ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF FOUR STORY REINFORCED CONCRETE BUILDING using STAAD Pro and the NSCP 2010 SHANG FENG L. LIU ELVI L. SORRERA REYNALDO O. AQUITANIA ALLAN E. BOTUYAN STRUCTURAL ENGINEERS ASSOCIATION OF DAVAO, INC.ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF FOUR STORY REINFORCED CONCRETE BUILDING USING STAAD PRO AND THE NSCP 2010 Copyright @ 2011, The Structural Engineers Association of Davao, Inc. All rights reserved. This publication or any part thereof must not be reproduced in any form without the written permission of the Structural Engineers Association of Davao, Inc. (SEAD). Structural Engineers Association of Davao, Inc. (SEAD) B & L Building, Beside Davao River Bridge Diversion Road, Davao City, 8000 Philippines Telefax No. + (082) 241-2886 E-mail Address _: sead.tech@yahoo.com‘Analysis and Design of Four Story Reinforced Concrete Building using STAAD Pro andthe NSCP 2010 Contents Table of Contents Page MODULE 01: Structure Modeling 1 Shang Feng L. Liu, PICE, SEAD MODULE 02: Application of Primary Loading 16 Elvi L. Sorrera, Civil Engineer, MBA. MODULE 03: Load Combination and Analysis 45 Reynaldo O. Aquitania, MSCE, ASEP, SEAD MODULE 04: —_ Design and Detailing 62 Allan E. Botuyan, MSCE, ASEP, SEAD APPENDICES: 89 Appendix A: Floor Plan and Elevation 90 STAAD Pro Command File 92 Appendix C: STAAD Models 99 THE AUTHORS 101 SPONSORS 104 Teint SEAD-PICE Nos Davao Technical Conerence - i‘Analysis and Design of Four Story Reinforced Concrete Building wing STAD Pro andthe NSCP 2010 | Module 01 Structure Modeling MODULE 01: STRUCTURE MODELING . ‘Shang Feng L. Liu, PICE, SEAD ~T¥ koint SEAD FICE Nor Davao Technical Conference ae [aeAnalysis and Design ofF ‘using STAADPro and the NSCP 2010 | Module 01 Modeling ture Story Reinforced Concrete Bu MODULE 01: STRUCTURE MODELING Shang Feng Liu, PICE, SEAD 1. INTRODUCTION Structural design of buildings whether it is a concrete or steel structure must satisfy safety and serviceability criteria. For a structure to be safe, it must have adequate strength and ductility to resist occasional and extreme load such as earthquake or wind load. To ensure structural performance, functionality must be met without causing excessive deflections An accurate prediction of the behavior of a structure subjected to extemal loadings is essential in the design of new structures and analysis of existing structures. In order to perform a structural analysis, the designer must model the structure to a greater or lesser degree of accuracy representing the structure, depending on the complexity and the computational tools at hand. If the modeling and the assumptions applied in the structural analysis are in close agreement with the actual conditions, such analysis can often produce results that are in reasonable agreement with the performance in service. Structural modeling must be done with the clear understanding of the structural load-carrying mechanism which are involved and an appreciation for essential behavior versus unimportant details. In some cases, modeling is relatively routine, while in others, it may require a great deal of skill and experience. This paper will present the modeling of a Four Story Reinforced Concrete office building. It will be modeled in a three dimensional space frame in STAAD Pro software. The structure model requires initial sizing of members such as beams and columns and application of member specifications. The sizing of the members shall be based on the NSCP 2010 and ACI 318-05. Proper modeling of actual structure must be given due importance such that the actual behavior of the structure subjected to various loads must be accurately represented in the analytical model within the STAAD Pro environment, In doing so, the stress results would be reliably used in the design of the members such as columns and beams. A brief discussion on slab modeling using master/slave specification to simulate the diaphragm effect is presented. The use of the command “MEMBER RELEASE” specification in the structure modeling will be effective in the load distribution of the structure such as beams resisting gravity loads only is also discussed. Modeling of foundation components such as footings and tied beams are excluded in this Presentation as this would require a significant time for an in-depth treatment and discussion, 2. MODELING OF STRUCTURE The first step to the structural analysis is to model the structure either in two-dimensional or three- dimensional frame. The determination of the stresses of structural components using a 2-D frame system can be easily achieved by manual computation while a 3-D system needs the use of computer computational tools. However, as previously mentioned, in order to have 1 Toit SEAD-PICE Novth Davao Fecal Conference : zAnalysis and Design of Four Story Reinforced Concrete Bulding using STAAD.Pro and the 2010 | Module 01 - structure Modeling results close to the actual performance, a three dimensional system is best suited to represent the actual model The STAAD Pro Software is capable of modeling complex three dimensional structures or space frame, in which, for this case, is being utilized as a tool in modeling and analyze the structure as shown in the picture below. + Gea venaKre, To analyze the behavior of the structural members such as the relationship between the external load and the intemal stresses and deformation, certain idealization is necessary by converting members to such a form that