Geotextiles and Geomembranes 45 (2017) 29e34

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Geotextiles and Geomembranes

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Technical note

Bearing capacity of strip foundations in horizontal-vertical reinforced

soils
Juan Hou a, *, Meng-xi Zhang b, Zhi-heng Dai b, Jia-zheng Li a, Feng-fan Zeng b
a
Shanghai Institute of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, Mechanics Department, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai
200444, PR China
b
Department of Civil Engineering, Shanghai University, 149 Yanchang Road, Shanghai 200072, PR China

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: The formula for calculating the ultimate bearing capacity of horizontal-vertical reinforced soil is inves-
Received 25 December 2015 tigated based on the failure mode and the mechanism of sand beds reinforced with horizontal-vertical
Received in revised form reinforcement. Two components of soils and reinforcement are calculated separately. The ultimate
28 June 2016
bearing capacity of a shallow, concentrically loaded strip footing on homogeneous soil is commonly
Accepted 2 July 2016
Available online 21 July 2016
determined using the Terzaghi superposition method. The contribution of horizontal-vertical rein-
forcement is calculated based on the bearing resistance of the soil against the transverse members. A
vertical inclusion is treated as a retaining wall, the connement being calculated using Rankine's earth
Keywords:
Geosynthetics
pressure theory. An analytical solution is presented including the traditional factors of soil, unit soil
Horizontal-vertical reinforcement weight, footing width, number of horizontal-vertical reinforcement layers, and reinforcement geometry.
Bearing capacity The results were validated against experimental results and the mean error of the theoretical model was
Mechanism about 10%, with a maximum error of about 20%.
Foundations 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Analytical model

1. Introduction vertical spacing between reinforcement layers, reinforced depth,

The development of bearing capacity is one of key topics in
reinforced shallow foundations. Extensive research has explored
the benecial aspects of geosynthetics on the bearing capacity of
shallow foundations. Binquet and Lee (1975a, 1975b), investigating
the bearing capacity of strip shallow foundations reinforced with
metal strips, indicated that the bearing capacity can be improved by
200% compared to unreinforced sand. Guido et al. (1986) reported
that the optimum depth of the top layer is less than about 0.75e1.0
times the footing width. Chung and Cascante (2007) summarized
the results of past laboratory studies on soil reinforcement on
shallow foundations (Fragaszy and Lawton, 1984; Huang and
Tatsuoka, 1990; Khing et al., 1993; Omar et al., 1993; Yetimoglu
et al., 1994). These researchers stated that the parameters identi-
ed as critical in improving bearing capacity include the embed-
ment depth of reinforcement, number of reinforcement layers,
* Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: juanhou@staff.shu.edu.cn (J. Hou), mxzhang@i.shu.edu.cn
(M.-x. Zhang), 372848681@qq.com (Z.-h. Dai), 1332457674@qq.com (J.-z. Li), z.y.
fan@foxmail.com (F.-f. Zeng).
and width of reinforcement.
In addition to planar reinforcements, considerable attention has
been given recently to advanced three-dimensional reinforcement
(Ghosh and Bera, 2005; Han et al., 2007). Tafreshi Moghaddas and
Dawson (2010) compared the bearing capacity of a strip footing on
sand with geocells and with planar forms of geotextile reinforce-
ment and found that the geocell reinforcement signicantly in-
creases the load carrying capacity, reduces the footing settlement
and decreases the surface heave of the footing bed more than the
planar reinforcement with the same characteristics and the same
mass. Mosallanezhad et al. (2008, 2015, 2016a, 2016b) studied the
bearing capacity of grid-anchor reinforced granular soils; here the
grid-anchor reinforcement consisted of the geogrid and anchors
with cubic elements attached to the geogrid. Test results indicated
that the use of grid-anchor to reinforce the sand increased the ul-
timate bearing capacity of a shallow square footing by a factor of
1.8. Zhang (2005) proposed a horizontal-vertical (H-V) reinforce-
ment (patented in China) that attached several small inclusions
vertically to the horizontal reinforcement (Fig. 1). Extensive
research has shown the benecial aspects of H-V reinforcement
(Zhang et al., 2006, 2008; Hou et al., 2011a). Several experimental
and numerical investigations have been conducted on H-V rein-
forced foundation (Hou et al., 2011b, 2013, 2014). The effects on soil

