
47. In the figure , if = and if MB = 10, find MN.
AB 5 E
x
M

D 54
z y Y
B x
A 950 A C B
40

850 650 (a) 20, 27, 86 (b) 40, 54, 86

N T
(c) 20 , 27 , 43 (d) 40, 54, 43
53. The distance between two parallel chords of length 8 cm
(a) 5 (b) 4
each in a circle of diameter 10 cm is
(c) 28 (d) 18
(a) 6 cm (b) 7 cm
48. The perimeter of the triangle whose vertices are ( 1,4), (c) 8 cm (d) 5.5 cm
( 4, 2), (3, 4), will be : 54. In a quadrilateral ABCD, the bisectors of A and B meet
(a) 38 (b) 16 at O. If C = 70 and D = 130, then measure of AOB is
(c) 42 (d) None of the above (a) 40 (b) 60
49. In the figure, AB = 8, BC = 7 m, ABC = 1200. Find AC. (c) 80 (d) 100
A 55. In DABC, E and D are points on sides AB and AC
respectively such that ABC = ADE. If AE = 3 cm, AD =
2 cm and EB = 2 cm, then length of DC is
8 (a) 4 cm (b) 4.5 cm
1200
M B C (c) 5.0 cm (d) 5.5 cm
56. In a circle with centre O, AB is a chord, and AP is a tangent
(a) 11 (b) 12 to the circle. If AOB = 140, then the measure of PAB is
(c) 13 (d) 14 (a) 35 (b) 55
50. Give that segment AB and CD are parallel, if lines l, m and n (c) 70 (d) 75
intersect at point O. Find the ratio of q to ODS 57. In DABC, A < B. The altitude to the base divides vertex
angle C into two parts C1 and C2, with C2 adjacent to BC.
l m n
q Then
A P B (a) C1 + C2 = A + B (b) C1 C2 = A B
X (c) C1 C2 = B A (d) C1 + C2 = B A
58. If O is the in-centre of DABC; if BOC = 120, then the
O
measure of BAC is
2x
(a) 30 (b) 60
y 2y (c) 150 (d) 75
R C Q D S 59. Two parallel chords of a circle of diameter 20 cm are 12 cm
and 16 cm long. If the chords are in the same side of the
(a) 2 : 3 (b) 3 : 2 centre, then the distance between them is
(c) 3 : 4 (d) Data insufficient (a) 28 cm (b) 2 cm
51. In the given figure, AB is chord of the circle with centre O, (c) 4 cm (d) 8 cm
BT is tangent to the circle. The values of x and y are AB BD
60. In a D ABC, = , B = 70 and C = 50, then
P AC DC
BAD = ?
y
(a) 60 (b) 20
B O (c) 30 (d) 50
61. In a D ABC, AD, BE and CF are three medians. The perimeter
X
32 of DABC is always