the analysis of their behavior become possible. These idealizations include mathematical model that represents the type of structural members being assumed and the structural support conditions as illustrated in figure 2.1 ICE North Davao Technical Conttrense“Analysis and Design of Four Story Reinforced Concrete Building using STAAD.Proand the NSCP 2010 | Module 01 Modeling GIRDER: GIRDER REACTION REACTION o Figure 2.1 Idealization (a) joist and girder framing (b) concentrated load on single span ‘To better understand the modeling of members, a brief discussion on the types of structural frame and the degrees of freedom in a line element is presented. Type of structural frames and number of degrees of freedom a. Space frame ~ six (6) degrees of freedom (ux, uy, uz@@, Oy, 02) per node b. Plane frame — three (3) degrees of freedom (ux, uy, 02) per node ©. Trusses — two (2) degrees of freedom (ux, uy) per node ee rio ce * (@) () A degree of freedom (DOF) is defined as a direction where deformation is allowed ata joint or node, All line elements representing beams and columns are connected at joints or nodes Fora line element in a space frame, there are six (6) DOF's per node: ux, uy, 2s, Oy. Where ux, uy, uz are translations along x, y, and z local axes, respectively and Ox, Oy, 02 are the rotations about x, y, and z local axes, respectively. ~Floint SEAD-PICE Novi Davao Tecaisal Confaence er1 Joint SEADYPICE Noni Davao Technical Canfapspge ‘Analysis and Design of Four Story Reinforced Concrete Building using STAAD.Pro andthe NSCP 2010] Module 01 ~Structure Modeling ‘A degree of freedom is FREE when it is allowed to translate, say in the x- direction. That ‘means ux is not equal to zero (0) deformation. On the other hand, it is NOT FREE when it is not allowed to translate, that is ux és equal to zero (0) deformation. The same is applied with rotational degrees of freedom. For every line clement there are two (2) nodes: the START NODE and the END NODE. The local x-axis is the connection between the START NODE and the END NODE with the start NODE being the origin of the local axis. For every DOF, there is an equivalent force or moment. Such as ux>Px, uy>Py, uz->Pz, are translations and corresponding forces. Also 0x-Mx, 6y->My, 02-9Mz.are rotations and corresponding moments. Where, Px - Axial force at the node Pz. - Shear forces at node ‘My,Mz- Bending Moment about y and z axes End node 2 ‘uy2 Start node 1 Type of structural members: a. Axial member — subjected only to tension or compression forces (i.e. brace and struts, concentrically loaded columns) b. Torsional members — subjected to twisting moment o torque ©. Flexural members — members that are subjected to bending moments and shear (i.e, beams, eccentrically loaded column) For this presentation, the structure is modeled as a SPACE FRAME with the beams and columns being idealized as line elements and the supports are modeled as fixed on the office building. While it is true that modeling the real form of a structure is very complicated, Staad Pro software has a way to imitate the actual condition or its idealized form by applying member specifications such, beta angles, member releases, member offset and master/slave specifications‘Analysis and Design of Four Story Reinforced Concrete Building using STAAD.Proand the NSCP 2010 | Module 01 - Structure Modeling 3.0 MEMBER SPECIFICATIONS 3.1 Beta angles When assigning member properties to the model, one must be careful to examine the orientation of the section’s principal axis so that the desired position is correctly in-placed. The use of beta angle to change the orientation of the members is illustrated in this section. FIGURES (a. and b.) SHOWS THE DEFAULT ORIENTATION OF MEMBER efit rintation of the member ‘ligne withthe global axis ce solumn orientation nests i (2) Isometric view ofthe structure (©) Plan of column orientation Figure below illustrates corrected orientation of the member Global zaxis —P (2) Isometric view of the column orientation ccarerodovcsaton of the member wing bts angle TF oi SEAD-PICE Novth Davao Tesinial Conferencen of Four Story Reinforced Concrete Building using STAADPro and the NSCP 2010 | Module Modeling 3.2 Member Release In STAAD Pro modeling, members are assumed to be rigidly framed into joints in accordance with the structural type specified such as space frame This means that by default, STAAD assumes that the connection between any two members to be fully capable of transmitting all 3 forces and all 3 moments from one member to the other. This type of connection can be illustrated in actual practice such as the concrete beam-column connection that is monolithically cast. Should one desire that the connection to be of the type which does not permit one or more forcesimoments to be transmitted to the other member, MEMBER RELEASE can be used to communicate that information to STAAD program stating the “start” or “end” of the member that has such connection. A good example of members that usually does not permit the transfer of moments to the other member are intermediate beams and hinged connected members. These beams usually are modeled to carry gravity loads only. Figure below illustrates ofthe use of Member Release + Monet sesiing | - connection ten Manber sr, | May iol eo mona | a= bo [Ne 1 a As explained earlier, the node in a member of the moment resisting frame has six degrees of freedom and is represented by three forces, Fx, Fy, Fz and three moments Mx, My, Mz. Take note that the degrees of freedom Fx through Mz that can be release are based on the local axis of the member at whose end the released is specified. Use of partial release of the moment can simulate semi- tigid connection and can also prevent joint instability. Only the moment degrees of freedom can be partially released. 