Materials

& Design
Materials and Design 27 (2006) 251258
www.elsevier.com/locate/matdes

Short communication

Determining springback amount of steel sheet metal

has 0.5 mm thickness in bending dies
a,*
Ozgur Tekaslan eker b, Ahmet Ozdemir
, Ulvi S b

a
Army Academy, Ankara, Turkey
b
Faculty of Technical Education, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey

Received 6 April 2004; accepted 11 October 2004

Available online 2 December 2004

Abstract

Importance of bending dies is very wide in sheet metal industry. Knowing that springback amount of bending material in bending
dies is as important as the die itself, because the material leaving the die should be within the allowed tolerance limits. Therefore, in
this study the subject of bending dies and springback in bending process has been researched. In order to nd springback in bending,
a V shaped die is designed and it has been aimed to nd out how much can steel sheet metal materials resile in various angles and
to bring forward springback graphics to add literature. There is little satisfying information in the literature regarding this issue. In
order to reach a conclusion, 15 dierent dies have been prepared, more than 150 samples, each of which has been bent at least 10
times, have been bent and the obtained angles have been measured with prole meter. The acquired results have been statistically
evaluated in a computer media and converted to graphics.

2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Bending dies; Springback; V-bending

1. Introduction have brought forward all functions to act on spring-

Many researches conducted in the last 15 years have
indicated that springback has a very important role in
sheet metal industry and studied how this permanent
physical variation can be avoided. It has been observed
that, the one common point of all these researches is
based on estimating or determining the amount of
springback beforehand and accordingly designing and
later manufacturing of dies to be based on the consid-
eration of this springback amount. Whereas, some
researchers, in order to minimize springback amount,
have dealt with bipartite functions of both die and
material thus have brought forth ideal die or matrix
measurements. On the other hand, some researchers
* formed on bending was Hills basic sheet metal bending
Corresponding author. Tel.: +90 312 417 51 90/4323; fax: +90 312
418 32 26.
E-mail address: tekaslan@yahoo.com (Ozgur Tekaslan).
back and have determined how to minimize such
functions.
Springback can be minimized by means of die design,
however it cannot be eliminated at all. To decrease
springback, compression to minimum is one of the most
important problems in die design. If springback cannot
be estimated exactly beforehand, in order to nd out the
value to substitute springback as well as proper shaping
parameters tests one after the other are performed to
nd out springback amount. This will lead to wastage
of time and material and the most important of all in-
crease in cost. Therefore, knowing beforehand that
springback amount has cardinal importance, some of
these researches are presented below.
One of the most important studies that has been per-
theory. Hill brought forward complete solution theory
of the movement of perfect and natural axis of soft