T A
(a) (
equal to AD + BE + CF )
(a) 52, 52 (b) 58, 52 (b) (
greater than AD + BE + CF )
(c) 58, 58 (d) 60, 64
52. In the given figure, m EDC = 54. m DCA = 40. Find (c) (
less than AD + BE + CF )
x, y and z.
(d) None of these
20
62. In a D ABC, AD, BE and CF are three medians. Then the ratio 73. Two circles intersect each other at P and Q. PA and PB are
two diameters. Then AQB is
( AD + BE + CF) : ( AB + AC + BC ) is (a) 120 (b) 135 (c) 160 (d) 180
3 3 74. O is the centre of the circle passing through the points A, B
(a) equal to (b) less than and C such that BAO = 30, BCO = 40 and AOC = x.
4 4
3 1 What is the value of x ?
(c) greater than (d) equal to (a) 70 (b) 140 (c) 210 (d) 280
4 2
75. A and B are centres of the two circles whose radii are 5 cm
63. Two circles with radii 25 cm and 9 cm touch each other
and 2 cm respectively. The direct common tangents to the
externally. The length of the direct common tangent is
circles meet AB extended at P. Then P divides AB.
(a) 34 cm (b) 30 cm (c) 36 cm (d) 32 cm
(a) externally in the ratio 5 : 2
64. If AB = 5 cm, AC = 12 and AB ^ AC then the radius of the (b) internally in the ratio 2 : 5
circumcircle of DABC is (c) internally in the ratio 5 : 2
(a) 6.5 cm (b) 6 cm (c) 5 cm (d) 7 cm (d) externally in the ratio 7 : 2
65. The radius of the circumcircle of the triangle made by x- 76. A, B, P are three points on a circle having centre O. If
axis, y-axis and 4x + 3y = 12 is OAP = 25 and OBP = 35, then the measure of AOB is
(a) 2 unit (b) 2.5 unit (c) 3 unit (d) 4 unit (a) 120 (b) 60 (c) 75 (d) 150
66. The length of the circum-radius of a triangle having sides 77. Side BC of DABC is produced to D. If ACD = 140 and
of lengths 12 cm, 16 cm and 20 cm is ABC = 3BAC, then find A.
(a) 15 cm (b) 10 cm (c) 18 cm (d) 16 cm (a) 55 (b) 45 (c) 40 (d) 35
67. If D is the mid-point of the side BC of D ABC and the area of 78. The length of tangent (upto the point of contact) drawn
D ABD is 16 cm2, then the area of D ABC is from an external point P to a circle of radius 5 cm is 12 cm.
(a) 16 cm2 (b) 24 cm2 (c) 32 cm2 (d) 48 cm2 The distance of P from the centre of the circle is
68. ABC is a triangle. The medians CD and BE intersect each (a) 11 cm (b) 12 cm (c) 13 cm (d) 14 cm
other at O. Then D ODE : D ABC is 79. ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral, AB is a diameter of the circle.
(a) 1 : 3 (b) 1 : 4 (c) 1 : 6 (d) 1 : 12 If ACD = 50, the value of BAD is
69. If P, R, T are the area of a parallelogram, a rhombus and a (a) 30 (b) 40 (c) 50 (d) 60
triangle standing on the same base and between the same 80. Two circles of equal radii touch externally at a point P. From
parallels, which of the following is true? a point T on the tangent at P, tangents TQ and TR are
(a) R < P < T (b) P > R > T drawn to the circles with points of contact Q and R
(c) R = P = T (d) R = P = 2T respectively. The relation of TQ and TR is
70. AB is a diameter of the circumcircle of D APB; N is the foot (a) TQ < TR (b) TQ > TR
of the perpendicular drawn from the point P on AB. If (c) TQ = 2TR (d) TQ = TR
81. When two circles touch externally, the number of common
AP = 8 cm and BP = 6 cm, then the length of BN is
tangents are
(a) 3.6 cm (b) 3 cm (c) 3.4 cm (d) 3.5 cm
(a) 4 (b) 3 (c) 2 (d) 1
71. Two circles with same radius r intersect each other and one 82. D and E are the mid-points of AB and AC of DABC. If
passes through the centre of the other. Then the length of A = 80, C = 35, then EDB is equal to
the common chord is (a) 100 (b) 115 (c) 120 (d) 125
3 83. If the inradius of a triangle with perimeter 32 cm is 6 cm, then
(a) r (b) 3r (c) r (d) 5r the area of the triangle in sq. cm is
2
72. The bisector of A of DABC cuts BC at D and the (a) 48 (b) 100 (c) 64 (d) 96
circumcircle of the triangle at E. Then 84. If two circles of radii 9 cm and 4 cm touch externally, then
(a) AB : AC = BD : DC (b) AD : AC = AE : AB the length of a common tangent is
(c) AB : AD = AC : AE (d) AB : AD = AE : AC (a) 5 cm (b) 7 cm
(c) 8 cm (d) 12 cm