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geotexmem.2016.07.001
0266-1144/ 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
30 J. Hou et al. / Geotextiles and Geomembranes 45 (2017) 29e34
Fig. 1. Horizontal-vertical reinforcement.
bearing capacity of the depth of the rst layer, the vertical distance
between layers and the number of reinforcement layers have been
investigated.
Determining the bearing capacity of different types of founda-
tions is a topic of great interest from the point of view of design.
Numerous analytical studies have examined the effect of soil re-
inforcements on the ultimate bearing capacity of foundations
(Chakraborty and Kumar, 2014; Chen and Abu-Farsakh, 2015).
Kumar and Sahoo (2013) proposed an empirical method to calcu-
late the ultimate bearing capacity of a rectangular footing on
reinforced soil and validated their results in large-scale model tests.
Michalowski and Shi (2003) found that, while reinforcement affects
the failure mechanism to some degree, the characteristic features of
the collapse process resemble that of unreinforced soil.
Soils and reinforcement are two main components of the bearing
capacity of reinforced foundation. Recognizing this, Michalowski
(2004) proposed a kinematic approach of limit analysis to calculate
the bearing capacity of reinforced soil foundations. However, all
these research studies are generally meant for foundations on plane-
reinforced soil beds. Hardly any analytical studies are available that
look at the ultimate bearing capacity of a strip footing placed over
soils that are embedded with three dimensional H-V reinforcements.
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the formula for the ulti-
mate bearing capacity of a H-V reinforced foundation.
2. Brief overview of laboratory tests
A previous study has detailed a series of model tests (Hou, 2010;
Hou et al., 2011b) and hence we give here only a brief description of
the equipment and testing method. The model tests were con-
ducted in a box 1.4 m long, 0.6 m wide and 0.8 m deep. The model
footing was a steel plate of dimensions 0.15
0.592 m (B
L, where
B and L represent the width and length respectively of the rect-
angular footing) and 0.025 m thick. The particle size of the sand is
mainly between (0.3e2.36)
103 m. The density of soil is 19 kN/
m3 and the soil shear strength angle is 38.6 . The strip reinforce-
ment and horizontal inclusions of H-V reinforcement are 0.75 m
long, 0.02 m wide and 0.002 m thick. The vertical inclusions are
0.03 m high, 0.02 m wide and 0.002 m thick and are xed on the
horizontal inclusions every 0.075 m. Nine H-V reinforcements are
uniformly laid out in one layer. N (from 1 to 3) layers of rein-
forcement were placed at specic depths in the sand bed for each
model test. The depth of the each layer from the bottom face of the
footing to the top of the vertical inclusions was measured as zi (i
from 1 to 3). The test programs and main conclusions are sum-
marized in Table 1.
3. Ultimate bearing capacity of the sand band reinforced with
H-V reinforcements
As indicated in laboratory model tests and numerical analyses,
H-V reinforcements can provide resistance to lateral displacement
of the foundation soil and redistribute the applied load to a wider
area, thus minimizing the stress concentration and achieving a
higher bearing capacity. Hence, the contribution of H-V reinforce-
ment to the bearing capacity must be incorporated in the bearing
capacity calculation. As investigated by Michalowski (2004), the
characteristic feature of the collapse process of a reinforced foun-
dation resembles that of unreinforced soil. The bearing capacity of a
reinforced foundation has two components: soils and reinforce-
ment. Hence, the method of superposition can be used. For
example, the bearing capacity equation for a strip footing rein-
forced with H-V reinforcement has the following form:
pHV ps Dp (1)
where pHV the ultimate bearing capacity of an H-V reinforced
foundation. ps the ultimate bearing capacity of the corresponding
unreinforced soil foundation, and Dp the increased bearing ca-
pacity due to the H-V reinforcement.
The limit equilibrium method is used most commonly to eval-
uate the bearing capacity of footings because of its simplicity
(Terzaghi, 1943; Vesic, 1973; Kumbhojkar, 1993). The ultimate
bearing capacities of strip footings can be determined using Ter-
zaghi's general shear failure mechanism, in which the ultimate
bearing capacity of a shallow, uniformly loaded strip footing on a
homogeneous soil is commonly determined as:
1
ps cNc qNq Ng gB (2)
2
whereNc, Nq,Ng bearing capacity factors, B foundation width,
q uniform surcharge around foundation, c effective soil cohe-
sion andg unit weight of soil. The case of interest here is the
bearing capacity of a foundation initially on the surface of a cohe-
sionless soil (c 0, q 0). Accordingly, Eq. (2) becomes
1
ps Ng gB (3)
2
Many researchers (Bergado et al., 1993; Jewell, 1990; Matsui
et al., 1996; Moraci and Gioffre, 2006) have found that the
bearing resistance of the soil against the transverse members is the
dominant contributor to pull-out resistance. Jewell (1990) found
that the bearing resistance of the soil against the transverse
members, for a grid reinforcement of length LR and width WR
(Fig. 2a), can be evaluated from the following expression:
Fb L
R sz WNb (4)
WR S
whereFb is the resistance of the transverse members against the
soil, S is the spacing between grid bearing members, LR/S is the
number of grid bearing members, Nb is the bearing resistance fac-
tor, W is the bearing member thickness and sz is the normal stress.
For unit ultimate bearing resistance,sb, Eq. (4) can be rewritten as:
Fb
sb Nb sz (5)
WR W LSR
Many studies (Jewell et al., 1984; Peterson and Anderson, 1980;
Bergado et al., 1993; Matsui et al., 1996) have shown that the
bearing resistance factor Nb depends only on soil shear strength
angle. In particular, the micro-scale research of Zhou et al. (2012)
showed that the solutions of Matsui et al. (1996) are in good
agreement with their experimental results.
Matsui et al. (1996) proposed an equation based on a Prandtl
mechanism as shown in Fig. 2b:
 J. Hou et al. / Geotextiles and Geomembranes 45 (2017) 29e34 31