1 foint SEAD-PICE Nik Davao Todhnical Conference ~ - ae‘Analysis and Design of Four Story Reinforced Concrete Building using STAAD.Pro and the NSCP 2010] Module 01 ~Structure Modeling 3.2 Member Offset When creating a model consisting of beams and columns, generally, the START or END face of the member is assumed to be located at the nodal point. In other words, the distance from the respective node to the START or END face of the member is treated as zero. Thus, for example, if nodes 11 and 12 are connected by MEMBER 1, then, the start face of the member is located at node 11, and the end face at node 12. tot , cH ae Node 1 Without Offsets This assumption may not always reflect the true physical condition on the structure. For example, when a beam meets a column, the common node between the beam and column is usually defined as being at the shear center (centerline for symmetrically shaped) of the column. Common Node Common Node ht inches 13 inches. 1 Taint SEAD ICE North Davao Tosinical Cattrence — — — r‘Analysis and Design of Four Story Reinforced Concrete Building using STAAD.Proand the NSCP 2010 | Module 01 -Structure Modeling But, physically, the start face of the beam is not at that node, but at half the column depth away from the node. One may choose to ignore this "shift" if the column depth is negligible in comparison to the span of the beam However, if one wishes to take advantage of the high stiffness that the half- depth region of the column offers, then using the member offset command may be considered. The member offset is a way of declaring that the region, whose length is defined by the offset, is a rigid zone. Effective span 17 in 13 in. Otset With Offsets The member end forces that STAAD reports are at the face of the member, not at the node, when an offset is specified, If the offset is applied at the base of a column, then the member end force may not be equal in magnitude to the corresponding support reaction terms. If one is interested in checking static equilibrium based on the free body diagram at that support, the member end forces must be transferred from the member face to the support node taking into consideration the rigid link defined by the offset. 4, MASTER/SLAVE SPECIFICATION Concrete slabs in a building behave rigidly along the plane of the slab in every story. It means that the beams are restrained against axial deformation as well as lateral bending because of the in-plane restraints provided by the slab connected to the beams. Thus, the relative positions of the beams connected at the joint will not change. Any point located within the slab will remain its relative position to other points within the same plane. To attain the diaphragm effect of the floor, it is imperative to employ the “MASTER/SLAVE” specification. Since the floor is oriented in the 7-X plane, the specification SLAVE ZX command shall be used. This specification is equivalent to stating that the degrees-of-freedom (DOF’s) ux, uz, and @y in the joints, within the same slab level, are restrained (i.e. NOT FREE) relative to a joint, called the MASTER NODE, in the same floor or slab level. Restraining these degrees of freedom would mean that member TV Teint SEADSPICE Now Davao Teall Cotteace oo cr 7Analysis and Design of Four Story Reinforoed Concrete Bulldng using STAAD.Pro and the NSCP 2010 | Module Modeling deformations are also not allowed in these nodes. Therefore, there will be no member stresses at the nodes equivalent to Fx, Fz, and My stresses. At every floor level there is one MASTER NODE linking all other nodes as SLAVE NODES, Since the relative position of all connecting beams at the node within the floor level, the MASTER NODE can be arbitrarily selected and the other nodes are selected as SLAVES. The importance of MASTER SLAVE specification should be emphasized in the modeling of building structures for the following reasons: 1. The lateral forces will be properly distributed to the columns according to their stiffness. 2. In actual buildings, beams and girders integrated with the slab do not experience lateral bending and axial deformations. Therefore the model is realistic. 3. Not using the MASTER SLAVE specification will underestimate the moments in the columns. Figure showing effects of MASTER/SLAVE specifications Should the designer choose to model the slabs as plate elements, the model cannot guarantee a rigid floor diaphragm without using the MASTER SLAVE specification. It will contribute certain in-plane rigidity, but not a fully-rigid floor diaphragm because the plate element is a thin plate element allowing out-of-plane as well as in-plane deformation. Furthermore, caution must be exercised in using plate as a floor due to its load transfer ‘mechanism of the plate. Because plate is a 3 or 4-noded element, the connection between the beam and the plates must be carefully establish. In STAAD program, the mechanism of the oad transfer is through the nodes, hence, if the plate is not properly dissected or discretized into small plate elements and is properly connected to the beam, the load from the plate cannot transfer to the beam.Analysis and Design of Four Story Reinforced nerete ding using