0261-3069/$ - see front matter
2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2004.10.006
252 Ozgur Tekaslan et al. / Materials and Design 27 (2006) 251258
metals along bending. In addition to this theory Pros-
kass perfect bending of stress deformation hardening
theory has been improved by Crafoord. Crafoord, while
improving this theory, found out results of taking back
loading of Baushinger eect and adopting actual stress
model for the existing place of at surface and un-
stressed surface between bers. With Crafoords theory,
it is possible to calculate stress distributions. On the
other hand, Verguts and Sowerby studied individual
deformation of bers without considering Baushinger
eect [1].
In bending processes, in order to achieve the desired
perfect bending prole, stressstrain distributions are
very important. Bending, generally, involves placing a
sheet of metal over the matrix on the press bed and forc-
ing compression of the punch, which is mounted on the
press ram, inside the larger die, called the matrix or, sim-
ply, die and as a result bending of sheet metal around
the punch tip. At this moment, sheet metal exceeds pos-
sible springback amount and springback value. During
bending process, while one side of the sheet metal is sub-
jected to intensive forcing of compress stress on one sur-
face, the other surface is subjected to tensile stress.
While sheet metal material is bent inside the die, on
the section standing in the neutral axis, namely, the side
subjected to forcing compress stress, the sheet metal
material is wider than its original width, whereas sides
staying out of the natural axis and trying to be pulled
by the material are smaller than their original width
[15].
Kwok and Lee have conducted a research studying
clever machines employed in unmanned exible sheet
metal manufacturing systems and calculating mechanic
specication dierences in materials arising from their
production during bending process [6]. Bauer and Kho-
dayari [7] have performed experiments through CNC
tensile machines by changing bending angles and bring-
ing forward a mathematic model in order to nd out
material die parameters. This machine has the ability
to monitor bending angle.
The rst objective of the research conducted by Shu
and Hung [8] was to employ nite elements method to
analyse the relation between springback and variables.
Later, in order to minimize springback and to nd out
optimum shaping parameters, they combined nite ele-
ments analysis and optimization techniques. The results
acquired from the study were compared with experimen-
tal data.
Tseng et al. [9] studied to examine copperberyllium
[CuBe] sheet metal behaviors in all principles. Tseng
and others researched on the importance of springback
value in shaping of CuNiBe alloy and have suggested
many analytical formulas regarding estimated spring-
back and performed designing of elements achieved
by means of a computer [10]. Pourboghrat and Chand-
orkaran Chandorkar, Micari and others conducted a
joint study with Forcellese and his fellows by employ-
ing nite elements method. As a result, they have
found out that nite elements method can be employed
in the calculation of springback as well as calculation
of die parts and supported these data with experiments
[1113].
Yuan [14] tried to lessen springback in material sub-
jected to plastic deformation through redistribution of
exible stresses inside the material after being released
from the eecting load. Up to now, springback was lim-
ited to homogenous material. Yuan, after increase in the
usage of composite materials in engineering, has re-
searched and presented a mathematical model solution
to determine springback acting on such materials. Lo
et al. [15] have researched conformity of springback of
metal parts and surface tension deformations to power
transfer sciences in their researches.
Wang et al. [16] have developed a computer program
named BUKME for bending in air and bending in die
processes and U die, V die simulation. Results of simu-
lation were compared by experimental results.
On the other hand, Wang, Kinzel, Altan; accompa-
nied by Tsujio and others; Ling, Murty and Everhie;
Zhang and others; Schmoeckel and Beth; El-Domiaty
and colleagues have conducted studies on mathematical
models to avoid springback [1923].
2. Springback
Since all materials have limited elastic modulus, when
a load acting on plastic deformation is relieved from the
material, it is followed by several elastic improving. In
bending process, elastic limits of materials are exceeded,
but ow limit thereof cannot be exceeded. Therefore, the
material still keeps a portion of its original exibility
character: When the load is released, the material on
forcing compress side tries to enlarge, whereas the mate-
rial on tensile side tries to shrink. As a result, the mate-
rial tries to springback and the bended material by
exing slightly tries to open. We name this nature of
material as springback. This is indicated in Fig. 1. And
if noticed, it can be seen that the last bending angle fol-
lowing springback is smaller and the last bending radius
is larger than the previous ones. [Rs > Rb] [3,17,18]
Springback Rb
after bending Rs
s
Bending Force Has Not
b Removed Yet
Fig. 1. Springback formed following bending.
 Ozgur Tekaslan et al. / Materials and Design 27 (2006) 251258 253

Springback varies according to:

Minute
10
59
49
32

59
7
 Thickness of the material
 Material and process parameters [temperature, etc.]

Degree
 Type of material [elasticity modulus, yield stress,

2
1
1
1
1
0
Springback
deformation hardening, etc.]
 Period when punch load stays on the material

Degree
2.17
1.98
1.82
1.54
1.11
0.50
 Dimensions of die
 Force applied

Minute
As well as

10
59
49
32

35
7
 If R/T is big, springback increases accordingly

Degree
 Larger die gap results in more springback

106
121
136
151
165
92
 Springback varies proportionally with bending radius

Average
 As long as bending radius increases, springback

Degree
92.17
109.98
121.92
136.54
151.11
165.50
Bending angles of steel sheet metal 0.5 mm thickness, measurements performed on samples, arithmetical averages and springback amounts
increases as well [35,17,18]

92.16
107.05
121.55
136.50
151.32
165.59
In order to make bending at a desired angle, spring-
back amounts should be avoided. The following are
the methods that have been employed widely to avoid

92.14
106.59
121.49
136.22
151.00
166.03
springback:

 Bending angle is increased depending on springback

Method 1. Result of the experiment where thickness of the sheet metal is considered and the punch is kept 20 s.
92.10
106.55
121.50
138.19
151.24
165.52
 Bending area is crushed so as to not resile

Steel sheet metal sheet metal material with 0.5 mm thickness, samples
Material is stretched and later bent
 Period during which loads apply on material is

92.04
106.59
121.48
136.24
151.18
165.35
increased [35,17,18]