Table 1
The test programs and main conclusions (Hou et al., 2011b).

N z1 (m) z2 (m) z3 (m) B (m) g (kN/m3) f ( ) n W (m) Ultimate bearing capacity (kPa)

1 0.045 0.15 19 38.6 11 9
0.02 260.1

0.075 245.2
0.115 281.4
2 0.045 0.075 355.1
0.075 0.115 345.2
3 0.045 0.075 0.115 605.1

Fig. 3. Schematic diagram for H-V reinforcement.


 1 
 y sy  usx sz
Fig. 2. Schematic diagram for grid.  E


 1
 (7)



  z s z  u s x s y
 E
p f p f p f 
Nb eptan f tan cos  1  sin fsin   0
y z
4 2 4 2 4 2
(6) We nd that:

where f internal friction angle of soils. sy sz (8)

As the ratio between the distance between grid bearing mem-
bers and bearing member thickness increases, the interference
between these members will decrease to the extent that they
behave as a series of isolated bearing members (Moraci and Gioffre ,
2006; Palmeira, 2004). Hence, the bearing resistance due to the H-V
reinforcement can be approximated as a series of isolated bearing
members as shown in Fig. 3a. It then can be treated (Fig. 3b) in the
vertical direction as a H-V reinforced foundation. In Fig. 3b, the
strain along the length of the footing can be approximated as zero.
In addition,y can be approximated as zero because of the restric-
tion of vertical elements. Using a generalized Hooke's law for stress
and strain:
Following the approach adopted by Matsui et al. (1996), in this
H-V reinforced foundation, Eq. (5) can be rewritten as:
sb Nb sy (9)
Fig. 4 presents the forces acting on the foundation reinforced by
one H-V layer. In this case, it is assumed that the contact pressure
distribution is uniform on every vertical inclusion. Dq, the change in
horizontal stress applied to the vertical reinforcement elements can
be used to dene the resistance of a vertical inclusion.
Based on the experimental and numerical results previously
mentioned, it can be seen that a vertical inclusion can be treated as
32 J. Hou et al. / Geotextiles and Geomembranes 45 (2017) 29e34