STAAD.Pro and the NScP 2010 | Module 01 Modeling (2) 4-noded plate element used to represent slab (b) Discretized plate element for proper load ‘transfer from slab to beam GRAPHICAL ILLUSTRATION OF PLATES ELEMENTS 5. SUPPORTS Supports are specified as PINNED, FIXED, or FIXED with different releases (known as FIXED BUT). A PINNED support has restraints against all translational movement and none against rotational movement. In other words, a PINNED support will have reactions for all forces but will resist no moments. A FIXED support has restraints against all directions of movement. In this paper, since much emphasis is given to the design and analysis of the super structure, the supports are modeled as FIXED supports. Kx M0 K semesyis not 0 Qe ny a.Pinned support _b. Fixed support ¢. Roller support 7. MEMBER SIZES The STAAD Pro Software accommodates any size assigned to members without validation with respect to any code. One must be responsible to establish reasonable member sizes according to the governing CODE requirements. Member sizing for concrete structures is very straight forward compare to steel structure which maybe a little complicated. The member sizes for reinforced concrete structures are usually dictated by its deflection and the minimum space requirement for the concrete aggregates. “Point SEAD-PICE Noth Davao Technical Confersof Four Story Reinforced Concrete Building using STAAD.Pro and the NSCP 2010 | Module o1 Modeling Initial member sizing is a starting point to modeling the sizes of the beam and column elements and this serves as initial input for analysis. Note that design is an iterative process: and along the process, sections may change in the next iteration. Below are some of the common rules used in the practice that set the preliminary sizing of the member that help minimize iteration in the design process. The modeler may follow the NSCP Code suggestions. 6.1 INITIAL MEMBER SIZES FROM NSCP/ACI-318 The National Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP) 2010, recommends minimum member sizes. For beams and girders, Table 409-1 of section 409.6 suggests the following minimum depths of members as shown below. Minimum thickness, ‘Simply | One end | Both end Supported _| continuous continuous Cantilever Members not supporting or attached to partitions or other construction | Member likely to be damaged by large deflections Solid one | way slab 1/20 am ws | ao Beams or ribbed one | | way slabs | 1/16 1/18.5 3/2 eiemee| NSCP Table 409-1-Minimum Thickness of Non-prestressed Beams or One-Way Slabs Unless Deflections are computed As a guide, STAAD Pro Software does not include proportioning of members based ‘on seismic provision as required by the ACI Code thus the designer may refer to the following requirements: Flexural members shall satisfy the following: (ACI Code Section 21.3.1.1, 2006 Ed; NSCP Code Section 421.5.1.1 to 4) Clear span /n> 4 x effective depth, d The flexural member width-to-depth ratio, b/d > 0.3 Flexural member width b > 250mm (10”) Flexural member width, bs of the supporting member plus distances on each side of the supporting member not exceeding % of the depth of the flexural member, Bene Members subjected to Bending and Axial Load (Columns) (NSCP Code Section 421.6.41.1) 1. The shortest cross-sectional dimension, measured on a straight line passing through the geometric centroid, shall not be less than 300mm. Joint SEAD-PICE Noth Davao Technical Conference‘Analysis and Design of Four Story Reinforced Cancrete Building using STAAD. thenscP 2010 | Module Modeling 2. The ratio of the shortest cross-sectional dimension to the perpendicular dimension shall not be less than 0.4. For this presentation, the initial sizes of the members are shown in the table below: = Member Deseription ___| Member Size (in mm) Interior Columns: Ground floor to third floor level 400 x 400 Third floor to roof deck level 350 x 350 Comer Columns Ground floor to third floor level 300 x 500 | _____ Third floor to roof deck level 300 x 450 | Girders Longitudinal (x direction) 300 x 450 _Transverse (z direction) 300 x 400 Intermediate Beams ~_ 250 x 400 Stair beams 250 x 350 8. FINAL MEMBER SIZES Since the design is an iteration process, the preliminary sizes used for analysis and design need not necessarily be the final sizes. The final size shall satisfy the design requirements as required by the Code such as strength and deflection requirements. Almost often the preliminary sizes require adjustments until it satisfies all the design requirements. The ‘number of iteration is dependent on the convergence of the last and the preceding iteration. 9. BASIC Steps of Modeling in STAADPRO 1. Select the TYPE of structure to work on a. SPACE b. PLANE c. TRUSS d. FLOOR 2. Input the LENGTH and FORCE UNITS 3. Create the GEOMETRY a. Joint Coordinates - Node points b. Member Incidences - Beams/Columns c. Element Incidences - Slabs/retaining walls Four Options ~ Parametric Geometry Generations - Input the coordinates - Import Structure from Cad Software - Import Existing Structure - Use the command "Run Structure Wizard" 4. Assign SECTION PROPERTIES 1 Tonk SEADSPICE Nast Davao Teshaical ContesAnalysis and Design of Four Story Reinforced Concrete Bulding using STAADSPro and the NscP 2010 | Module Modeling a. Concrete Section - Prismatio(e.g. Rectangular, Circular, Trapezoidal, etc.) b. Steel Section - Built-in Steel Section Properties: ¢.