In order to accomplish bending at the desired angle, 92.15

107.05
121.58
138.41
150.56
165.40
bending angle is increased as much as springback. This
is also called excess bending. Excess bending signi-
cantly decreases springback. This may be arranged for
92.12
107.00
121.55
136.45
150.54
air bending by adjusting epact of the punch. Air-bend- 168.00
ing processes performed in V type bending dies, ex-
107.02
121.40
136.42
150.55
165.43
92.08

cess bending method, have been exercised in order to

prevent springback.
Although it has been told that this method may avoid
92.06
106.55
121.46
136.30
151.27
165.14

springback amount, accomplishing an ecient result

cannot be possible, thus certain negative points of this
method have been brought forward. Bending angle var-
106.58
121.48
136.07
151.02
165.17
92.13
92.00
106.45
121.00
136.00
150.30
155.10

Punch
Measured angle

Waste part (its thickness

105
120
135
160
165
90

is equal to sheet metal

thickness)
Bending angle

Female die
Table 1

90
75
60
45
30
15

Fig. 2. Parts of the modular die.

254
ies according to material types. As an example: spring-
back for soft steel, aluminum, copper, and brass can
be of any value between 0 and 1. This value varies be-
tween 12 and 15 for hard material. Since these gures
are approximate gures, it is impossible to acquire an
exact result. However, should springback be known ex-
actly, by making die suciently large, the desired bend-
ing can be achieved.
Since force-compress stress will increase with meth-
ods using squeezing bending area between the punch
and the matrix, springback will be eliminated. However,
these types of bending processes require great forces,
further stroke length of press machine should be very -
nely adjusted, otherwise damage both to die and part
may occur. If stroke length of press machine cannot
be nely adjusted, longer stroke length shall result in
cracks in the die and crushes in bending areas of bent
piece. It is taken to be under consideration that squeez-
ing weakens bending as well as the part and when con-
sidering that desired real arc may not be accomplished
in the material due to squeezing, one cannot say that this
method is reliable. Further damages to die will increase
the cost as well.
Keeping the punch longer on the matrix notwith-
standing decrease in springback, since it extends time,
increase in cost may be in question.
After checking the literatures importance, the actual-
ity of the subject has been brought forward. By evaluat-
ing all methods included in the literature one by one, it is
obvious that the simplest solution lies in increasing
bending angle depending on springback. In this respect,
Material Name
Chemical Composition
Sheet Thickness
Bending Force
5
1.Method
4,5
2.Method
Springback Angles (Degree)
4 3.Method
3,5 4.Method
3
2,5
2
1,5
1
0,5
0
15
Fig. 3. Graphic where four methods are combined (bending angles/springback angles).
Ozgur Tekaslan et al. / Materials and Design 27 (2006) 251258
however using graphics derived from experiments for
dierent materials is widely used, it has been found
out that in the literature such graphics are available
for limited materials. Needs arising due to such lack
have been constituted as basic motive of this study.
3. Materials and methods
Knowing or estimating springback value by perform-
ing a series of experiments has been the basis of this
study. In order to perform the experiment, a simple
and modular V type die as shown in the gure has
been designed. Although the die is simple, it has a mod-
ular structure in order to perform dierent processes by
employing small alterations. With these experiments,
springback graphics of STEEL SHEET METAL sheet
metal, with 20 25 mm dimensions and 0.5 mm thick-
ness, that was bent with linearly increased angles have
been derived. The experiments include bending opera-
tions under [15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90] angles in turn.
These sheet metal materials were bent by a hydraulic
press bench where the time and forcing compress pres-
sure can be adjusted and each part that was bent was
measured precisely by means of a prole meter with
1 in. precision and optical angle measurement device.
Thus, it was tried to minimize mistakes in measurement.
Spectrometric analysis of sheet metals was made and re-
sults were shown with formed graphics. Measurement
results of the bent parts were evaluated in computer
and by using Microsoft Excel program springback
: DKP Springback
Angle
: C 0,0539-S 0,0115- Ni 0,0138- Mn 0,35-
Cr 0,0151- Remainder Fe Bending Measured
Angle Angle
: T = 0,5 mm
Obtained
: 1500N Angle
30 45 60 75 90
Bendind Angles (Degree)
 Ozgur Tekaslan et al. / Materials and Design 27 (2006) 251258 255

Minute
graphics of sheet metals with dierent thicknesses were
obtained. While determining die dimensions, experimen-

56
47
30
59
44
21
tal formulas and acceptances were stipulated. Changing
these measurements and bending conditions may change

Degree
accomplished results. While using the formed tables and

2
2
2
1
1
1
Springback
graphics, care should be taken in conformity to bending

Degree
conditions and exercised experiments.