ANSWER KEY
1 (c) 12 (c) 23 (a) 34 (c) 45 (a) 56 (c) 67 (c) 78 (c)
2 (a) 13 (a) 24 (c) 35 (b) 46 (c) 57 (c) 68 (d) 79 (b)
3 (b) 14 (c) 25 (a) 36 (c) 47 (d) 58 (b) 69 (d) 80 (d)
4 (c) 15 (a) 26 (c) 37 (a) 48 (d) 59 (b) 70 (a) 81 (b)
5 (b) 16 (c) 27 (b) 38 (d) 49 (c) 60 (c) 71 (b) 82 (b)
6 (d) 17 (b) 28 (d) 39 (a) 50 (c). 61 (b) 72 (d) 83 (d)
7 (c) 18 (a) 29 (a) 40 (b) 51 (c) 62 (c) 73 (d) 84 (d)
8 (a) 19 (b) 30 (a) 41 (a) 52 (b) 63 (b) 74 (b)
9 (d) 20 (a) 31 (b) 42 (b) 53 (a) 64 (a) 75 (a)
10 (b) 21 (b) 32 (b) 43 (b) 54 (d) 65 (b) 76 (a)
11 (b) 22 (b) 33 (b) 44 (c) 55 (d) 66 (b) 77 (d)
 21

HINTS & SOLUTIONS

1 2
1. (c) In a right angled D, the length of the median is the x 2 2
2 + y = x + y
2
1
length of the hypotenuse . Hence BD = AC = 3cm.
2 x2
+ y 2 + xy = x 2 + y 2
2. (a) D = 180 - B = 180 - 70 = 110 4
\ ACD = 180 - D - CAD
x 2 + 4xy = 4 x 2
180 - 110 - 30 = 40
y 3
3. (b) A B 4xy = 3x 2 4 y = 3x =
x 4
a 7. (c) Consider for an equilateral triangle. Hence DABC
O
D C consists of 4 such triangles with end points on mid
a points AB, BC and CA
ABCD is square a 2 = 4 a = 2 A

AC = BD = 2 2
perimeters of four triangles P R
= AB + BC + CD + DA + 2(AC + BD)

= 8 + 2(2 2 + 2 2 ) = 8(1 + 2 )
B Q C
4. (c) Sum of all the exterior angles of a polygon taken in 1
order is 360. ar (DABC) = ar (DPQR)
4
75 ar (DPQR) = 5 sq. units
x
8. (a)
P a S r
O
r
a a T
r
115 Q a R
90
In DSOR , a 2 + r 2 = (2r ) 2 = 4r 2
i.e. x + 90 + 115 + 75 = 360
or x = 360 280 = 80 or x = 80 a 2 = 3r 2 or a = 3r
5. (b) In DABC, C = 180 - 90 - 30 = 60
22 2
r
60 Area of circle 22 22 p
\ DDCE = = 30 \ = 7 = = =
2 Area of square ( 3r) 2 7 3 21 3
Again in DDEC , CED = 180 - 90 - 30 = 60
6. (d) D C 9. (d)
2 cm
x 2 + y2
y O'
O
1 cm 3 cm
A B
C B A
According to question, 2 2 cm
x
( x + y) - x 2 + y 2 =
2
x AB = 32 - 12 = 2 2 cm
( x + y) - = x 2 + y2
2
\ AC = 4 2 cm
22
10. (b) Let the common base be x m. D a C
Now, area of the triangle = area of the parallelogram 16. (c)
1
b b
x Altitude of the triangle = x 100
2 A a B
Altitude of the triangle = 200 m
AC + AB = 5AD or AC + a = 5b ....(i)
11. (b) The sum of the interior angles of a polygon of n sides
AC - AD = 8 or AC = b + 8 ....(ii)
p
is given by the expression (2n 4) Using (i) and (ii) , a + b + 8 = 5b or a + 8 = 4b ...(iii)
2 Using Pythagorous theorem,
p p a 2 + b 2 = (b + 8) 2 = b 2 + 64 + 16b
( 2n 4) = 1620
2 180
or a 2 = 16b + 64 = (4b - 8) 2 = 16b 2 + 64 - 64b
1620 2
( 2n 4) = = 18 [From (iii)]
180
or 2n = 22 16b 2 - 80b = 0 or b = 0 or 5
or n = 11 Putting b = 5 in (iii), a = 4b 8 = 20 8 = 12
Area of rectangle = 12 5 = 60
Ratio of uncut portion (p 20 20) - (100p) 17. (b) DPAB ~ DPQR
12. (c) =
Ratio of cut portion (4 p 5 5)
PB PR PB 6
= =
300p 3 AB QR 3 9
= =
100 p 1 \ PB = 2 cm
13. (a) AD = 24, BC = 12 18. (a) A
In DBCE & DADE
since CBA = CDA (Angles by same arc)
BCE = DAE (Angles by same arc)
? 4.2 cm
BEC = DEA (Opp. angles)
\ BCE & DAE are similar Ds
with sides in the ratio 1 : 2
Ratio of area = 1:4 ( i.e square of sides)
14. (c) Here x1 = 4, x 2 = -2, y1 = -1, y 2 = 4 B 4 cm D 6 cm C
and m1 = 3 and m 2 = 5 using angle bisector theorem
AC DC 4.2 AB
m x + m 2 x1 3( -2) + 5( 4) 7 = =
\x = 1 2 = = AB BD 6 4
m1 + m 2 3+5 4
\ AB = 2.8 cm
m y + m 2 y1 3(4) + 5(-1) 7 19. (b) Here, OP = 10 cm; O'P = 8 cm
and y = 1 2 = =
m1 + m 2 3+5 8 P