¢., Tube, Wide Flange, Angles, ete. 5. Assign MATERIAL CONSTANTS a. Density - Concrete, D = 23.60 KN/cu.m. b. Modulus of Elasticity - Concrete, E= 4730xfe! c. Poison's Ratio 4. Alphanumeric 6. Assign SUPPORTS a. Pinned b. Fixed c. Fixed but can be roller, with springs, ete. d. Inclined 7. Assign MEMBER SPECIFICATIONS a. Beta Angles b. Member Release c. Master/Slave Specifications After properly modeling the structure, it is now ready to be assigned with Primary Loadings and Load Combinations. This shall be discussed thoroughly in the next module. 9. CONCLUSIONS Itis very important that in modeling a building structure, the analytical model should be as close as possible to the behavior of the actual structure. In doing so, the analysis and design output is more reliable and will make the designer more confident. The modeling can be efficiently done using the STAAD Pro software, however the designer has the ultimate esponsibility in properly modeling the structure. This is only possible when sound and good understanding of structural engineering principle is properly applied. 1 int SEADSPICE Nor Davo Tecnica Contereice is‘Analysis and Design of Pour Story Reinforced Concrete Building using STAAD.Pro and the NSCP 2010 | Module Modeling 10, REFERENCES Structural Engineering Handbook, 3 edition, Gaylord and Gaylord Structural Steel Designers Handbook, 3" edition, Roger L. Brockenbrough and Federick S. Merritt National Structural Code of the Philippines, Volume 1; Buildings, Towers and Other Vertical Structures (C101-10), 6th Edition. Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines (ASEP), Manila, 2010. ACI Manual of Concrete Practice 2006, ACI318-05: Building Code Requirement for Structural Concrete and Commentary. American Concrete Institute (ACI Committee 318), Farmington Hills, MI, USA, 2006. Technical Reference manual, STAD Pro 2005, Research engineers International, Bentley Solutions Center (2005) Bentley Communities, Structural Anaysis and Design, Internet Resources http://communities bently.com/ 1 Toint SEAD-PICE Neth Davao Tena Conse 7 is‘Analysis and Design of Four Stary Reinforced Concrete Bulldng using STAAD.Pro and the NSCP 2010 " [ Module 02~ Primary Loading MODULE 02: APPLICATION OF PRIMARY LOADS ELVIL. SORRERA, Civil Engineer, MBA ~Y Sein SEAD-FICE Nov Devas Technical Confrence‘Analysis and Design of Pour Story Reinforced Concrete Building using STAADProand the NSCP 2010 | Module La MODULE 02: APPLICATION OF PRIMARY LOADS. Elvi L. Sorrera, Civil Engineer, MBA 1, INTRODUCTION After the structure has been geometrically modeled in previous module, this will be subjected to gravity loads (i.¢, dead load and live load), wind load and seismic load as well as load combinations. As an in-depth study of these loadings, this module is dedicated to the determination and application of forces into the structure based on Section 204 for Dead Load, Section 205 for Live Load, Section 207 for Wind Load and Section 208 for Seismic Load of the National Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP 2010) as the governing code of the country. Wind load, on the other hand, will be not be included in this discussion for its stress effect is not critical in low to medium tise reinforced concrete structure but rather on light-frame structure such as steel. This is due to the fact that reinforced concrete structure, which is heavier by nature, is more critical on earthquake event since seismic loading is generated by the weight of the structure itself. Discussion on the mode of load transfer on the structural members from the slab to the beams and columns is presented in this paper. As commonly encountered by design practicing engineers, the use of STAAD Pro facility is shown on various application: Self-weight of the structure, Concentrated loading in the structural element. Member loading of walls, roof dead weight, roof live load and wind load. Floor loading of the office dead and live load by the use of one-way load or two-way load approach. €. Plate loading if this is necessary in the modeling. aege 2. OBJECTIVE OF THIS PAPER The primary objective of this paper is to establish a common and basic understanding of applying gravity and seismic loads to the structure. The application of these loads shall be modeled in such a way that the modes of load transfer from the slabs to the beams and columns are representative of the actual load behavior. Different slab load models shall be compared with each other to determine what is more appropriate in representing a more accurate load transfers, In this way the designer will have a better understanding in what load ‘model to be applied to specific slab and wall configurations, 3. GRAVITY LOADS Gravity loads basically consists of dead load and live load. These are the loads that act downward (in STAAD Pro model, this is global Y axis). Hence, gravity loads when applied to the beams, floor, and or plate elements, it must be preceded by a negative sign.