2.94
2.78
2.50
1.98
1.73
1.35
CNC wire erosion machine is specically used in the
manufacturing of modular die parts. Modular die parts

Minute
used in experiments were cut in CNC wire erosion bench
under determined bent angles with 1 l precision. Sur-

56
47
30
59
44
21
Method 2. Result of the experiment where thickness of the sheet metal is considered and the punch was immediately released after contact on the materials.
face precision of the die was accomplished by using 16

Degree
lm and 0.25 mm cutting wire, forming a one-pieced

107
122
136
151
166
92
punch as shown in Fig. 2 and both female die and male
punch were yielded. Since all calculated values were

Average
Degree
loaded into the computer, as they were values like op

92.94
107.78
122.50
136.98
151.73
166.35
Bending angles of steel sheet metal 0.5 mm thickness, measurements performed on samples, arithmetical averages and springback amounts
corner radius of the die, die curve, punch radius, etc.,
were made in exact dimension and one l precision.

93.15
108.05
122.50
137.05
152.10
166.50
While conducting experiments, four dierent test sets
and primarily bottom bending technique were used.

92.58
107.45
122.02
136.58
152.05
166.20
 In the rst series of experiments, punch was not
allowed to sit compressed to the bottom of the die.
A gap equal to the material thickness is left in

92.55
107.35
122.00
135.56
152.03
166.24
between the bottom of the die and the punch, so

Steel sheet metal sheet metal material with 0.5 mm thickness, samples
squeezing of sheet metal to avoid springback was pre-
vented. In the rst series of experiments, the punch

92.50
107.59
122.34
136.55
151.30
165.25
was kept on the sheet metal for 20 s, then the load
on the material was released by returning the punch.
 In the second series of experiments, again a gap equal 93.05
107.55
122.35
137.02
151.28
166.38
to the material thickness is left in between the bottom
of the die and this time the punch was not waited on
92.41
107.50
122.40
136.55
151.48
166.04
the material. As soon as the punch was lowered to the
last point, the load was relieved by returning the
punch.
93.10
107.39
122.40
137.00
151.45
166.12

 In the third series of experiments, the punch was low-

ered compressed to sit on the bottom of the die. This
means that the thickness of the sheet metal material
93.05
107.34
122.46
137.05
151.27
166.21

between the die and the punch was omitted. This time
the punch load was kept on the material for 20 s.
 In the fourth series of experiments, again the sheet
92.48
107.56
122.44
136.57
151.45
166.25

metal thickness was omitted, and punch was touched

to the bottom of the die, but this time the punch was
not waited on the material.
92.40
107.25
122.00
136.50
151.25
166.00

Experiments were carried out in ideal laboratory

Measured angle

medium. Adverse conditions [like dust, heat, etc.], which

may aect experiment results, were removed. Test parts
were grinded to be freed from burrs and cold bending
was exercised. Finally, no measurement with greater
105
120
135
160
165
90

than one minute default was met.

The results of the experiment were loaded into the
Bending angle

computer and by using Microsoft Excel program tables

and graphics were formed. The greatest and smallest
Table 2

values indicated the greatest deviation in calculation

90
75
60
45
30
15

of Arithmetical average (columns shaded with dark

256 Ozgur Tekaslan et al. / Materials and Design 27 (2006) 251258

color in Table 1 were omitted). The Arithmetic average 4. Results of experiments and discussion
of remaining eight values in degree and degree-min-
ute can be calculated. Also simulations curve of each It has been known that springback aects dimension
graphic is derived. Out of the ve dierent simulation and forms tolerances [1,2,10]. Dimensions and formed
curve methods, linear, logarithmic, power, exponential tolerances are very important in Industry, specically
and polynomial, it has been found out that the best in spare parts industry, tolerances are very important
that suits is polynomial curve seen in Fig. 4. Obtaining to produce spare parts. Therefore, the common point
small variation proves that results of experiments suit of the studies that have been performed on springback
to be used. At the bottom right corner of each graphic, is based on pre-estimation of springback amount and
variation amount and springback equation can be requirement in die design as to consider the springback
found. value.

Materials Name : DKP Springback

Chemical Composition : C 0,0539- S 0, 0115-Ni 0,0138- Angle

Mn 0,350-Cr 0,0151-Remainder Fe Bending Measured

Angle Angle
Sheet Thicknees : T=0,5 mm
Obtained
Bending Force : 1500 N Angle

2,50
Springback Angles (Degree)

2,00

1,50

1,00

0,50
y = -0,0002x2 + 0,0433x + 0,001
R2 = 0,9976
0,00
0,00 15,00 30,00 45,00 60,00 75,00 90,00 105,00
Bending Angles (Degree)

Fig. 4. Springback graphic of 0.5 mm steel sheet metal yielded by using the rst method and yielded polynomial curve equation.