7 7 10 8
\ The required point is ,
4 8
O L O'
15. (a) In DABC, DE | | BC
By applying basic Proportionality theorem,
AD AE Q
= PQ = 12 cm
DB EC
1
AD 3 \ PL = 1/2 PQ PL = 12 PL = 6 cm
But = (Given) 2
DB 5 In rt. DOLP , OP 2 = OL2 + LP 2
AE 3 (using Pythagoras theorem)
AE 3 AE 3
\ = or = or =
EC 5 EC + AE 5 + 3 AC 8 (10 ) 2 = OL2 + (6) 2 OL2 = 64 ; OL = 8

AE 3 In DO' LP, (O ' L) 2 = O ' P 2 - LP 2 = 64 36 = 28

or = 8AE = 3 5.6 AE = 3 5.6 /8
5.6 8
O'L2 = 28 O ' L = 28
\ AE = 2.1 cm.
 23
O'L = 5.29 cm
3 4 2 12 3
\ OO' = OL + O' L = 8 + 5.29 y= x 3 =
2x 7 1 7
O O' = 13.29 cm
23. (a) We have, AD = AB + BC + CD2
2 2 2
20. (a) ABC + ADC = 180 (sum of opposites angles of A D
cyclic quadrilateral is 180)
A D
50 110

B C
90
B C
In DABC
AC2 = AB2 + BC2
ABC + 110 = 180 AD2 = AC2 + CD2 ACD = 90
( ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral ) 24. (c) Let n be the number of sides of the polygon
ABC = 180 110 ABC = 70 (Q AD || BC) Now, sum of interior angles = 8 sum of exterior angles
\ ABC + BAD = 180 (Sum of the interior angles
p
on the same side of transversal is 180) i.e. (2n 4) = 8 2p
70 + BAD = 180 2
BAD = 180 70 = 110 or (2n 4) = 32
or n = 18
BAC + DAC = 110 50 + DAC = 110
25. (a) Let the third vertex be ( x, y)
DAC = 110 50 = 60 \ The centroid of the triangle is given (6, 1).
21. (b)
x + x2 + x3 3 + 11 + x
1 =6 = 6 14 + x = 18
3 3
x=4
x 3+x
y1 + y 2 + y 3 2+ 4+ y
and =1 =1 6 + y = 3
3 3
y = 3
\ Third vertex is (4, 3)
3 3m
26. (c) In DABC, B = 180 (60 + 20) (By ASP)
9m
A
Using pythagoras , x2 + 81 = (3 + x)2
or x 2 + 81 = 9 + x 2 + 6 x 6 x = 72 or x = 12m 60
Height of wall = 12 + 3 =15 m D
22. (b) B
A