Fig. 4. The force polygon of H-V reinforcement.

a retaining wall (Fig. 4). Therefore, the Dq can be calculated by layer. Therefore, according to Eq. (9), the improvement of vertical
Rankine's earth pressure theory. The lateral earth pressure on the bearing capacity, Dp, due to all vertical inclusions can be stated as:
top and bottom of a vertical inclusion of unit width for Rankine's

active state is: X Kp  Ka g

Dp Nb Dq Nb Wn 2zi H (18)
2
qatop Ka gzi ; qabottom Ka gzi H (10)
The ultimate bearing capacity equation for a strip footing rein-
where, H is the height of a vertical inclusion. Hence, the mean value forced with a layer of H-V reinforcement can be calculated from
is: Eqs. (3) and (18) as:
 

qatop qabottom 1 Kp  Ka g
qa (11) pHV gBNg Nb Wn 2zi H (19)
2 2 2
For the Rankine passive state it is: Many researchers (Fragaszy and Lawton, 1984; Huang and
Tatsuoka, 1990; Khing et al., 1993; Omar et al., 1993; Yetimoglu
qptop Kp gzi ; qpbottom Kp gzi H (12) et al., 1994) stated that the parameters identied as critical in
improving bearing capacity include the embedment depth of
and the mean value is: reinforcement, number of reinforcement layers, vertical spacing
  between reinforcement layers, reinforced depth, and width of
qptop qpbottom reinforcement. In particular, previous experimental studies
qp (13) (Binquet and Lee, 1975a, 1975b; Yetimoglu, 1994) stated that the
2

where Ka and Kp are Rankine's coefcients of active and passive

lateral earth pressure, respectively, and can be stated as:

 110 Model NewFunction (User)
f
Kp tan2 45 (14) Equation A/x
2 Reduced 282.486
100 Chi-Sqr 84

 Adj. R-Squar 0.39768
f
Ka tan2 45  (15) Value Standard Err
2 90 ?$OP:F=1 A 5.1690 0.61347
p (kPa)

Therefore, the connement of a vertical inclusion of unit width

can be calculated as follows:
80

Kp  Ka g
Dq qp  qa 2zi H (16)
2 70
The contribution of all vertical inclusions can be calculated as
follows:
60

X Kp  Ka g
Dq nW 2zi H (17) 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.11 0.12
2
zi
where, n is the number of vertical inclusions on a H-V reinforce-
ment, and W is the sum of the widths of vertical inclusions in a Fig. 5. Fitting curve (s 0.3%B).
 J. Hou et al. / Geotextiles and Geomembranes 45 (2017) 29e34 33

Table 2
The comparisons for different cases.

N z1 (m) z2 (m) z3 (m) b1 b2 b3 Measured (kPa) Proposed method (kPa) Error (%)

1 0.045 1.11 260.1 261.1 0.3

0.075 0.67 245.2 250.2 2.0
0.115 0.44 281.4 243.3 13.5
2 0.045 0.075 1.11 0.67 355.1 375.5 5.7
0.075 0.115 0.67 0.44 345.2 357.5 3.5
3 0.045 0.075 0.115 1.11 0.67 0.44 605.1 481.0 20.5

value of the reinforcement embedment depth is largely inuenced
the bearing capacity. Hence, a correction,bi, for the effect of
embedment depth is introduced. Hou (2010) proposed an equation
for an H-V reinforced foundation by tting the test results as shown
in Fig. 5:
capacity of H-V reinforced foundation. However, it should be noted
that the experimental results are based on tests conducted in a
small model box. Research on the best value of n, the real life loads
and sizes is necessary, and full application is possible only after the
above limitations are better understood.

1
bi i 1; 2; /N (20) Acknowledgments
20zi
The contribution of reinforcement layers to the bearing capacity This study has been supported by the gs1:National Natural
can be calculated by summing across every layer of H-V rein- Science Foundation of China (Nos. 41372280 and 41202215). The
forcement. Therefore, the ultimate bearing capacity equation for a authors would like to express their gratitude for this nancial
strip footing reinforced with multi-layer H-V reinforcement can be assistance.
calculated as:
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