Material Name : DKP Springback

Angle
Chemical Composition : C 0,0539-S 0,0115- Ni 0,0138-
Mn 0,35- Cr 0,0151-Remainder Fe Bending Measured
Angle Angle
Sheet Thickness : T = 0,5 mm
Obtained
Bending Force : 1500 N Angle

3,50

3,00
Springback Angles (Degree)

2,50

2,00

1,50

1,00

0,50
y = -8E-05x2 + 0,0303x + 0,888
R2 = 0,9876
0,00
0,00 15,00 30,00 45,00 60,00 75,00 90,00 105,00
Bending Angles (Degree)

Fig. 5. Springback graphic of 0.5 mm steel sheet metal yielded by using the second method and yielded polynomial curve equation.
 Ozgur Tekaslan et al. / Materials and Design 27 (2006) 251258
Later results obtained from fourth series of experi-
ments were compared with Fig. 3. While the results ob-
tained from rst two series of experiments were usable in
nature, confusing results were obtained in the last two
series of experiments where thickness of sheet metal
material between the die and the punch was omitted.
In this study, results obtained by using four dierent
methods, for 0.5 mm steel sheet metal, are introduced on
the same graphic in Fig. 3.
When considering springback, the dimensions of die,
bending angle and the depth where the punch is com-
pressed to, in particular, are very important. In the third
and fourth series of experiments, punch depth has not
been considered. Accordingly, it was noticed that
crushes were occurred on the bending sections of the
material squeezed between the punch and the matrix,
or die. Crushes on the bending areas restrict us to deter-
mine springback precisely. As it can be observed from
the graphics in Fig. 3, crushing amount in each angle
diers from each other.
From these results, the results of the rst method that
are practicable are presented in Table 1 and second
method in Table 2. Separate graphics of rst and second
methods are presented in Figs. 4 and 5.
In these graphics, where combined results are pre-
sented, dierences of the four dierent methods can be
seen. Tables and graphics are constituted for all tested
materials.
The yielded graphics and tables are very easy to use.
From the tables, the values show to what extent can the
tested material resile in various angles, in degree-min-
utes. From the graphics, it is possible to nd springback
values for the tested angles. Further, nding corre-
sponding values for mid values and such angles over
the tested value is very simple.
Finally, the user can nd springback value by using
tables, through drawing on the graphics or calculating
by means of equation. So, the user may design his die
according to the value he yielded.
5. Conclusion
According to the results obtained from the formed
graphics and tables, the following conclusions can be
drawn:
 It has been supported that the springback varies
according to the functions of both material and die
together.
 On the other hand, by keeping the punch load on the
sheet metal material for longer periods, it can be said
that springback can be decreased proportionally.
From this point, it is concluded that keeping the
punch load on the material in spite of increasing
bending time gives decrease in springback value.
257
 From the values yielded from the table, keeping the
punch load on sheet metal material for 20 s brings
on an average 13 decrease in respect of material
and bending angle.
 Nevertheless, it has been observed that there occurred
important dierences at positions where the punch
sits fully inside the die. There occurred a 4 dierence
between the results yielded by omitting the sheet
metal thickness and making the punch sit on the bot-
tom of the die, and such results were yielded by con-
sidering sheet metal thickness.
 In experiments where the sheet metal thicknesses were
omitted, uniform distribution cannot be observed.
Further, with experiments performed by omitting
sheet metal thickness, smaller springback compared
to the other two methods has been yielded. This
results from crushing of sheet metal in a certain
degree inside the die by the punch [thus, it brings
forth a permanent change in shape].
 In the third experiment, the punch was lowered com-
pressed to sit on the bottom of the die. This means
that thickness of sheet metal material between the