4 30 30 3 20

y
B C C
D B = 100
x
Using the theorem of angle of bisector, But B + D = 180
(Q ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral;
BD AB 4 4 3 Sum of opposite is 180)
= = BD = x & DC = x
DC AC 3 7 7 100 + D = 180 ADC = 80
27. (b) As AD biseets CA, we have A
In DABD, by sine rule, sin 30 = sin B ......(i) BD DC
4/ 7x y =
AB AC
sin 60 sin B 3 5
In DABC, by sine rule; = or
DC 5
=
x 3 BD 3
3 sin 30.y DC 5
or = [putting the value of sin B from (i)] or + 1 = +1
2x 4 / 7x 3 BD 3
B D 6 C
24
DC + BD 5 + 3 A F B
or =
BD 3
BC 8 E
or =
BD 3
BC 3 6 3 9
or BD = = = = 2.25 cm
8 8 4
28. (d) Let the radius of the semi- circle be R and that of the D C
circle be r, then from the given data, it is not possible 1 x x x2
to express r in terms of R. Thus option (d) is the correct Area of DFEB = =
2 3 2 12
alternative.
29. (a) A B x2
Now, = 108
12
x2 = 108 12 = 1296
E
In DADC, we have
60 AC2 = AD2 + DC2
D C = x2 + x2 = 2x2
In DDEC , DCE = 90 + 60 = 150 = 2 1296 = 2592

180 - 150 or AC = 2592 = 36 2

CDE = DEC = = 15 32. (b) B C
2
30. (a) Draw OE ^ CD and OF ^ AB
2 4

6cm A E O F D
A B 4
F BO = radius = 4 = AO
C D
E 22 + 42 - 42 2 1
O
AE = 2 cos A = 2 = =
2 2 4 4 2

1 1
AB || CD (Given) \ BC = AD AE FD = 8 - - = 7 (Q AE = FD)
2 2
Let r be the radius of the circle
Now in rt. D OED, -1 + 1 - 4 1
33. (b) Ratio = - =
5 + 7 - 4 2
(OD) 2 = (OE) 2 + (ED) 2
(using Pythagoras theorem) x +8 2+5
34. (c) Let fourth vertex be (x, y), then =
1 1 2 2
r 2 = x 2 + (6) 2 \ ED = CD = 12 = 6cm
2 2 y + 4 -2 + 7
and = x = -1, y = 1
2 2
r 2 = x 2 + 36 ....(i)
In rt. DOFB, (OB) 2 = (OF) 2 + (FB) 2 2 + 5 + 3 10 1+ 2 + 4 7
35. (b) x= = and y = =
3 3 3 3
r 2 = ( x + 3) 2 + (3) 2 r 2 = x 2 + 6 x + 9 + 9 36. (c) From triangle OQ1Q2, by applying cosine formula.
r 2 = x 2 + 6 x + 18 ....(ii) Y