‘Analysis and Design of Four Story Reinforced Conerete Building using STAAD.Pro and the NSCP 2010 | Module 02 - Primary Loading 3.1 DEAD LOAD Section 204 of the NSCP discusses the minimum loads of the structure that must be designed to carry. Some of the common dead loads applied to the modeled structure is based on Table 204-2 as shown below: DEAD LOADS Beam/Column Selfweight 23.6 KN/m’_| Reinforced Concrete Slab (100mm thick) 2.36 kPa - Floor Finish (40mm thick) 0.94 kPa” CHB Walls (2 faces plastered) _150mm CHB Exterior Walls _|3.30kPa_| Table 204-2 100mm CHB Interior Walls 2.44 kPa : Movable Partition - 0.50 kPa | For seismic loading _ 1.00 kPa | For gravity loading Ceiling (Suspended Channel + Acoustic Board | 0.15 kPa | Table 204-2 EE/ME/Plumbing Utilities 0.10 kPa | ‘Summary of Dead Loads on Typical Floor Beam/Column Selfweight 23.6 kNim® | Total Floor Slab Load w/ ceiling & utilities | 4.05 kPa_| On floor area | Loading from ext. walls (3.30 kPax 3m) | 9.90 kN/m_| On beams supp. walls Loading fom int. walls (2.44 kPa x im) "| 7.32 kNim | On beams supp. walls] Beam/Column Selfweight 3.6 kN/m* | Reinforced Concrete Slab (100mm thick) 2.36 kPa Floor Finish (40mm thick) 0.94 kPa CHB Walls (2 faces plastered) - “| ___100mm CHB Exterior Walls _ 2.44 kPa Ceiling (Suspended Channel + Acoustic Board | 0.15kPa_ | Table 2042 [_ZEE/ME/Plumbing Utilities 0.10 kPa Summary of Dead Loads on Roof Deck ‘Beam/Column Selfweight 23.6 kNiaw ‘Total Floor Slab Load w/ ceiling & utilities | 3.55 kPa | On floor area | Loading from ext, walls (2.44 kPa x Im) 2.44 kN/m_| On beams supp. walls 3.2 LIVE LOAD On the other hand, Section 205 of the NSCP discusses the minimum live load of the structure that must be designed to carry, such as uniform and concentrated live loads. Table 205-1 shows the complete list of minimum live loads such as; ~TSoint SEAD-PICE Nath Davao Technical Coafeease as a‘Analysis and Design of Four Story Reinforced Concrete Building using STAAD.Pro and the NSCP 2010 | Modile 02 - Primary Loading LIVE LOADS: “Office __ : i On floor area ‘Commercial Assembly - ‘On floor area Residential/Dormitory [2.04 kPa_|On floor area In this presentation the structure is categorized as an office building with 2.40kPa uniform live load is used in the analysis, 4.0 SEISMIC LOAD The vibratory ground motions caused by an earthquake event can have damaging effects on structure and can even lead to collapse. It is extremely important to consider seismic effect in the design of the buildings in the Philippines because of the fact that the country generally falls on a high seismic-risk zone. NSCP 2010 Section 208 provides a general procedure in dealing with seismic load which is patterned from the Uniform Building Code. The structure limitations and design is bounded by seismic zoning, field characteristics, occupancy and structural configuration. Dealing with seismic load application requires two steps to follow; 1. Determination of Seismic forces. 2. Use these forces in the analysis and design in combination with the gravity loads This module will focus on the determination of seismic forces as the basic approach while analysis and design in combination with gravity loads will be discussed further in the succeeding modules. As a first step in the seismic load application, determination of seismic forces has three (3) general approaches to choose from; 1. Simplified Static Force Procedure, This procedure, as set forth in Section 208.5.2.3, can be used with of Occupancy Category IV and V. a. Buildings of any occupancy (including single-family dwellings) but not more than three (3) storeys in height excluding basement and use light-frame construction. b. Other building not more than two (2) storeys in height excluding basement. 2. Static Lateral Force Procedure. This procedure, as set forth in Section 208.5, can be used for the following structures. a. All structure with Occupancy Category IV and V in seismic zone 2. b. Regular structures under 75 meters in height (approximately 25 storeys) except those structures on soil condition vulnerable to potential failure such as 1 Font SEAD-PICE Nowth Davao Teahnal Conleenas : > Tr)Analysis and Design of Pour Story Reinforced Concrete Building using STAAD.Pro and th 2010 | Module o2 Loading liquefiable soils, quick and highly sensitive clays and collapsible weakly cemented soils. c. Irregular structures not more than five (5) storeys or 20 meters high 4. Structures with flexible upper portion supported rigidly on its lowest portion. 3. Dynamic force procedure. This procedure, as set forth in Section 208.6, can be used for the following structures, Structures with 75 meters (approximately 25 storeys) or more in height. Structures having stiff and weight or geometrically vertical irregularity. Structures over five (5) storeys or 20 meters high in Seismic Zone 4, Structures located on soft or liquefiable soils. pose Among the three procedures presented, Simplified Static Force procedure is not included in the STAAD Pro facility because of its simplicity. Only the Static Force procedure and the Dynamic Force procedure are available in STAAD Pro facility. Since the criteria for the Static Lateral Force Procedure is applicable to the sample model then the dynamic force procedure may not be applied. 