die and the punch was omitted. This time the punch
load was kept on the material for 20 s. In the fourth
set of experiments, again sheet metal thickness was
omitted, and punch was touched to the bottom of
the die, but this time the punch was not waited on
the material. It has been seen that the third and
fourth methods are not suitable to determine spring-
back. It is known that springback is dependent on
material and process parameters. With the third and
fourth methods, sucient conditions to calculate
springback are not formed.
References
[1] Tan Z, Persson B, Magnusson C. Empiric model for controlling
springback in V-die bending of sheet metals. J Mater Process
Technol 1992;34(14):44955.
[2] Pourboghrat F, Chu E. Prediction of spring-back and side-wall
curl in 2-D draw bending. J Mater Process Technol 1995;50
(14):36174.
[3] Kalpakjameicaian S, Wesley A. Manufacturing engineering and
technology. USA: Public Company; 1995.
[4] Ostergaart DE. Temel Kalp Yapm. Ankara: Sayfa; 1977. p.
3886.
[5] Atasimsek S. Sac Kalplar. Bursa: Sayfa; 1979. p. 232337.
[6] Kwok SK, Lee WB. Development of a machine vision system for
adaptive bending of sheet metals. J Mater Process Technol
1995;48(14):439.
[7] Bauer D, Khodayari G. Rohrrueckfederung beim Biegen
prozessbegleitend kompensieren. In-process compensation of
tube springback during bending. Baender Bleche Rohre
1992;33(7):2737.
[8] Shu J, Hung C. Finite element analysis and optimization of
springback reduction: The double-bend technique. Int J Machine
Tools Manuf 1996;36(4):42334.
258 Ozgur Tekaslan et al. / Materials and Design 27 (2006) 251258
[9] Tseng AA, Chen TC, Jen KP, Ochiai T. Forming and fracto-
graphical characteristics of coppernickelberyllium sheets under
tension and bending. J Mater Eng Performance 1994;3(5):61934.
[10] Tseng AA, Chen TC, Jen KP, Kondetimmamhalli R, Murty YV.
Forming properties and springback evaluation of copper beryl-
lium sheets. Metall Mater Trans A Phys Metall Mater Sci
1995;26(8):211121.
[11] Pourboghrat F, Chandorkar K. Springback calculation for plane
strain sheet forming using nite element membrane solution.
Numer Meth Simul Indus Metal Forming Processes Am Soc
Mech Eng, Comp Eng Div, CED 1992;6:8593.
[12] Micari F, Forcellese A, Fratini L, Gabrielli F, Alberti N.
Springback evaluation in fully 3-D sheet metal forming processes.
CIRP Ann Manuf Technol 1997;46(1):16770.
[13] Forcellese A, Fratini L, Gabrielli F, Micari F. Computer aided
engineering of the sheet bending process. J Mater Process Technol
1996;60(14):22532.
[14] Yuan WYD. Generalized solution for the prediction of Springback
in laminated strip. J Mater Process Technol 1996;61(3): 25464.
[15] Lo Sy-Wei, Wu Ying-Hui, Yue Tian-Ding, Xue Fu-Yong. On the
proprieties of Springback theories for commercial and experi-
mental stamping products. J Chin Soc Mech Eng, Trans Chin Inst
Eng, Series C/Chung-Kuo Chi Hsueh Kung Ch eng Hsuebo Pao
1996;17(4):397404.
[16] Wang C, Kinzel G, Altan T. Process simulation and springback
control in plane strain sheet bending. Sheet Metal and Stamping
Symposium SAE Special Publications 1993(944):4554.
[17] Cerit A, M. Makine Muhendisligi El Kitab, Sayfa 8-458-489,
Maya Matbaaclk Yaynclk Ltd.Sti., Ankara, 1976.
[18] Gunes A, T. Pres Is _ leri Teknigi, Cilt 1, Sayfa184-241, Erk
Yaynclk, Ankara, 1989.
[19] Wang C, Kinzel G, Altan T. Mathematical modeling of plane-
strain bending of sheet and plate. J Mater Process Technol
1993;39(3-4):279304.
[20] Tsujino J, Ueoka T, Takiguchi KH, Takahashi K. Characteristics
of bending parts of metal plates using ultrasonic bending systems
with a vibration punc and a vibration die. Jpn J Appl Phys, Part 1:
Regular Papers & Short Notes & Rev Papers 1993;32(5B):
244751.
[21] Ling Y, Murty Y, Everige J. Plastic bending analysis for materials
with dierent yield strengths tension and compression. Otructural
Anal Microelectron Fiber Optic Syst Am Soc Mech Eng, EEP
1995;12:919.
[22] Schmoeckel D, Beth M. Spring reduction in draw-bending process
of sheet metals. CIRP Ann 1993;42(1):33942.
[23] El-Domiaty AA, Shabara MAN, Al-Ansary MD. Determination
of stretch-bendability of sheet-metals. Int J Machine Tools Manuf
1996;36(5):63550.