From (i) and (ii), we get x 2 + 36 = x 2 + 6 x + 18

36 = 6x + 18 36 - 18 = 6x
Q2 (x 2 , y2 )
18 = 6x 3 = x
For (i), r2 = (3)2 + (6)2
r2 = 9 + 36 r2 = 45 Q1 (x1 , y1 )
r = 45 r = 3 5 cm.
31. (b) Let the side of the square be x, then
x and x
BE = BF = X
3 2 O
 25
46. (c) m DAB + 180 120 = 60
Q1Q22 = OQ12 + OQ22 - 2OQ1.OQ 2 cos Q1OQ 2
(Opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral)
or (x1 - x 2 ) 2 + (y1 - y 2 ) 2 m (arc BCD) = 2m DAB = 120.
= x12 + y12 + x 22 + y 22 - 2OQ1.OQ2 cos q
Z C
X
or x1x 2 + y1y2 = OQ1.OQ2 cos Q1OQ 2
37. (a) EDC = BAD = 45 (alternate angles) D B
\ x = DEC = 180 (50 + 45) = 85.
1
38. (d) [4 - (2 + 16) + 3 (-16 - 4) + 3 (4 + 2)]
2
1
= [56 60 + 18] = 7 A
2
39. (a) m ADC = 90
(Angle subtended by the diameter on a circle is 90) \m (arc CXB) = m (BCD) m (arc DZC)
= 120 70 = 50 .
D
47. (d) MBA = 180 95 = 85
AMB = TMN ...(Same angles with different names)
\ D MBA D MNT ......(AA test for similarity)
A B C
MB AB
\ D ADC is a right angled triangle. = .......(proportional sides)
\ (DB)2 = BA BC .. MN NT
(DB is the perpendicular to the hypotenuse) 10 5 90
= 9 4 = 36 = \ MN = = 18.
MN 9 5
\ DB = 6
40. (b) As F is the mid-point of AD, CF is the median of the 48. (d) The three length AB, BC, AC will be
triangle ACD to the side AD. AB = [(-1 + 4)2 + (4 + 2)2 ] = 45
Hence area of the triangle FCD = area of the triangle
ACF.
BC = [(-4 - 3)2 + (-2 + 2) 2 ] = 7 2 + 22 = 53
Similarly area of triangle BCE = area of triangle ACE.
\ Area of ABCD = Area of (CDF + CFA + ACE + BCE)
AC = 42 + 82 = 80
= 2 Area (CFA + ACE) = 2 13 = 26 sq. units.
Perimeter = AB + BC + AC
41. (a) a + 36 + 70 = 180 (sum of angles of triangle)
49. (c) m ABM = 180 120 = 60
a = 180 36 70 = 74
\ D AMB is a 30 60 90 triangle.
b = 36 + 70(Ext. angle of triangle ) = 106
c = a 50 (Ext. angle of triangle ) =74 50 = 24. 3 3
42. (b) Since the sum of all the angle of a quadrilateral is 360 \ AM AB = 8=4 3
2 2
We have ABC + BQE + DEF + EPB = 360
\ ABC + DEF = 180 [Q BPE = EQB = 90 ] 1 1
MB = AB = x 8 = 4
43. (b) m AHG = 180 108 = 720 2 2
\ AHG = ABC .....(same angle with different
names) (AC)2 = (AM)2 + (MC)2 = (4 3 )2 + (4 +7)2
\ D AHG DABC .....(AA test for similarity) = 48 + 121 = 169 ; AC = 169 = 13.
AH AG 6 9 50. (c) Let the line m cut AB and CD at point P and Q
= ; = respectively
AB AC 12 AC
DOQ = x (exterior angle)
12 x 9 Hence, Y + 2x (corresponding angle)
\ AC = = 18 \y=x
6
\ HC = AC AH = 18 6 = 12 ...(1)
Also . DOQ = x (vertically opposite angles)
1 In D OCD, sum of the angles = 180
44. (c) b = (48)
2 \ y + 2y + 2x + x =180
(at centre = 2 at circumference on same PQ) 24 3x + 3y = 180
AQB = 90 (In semi- circle) x + y = 60
QXB = 180 90 24 ( sum of D ) = 66 ...(2)
From (1) and (2) x = y = 30 = 2y = 60
45. (a) AO = OQ2 - AQ2 = 52 - 42 = 9 = 3
\ ODS = 180 60 = 120
Now, from similar Ds QAO and QOR \ q = 180 3x = 180 3(30) = 180 90 = 90.
OR = 2OA = 2 3 = 6 cm. \ The required ratio = 90 : 120 = 3 : 4.
26
51. (c) Given AB is a circle and BT is a tangent, BAO = 32 A + B + C + D = 360
Here, OBT = 90 A + B = 360 (130 + 70) = 160
[ QTangent is ^ to the radius at the point of contact]
OA = OB [Radii of the same A B
+ = 80 ...(1)
circle] 2 2
\ OBA = OAB = 32 In D AOB,
[Angles opposite to equal side are equal]
A B
\ OBT = OBA + ABT = 90 or 32 + x = 90 . + + 0 = 180
x = 90 32 = 58 . 2 2
Also, AOB = 180 OAB OBA 0 = 180 80 = 100
= 180 32 32 = 116 55. (d)
1 56. (c) In D AOB, A + B + O = 180 P
Now Y = AOB A + B = 180 140 = 40
2
[Angle formed at the center of a circle is double the A = B = 20 {AO = BO}
angle formed in the remaining part of the circle] PAO = 90 A B
1 PAB + BAO = 90 60
= 116 = 58 . PAB = 90 20 = 70 O
2
1 57. (c) C
52. (b) m ACD = M(are CXD) = m DEC
2
C1 C2
\ m DEC = x = 40
1
\ m ECB = m (are EYC) = m EDC A B
2 D
\ m ECB = y = 54 In D ADC,
54 + x + z = 180 (Sum of all the angles of a triangle) A + D + C1 = 180; A + C1 = 180 90 = 90
54 + 40 + z = 180
In D BDC,
\ z = 86. B + D + C2 = 180; B + C2 = 180 90 = 90
B A + C1 = B + C 2
53. (a) C1 C2 = B A
M 58. (b)
D
O 59. (b)
A 6 cm C 6 cm
B
N
8 cm 8 cm
A
C D
Two parallel chords AB & CD & AB = CD = 8 cm cm
O 10
Diameter of circle = AD = 10 cm.
10
\ radius = AO = OD = = 5 cm
2 In DADO,