4.1 SEISMIC FORCE CALCULATION Earthquake, by definition from Wikipedia, is the result of a sudden release of energy in the earth's crust that creates seismic waves which is translated into the so called “Seismic Force”. This force when applied to the structure is called “Seismic Load” and this is expressed mathematically by the equation; E=pEn+Ey Where:p «reliability factor Ey = lateral or horizontal seismic force component due to Base Shear (V) Ey __ - vertical seismic force component 4.11 RELIABILITY FACTOR, For multiple lateral loadings in the structure, a degree of redundancy shall be provided in the system. Consider one element of the structure will start to yield; relatively the system will also experience re-distribution of load to the remaining elements. In order to control excessive displacement of the structure and to prevent the formation of collapse mechanism; reliability factor should be introduced to improve seismic performance of the building by making it as redundant as possible. Section 208.5.1.1 of the NSCP 2010 expressed the Teliability factor by this equation; 0 =2-[6.1/ tmx (As)""| for SMRF “Toit SEAD-PICE Nerik Davao Technical Conleenes ~ — 30°‘Analysis and Design of Four Story Reinforced Concrete Building using STAAD.Pro andthe NSCP 2010 | Module Loading Where: tex = maximum of the sum of shear in any two adjacent columns divided by the total shear in that storey for SMRF. This is only for the lower 2/3 of building height or storey <1.25 maximum limit for SMRF > 1.00 minimum limit for all structures As = ground floor area of the building in sq.m. For moment resisting frame, frax is the maximum of the summation of the shears in any two adjacent columns of a bay in the frame divided by the total shear in the storey. To show the calculation of reliability factor, rmax shall be determined from the generated STAAD facility analysis using the given procedure. 1. Determine how many storeys shall be included in the calculation of the reliability factor. Height considered = 2/3 of total building height 2/3 (15 meters) = 10 meters From the model with a total height of 15 meters and an average storey height of 3 meters, the ten (10) meters from the ground falls on the 3" floor. Therefore, all tnx from first to third floor shall be accounted but choose only the highest value. 2. Calculate total shear Vii in each floor for x and z direction. Vioat OF X™ floor = Viti + Wx oo. cesses ct W%q 3. Determine the maximum of the sum of shear in any two adjacent columns divided by the total shear in that storey. * When maximum column shear of the storey “x”, happens to be the exterior column, the sum of the shear of two adjacent columns shall be calculated by this equation; Vx" hoor = Vmax + 0.70V X05} * When maximum column shear of the storey “x”, happens to be the interior column, the sum of the shear of two adjacent columns shall be calculated by this equation; Vx" oor = 0.70VXmux + 0.70 VX 1" SEAD PICE Noh Davao T Canteens acmesndthe nscP2010 | Module 0 Loading ‘Analysis and Design of Four Story Reinforced Concrete Bulldng using STAD. a 4. Calculate trax in each storey by the maximum Vx" goo, against the total storey shear; Trax = VX" oor! VXiaat 5. Summarizing alll the tax in each storey, choose the highest Trax of all and adopt this value to calculate the reliability factor (p) of the structure. To appreciate the discussion, the four storey sample building has been subjected to gravity and seismic loadings; let us calculate the maximum reliability factor of the system. 1. Open STAAD model with generated load already in the structure and operate the following functions; Step 1: OPEN STAAD FILE Step 2: ANALYZE, RUN ANALYSIS. Step 3: Make sure ACTIVE LOAD page is set to desired seismic loading and direction. Step 4: Click POST PROCESSING, RESULT, VIEW VALUE, BEAM RESULT, MAXIMUM, SHEAR, ANNOTATE, OK, CLOSE. Step 5: Click local SHEAR Y FORCE Step 6: Click FRONT VIEW +Z Step 7: Click-Hold mouse and Drag to target column storey. Notice that the column will tum to bold red. Step 8: Click CUT SECTION, SELECT TO VIEW, VIEW HIGHLIGHTED ONL and then OK Step 9: Click ISOMETRIC VIEW to view the shear column of the whole floor as shown. 1" Floor FLOORI-SEISMICX-SHEARX. Applying seismic lateral force in x-direction, shear values are generated in the x-direction of the first floor as shown; 218.547KN 1 foint SEAD-PICE Noh Davao Tecuial Conferenae %Analysis and Design of Four Story Reinforced Concrete Bul the nscP 2010 | Module 02 - rims Loading a. V1" gut = 3,563.575 KN (it is the sum of all shear in the first storey columns in the shear x-direction). b. VI" nex = 215.547 KN (this column becomes interior column when considering shear x-direction). ¢. Adjacent column shears are 208.751 KN and 187.055 KN. Therefore select 208.751 KN, d. Therefore; Tax = (0.70(V1%max) + 0.70(V1"ad))} / V1"total (0.70(215.547) + 0.70(208.751)] / 3,563.75 0.083, FLOORI-SEISMICX-SHEARZ. Applying seismic lateral force in x-direction, shear values are generated in the z-direction of the first floor as shown; l.. foe Leer qty" a, VI" gu = 164.482 KN (it is the sum of all shear in the first storey columns in the shear z-direction). b. VI" pax =17.956 KN (this column becomes interior column when considering shear at z-direction). ¢. Adjacent column shear is 15.280 KN and 15.550 KN. Therefore select 15.550 kN, d. Therefore; Tmax = [0.70(Vmax) + 0,70(Vadj)] / Vtotal 0.70(17.956) + 0.70(15.550)] / 164.482 1143, FLOORI-SEISMICZ-SHEARX. Applying seismic lateral force in z-direction, shear values are generated in the x-direction of the first floor as shown; ~TTeint SEAD-PICE Nor Davo Techical Conzence on‘Analysis and Design of Four tory Reinforced Concrete Bullding using STAAD. 