AM = MB =
AB OD = (AO)2 - AD2
= 4 cm.
2
DAOM is Right angle D, = 100cm 2 - 64cm 2 = 6 cm
AO2 = AM2 + OM2 In DBCO,
52 = 42 + OM2
OM2 = 25 16 = 9 OC = OB2 - CB2
OM = 3 cm.
Similarly, = 100cm 2 - 36cm 2 = 8 cm
OM = ON = 3 cm distance between chords = OC OD = 2cm
\ Distance between parallel chords = MN
= OM + ON 60. (c) A
= 3 + 3 = 6 cm

54. (d) A B

O
130 70 70 50
D C B D C
 27
BC2 = (5)2 + (12)2 A
AB BD 12
Given, = BC2 = 25 + 144
AC DC BC2 = 169 5
According to angle bisector theorem which states that B C
BC = 169 = 13 cm O
the angle bisector, like segment AO, divides the sides
of the triangle proportionally. Therefore, A being BC 13
Radius of triangle = = = 6.5 cm
the bisector of triangle. 2 2
In D ABC, 65. (b) Putting x = 0 in 4x + 3y = 12 we get y = 4
A + B + C = 180 Putting y = 0 in 4x + 3y = 12 we get x = 3
A = 180 70 = 60 The triangle so formed is right angle triangle with points
(0, 0) (4, 0) (0, 3)
60
BAD = = 30 So diameter is the hypotenus of triangle = 16 + 9
2
= 5 unit
A radius = 2.5 unit
61. (b)
abc
66. (b) Circum Radius (R)=
4 Area of triangle
[where a, b and c are sides of triangle]
F E
Area of Triangle = s(s - a)(s - b)(s - c)
a+b+c
\ s = 2
= 24

B C
D
Area of Triangle = 24 12 8 4 = 8 3 4 cm2
Let ABC be the triangle and D, E and F are midpoints 12 16 20
of BC, CA and AB respectively. R= = 10 cm
4 8 3 4
Hence, in D ABD, AD is median
AB + AC > 2 AD ...(1) 67. (c) Area of DABD = 16 cm2
Similarly, we get Area of DABC = 2 Area of DABD [Q In triangle, the
BC + AC > 2 CF ...(2) midpoint of the opposite side, divides it into two
BC + AB > 2 BE ...(3) congruent triangles. So their areas are equal and each
On adding the above in equations, we get is half the area of the original triangle]
(AB + AC + BC + AC + BC + AB) > 2 (AD + BE + CF) 32 cm2
2 (AB + AC + BC) > 2 (AD + BE + CF) 1
68. (d) Area of DODE = OK DE A
\ AB + AC + BC > AD + BE + CF 2
Thus, the perimeter of triangle is greater than the sum
of the medians. 1 1
= BC OK K
62. (c) 2 2 D E
P 1 O
63. (b) Q = [BC (AO - AK)]
9R 4
16 B F C
B A 1 2 1
= BC AF - AF
C 4 3 2

Let the two circles with centre A, B and radii 25 cm and 1 1 1 1

= AF BC = area of DABC = 1 : 12
9 cm touch each other externally at point C. 4 3 2 12
Then AB = AC + CB = 25 + 9 = 34 cm. 69. (d) Parallelogram Area = l b
Let PQ the direct common tangent. i.e., BQ ^ PQ and Rhombus Area = l b
AP ^ PQ . Draw BR ^ AP. Then BRQP is a rctangle. l b
Triangle Area =
(Tangent ^ radius at point of contact) 2
In D ABR, Therefore R = P = 2T.
AB2 = AR2 + BR2 70. (a) Since AB is a diameter. Then APB = 90 (angle in the
(34)2 = (16)2 + (BR)2 semicircle)
BR2 = 1156 256 = 900 DBPN ~ DAPB
BR = 900 = 30 cm So, BN = BP2 / AB
64. (a) In D ABC, 66
BC2 = AB2 + AC2 BN = = 3.6cm
10
28
71. (b) In DAOM A 76. (a) In DOBP. A
r
r2 = AM2 + x2 r OB = OP (Q radius)
AM2 = r2 x2 ...(1) x \ OBP = OPB = 35 25
In DAMO' O M O' In D AOP
r2 = (r x)2 + AM2 OA = OP (Q radius)
O
AM2 = r2 (r x)2 ...(2) \ OAP = OPA = 25
B
From eqns. (1) & (2) Now, APB = OPA + OPB 35
r2 x2 = r2 (r x)2 = 25 + 35 = 60 B P
2rx = r2 Hence, AOB = 2APB
r (Angle be substended by are at centre is twice)
x= = 2 60 = 120
2
From eq. (1) A
77. (d)
2
r 3
AM 2 = r 2 - = r 2
2 4

3
AM = r 140
2
B C D
3
Length of chord AB = 2AM = 2 r = 3r
ACB + ACD = 180 (linear pair)
2
72. (d) \ ACB = 180 140 = 40
In D ABC
P BAC + ABC + ACB = 180
BAC + 3 BAC + 40 = 180
73. (d)
O O 4 BAC = 180 40
140
BAC = = 35
4
A Q B
78. (c) A 12 cm
P
p
5 cm

AQP = (Angle in the semicircle is 90)

2
O
p
BQP = (Angle in the semicircle is 90)
2
p p AP is a tangent and OA is a radius.
AQB = AQP + BQP = + p or 180
2 2 Therefore, OA is ^ at AP.
74. (b) In DAOB A So, In D OAP
AO = BO (radii of circles) OP2 = 52 + 122
OP2 = 25 + 144 = 169
30
\ ABO = BAO = 30 x D C
O OP = 13 cm
In DBOC 50
40
BO = CO (radii of circles) B C 79. (b) In D ABC, ACB = 90
\ BCO = OBC = 40 \ ACB + ACD A B
ABC = ABO + OBC 90 + 50 = 140 O
ABC = 30 + 40 = 70 As angle mode by triangle
2 ABC = AOC x = 140 in semicircle is equal to 90.
75. (a) R \ In quad. ABCD BAD + BCD = 180
Q angle of (opp. pair of quad is equal to 180)
BAD = 180 140 = 40
A B P
S T
80. (d)
Q R
T
D PQB and D PRA are similar triangle by AAA criteria.
P
AP AR 5
\ = =
BP BQ 2
P divides AB externally in the ratio of 5 : 2
 29
TP = TQ [The length of tangents drawn from 83. (d) Area of triangle = Inradius Semi-perimeter
an external point to a circle are equal] = 6 16 = 96 sq. cm
Similarly, TP = TR
Using both equation, we get 84. (d) A
TQ = TR B
The relation of TQ and TR is TQ = TR. C
9 cm
4 cm
O 9 cm O'
4 cm
81. (b) D F C

In figure, AC = AO CO
A E B = 9 cm 4 cm = 5 cm {CO = BO'}
Also, CB = OO = 13 cm
In D ABC
There are three common tangents AB, CD and EF
82. (b) DE is parallel to BC A AB = CB2 - AC 2
So AED = C = 35
80 = (13cm)2 - (5cm)2
Since A = 80
Then ADE = 65 = 12 cm
EDB is supplement to ADE. D E
So, EDB = 180 ADE
= 180 65 = 115
35
B C