2010 | Module 02 - Prim $I) chap sn a 4, Visat = 213,902 KN (it is the sum of all shear in the first storey columns in the shear x-direction). b. Vinex = 19.646 KN (this column becomes interior column when considering shear x-direction). ©. Adjacent column shear is 19.357 KN and 16.976 kN. Therefore select 19.357 (0.70( Vmax) + 0,70(Vadi)] / Vtotal (0.70(19.646) + 0.70(19.357)] / 213.902 128 Tmax FLOORI-SEISMICZ-SHEARZ. Applying seismic lateral force in z-direction, shear values are generated in the z-direction of the first floor as shown; Tint SEAD-PICE North Davao Technical Conference 24wscP 2010 | Module 02 Lu ‘Analysis and Design of Four Story Reinforced Concrete Building using STAAD.Pro and a. Viout = 3,563.575 KN (it is the sum of all shear in the first storey columns in the shear z-direction), b. Venex =206.268 KN (this column becomes interior column when considering shear z-direction) ¢, Adjacent column shear is 206.086 KN and 171.902 kN. Therefore select 206.086 KN. d. Therefore; [0.70(Vmax) + 0.70(Vadj)] / Vtotal = [0.70(206.268) + 0.70(206.086)] / 3,563.575 0.081 Follow the same approach in getting the rmax of 2" floor and 3" floor and tabulate results to get the highest of all the rmax Which, will be used in the calculation of reliability factor, p Direction | ‘Shear Values, kN Floor Scismic Vadj | Viloor a x x 215.547 | 208.751 | 297.001 | 3,563.575 [x Zz 17.956 | 15.550 | 23.454] 164.482 | 0.143 _| z x 19.646 | 19.357 | 27302 [213.902 | 0.128 _| : z z 206.268 | 206.086 | 288.648 | 3,563.575 | 0.081 _| a x x__ | 220.726 | 201.681 | 295.685 [3,171,166 | 0.093 x z | 20.041| 13.618| 23.561] 145.975 | 0.161 z x 19.769 | 17.061 [25.781 | 196.948 | 0.131 [— z z 221.355 | 219.691 | 308.732 | 3,162.264 | 0.098, ci x x__| 157.473 |" 148.508 | 214.187 |2,428.296 | 0.088 [x z 13,952 [10.714 | 17.266 | 118392 | 0.146 z | x 19.070 | 15.386 | 24.119 | 147.038 0.164 z z 161.681 [160.872 | 225.787 | 2,428.294 | 0.093 Highest Fas = 0.164 Choose the highest rmas {0 be used in the calculation, this case rimax = 0.164 (from seismic x with shear value at z-direction of 2" floor). Substituting to the equation; = [6.1 / Pax VAB, =[6.1/(0.164x ¥486) } = 0312 Since p is less than 1.00 therefore use p = 1.00 as the minimum limit of SMRF, it shows that there is no need to add more bays at short direction. 1 Saint SEAD-PICE Neth Davao Techni Conference - - 5 35‘Analysis and Design of Four Story Reinforced Concrete Building using STAAL 4.12 DETERMINATION OF LATERAL SEISMIC LOAD COMPONENT, Ey, The determination of seismic forces using the Static Lateral Force procedure requires the calculation of horizontal shear at the base of the structure which will generate lateral forces over the height of the structure. The base shear is the product of seismic response coefficient Cs and the total weight of the structure. This base shear is also known as the lateral seismic load is expressed by the equation. =[Cyl/RT]W V total base shear in kN cy ~ seismic coefficient factor from table 208-2 and table 208-8 T= seismic importance factor from table 208-1 R ~ global ductility factor from table 208-11 T elastic period of vibration, seconds Ww - total seismic dead load, KN Limits, Vase = [2.5CU/R] W Vain = 0.11C,IW for general area i.e, zone 2 for the Philippines Vein = [0.80 ZNI/R] W for seismic zone 4 Fundamental Period, T Each structure has a unique natural or fundamental period of vibration which is the time required for one cycle of free vibration. The factors in determining the fundamental period include the stiffness and heights of the structure, and the fundamental period may vary from 0.1 seconds for a single-storey building to several seconds for a multi-storey building, T = Gtiy ‘yy, = height in meter of the roof above the base, not including the height of penthouse or parapets. C; = 0.0853 for steel moment-resisting frames = 0.0731 for reinforced concrete moment-resisting frames = 0,0488 for all other buildings. T = (0.0731) (15) = 0,56 second The form of this expression indicates that the natural period increases as the height of the structure increases and is greater for steel frames than for concrete frames. “Tein SEAD FICE North Davao Teal Conferense ; %6‘Analysis and Design of Four Story Reinforced Concrete Bullding using STAAD.Pro and the NSCP 2010 | Module 02 - Primary Loading Seismic Dead Load, W The seismic dead load W as specified in NSCP Section 208.5.1, is the total dead load of the structure and that part of the service load which may be expected to be attached to the building, and is expressed by this equation: W = (Total Dead Load of the Structure, DL.) + (25% of Floor Live Load only for Storage and Warehouse) + (0,50kN/m2 allowance for movable partition) + (Total weight of permanent equipment and fittings). Roof and floor live loads, except as noted above, are not included in the value of W’as they are considered negligible by comparison with the dead loads. In designing floor members for gravity loads, the loading intensity specified in the NSCP Section 204.3 for movable Partitions is /.0 kN/m’, This value allows for local concentration of the partitions, while the overall average value of 0.50 kN/m? is adopted for seismic loads. For permanent walls which are constructed from heavier materials, the actual weight of the walls shall be used. 4.13 DETERMINATION OF VERTICAL SEISMIC LOAD COMPONENT, Ey The following requirements apply in Seismic Zone 4 only. The vertical effect of seismic force is expressed by the equation Ey =0.50C,1D where: C, _ - seismic coefficient factor from table 208-2 and 208-7 I «seismic importance factor from table 208-1 D = total dead load in kN when used with Strength Design method ~ By is zero in value when used with ASD method Finally, E = pE), + Ey shall be used in the load combination for the analysis of the structure which will be discussed in the next module, E=pEy+ Ey Where: E,= =[Cvl/RT] W. = [(0.641) /(8.50.56)])W =0.134W Pp =2-[6.1/ tm VAB] ~[6.1/0.161 x V486 ] 381 therefore use 1.00 30. CID .50 (0.441) 220D D=DL 1 Tint SEAD-PICE Newth Davao Technical Coateoase